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Mayflies are members of a small, but diverse order of aquatic insects that dates back some 290. My. Mayflies are widely distributed on all continents and most large islands. Currently, the order contains about 3100. species distributed among 42 extant families. Adults are fully terrestrial and short lived, but the aquatic nymphs can live for more than a year and are important components of nutrient and energy pathways in a wide range of aquatic habitats. Higher classification and phylogeny of the mayflies are still in a state of flux, but evidence is accumulating providing stronger support for some groups. Alpha-level taxonomy still remains a problem and much work remains to be done in some genera and in some parts of the world. Extensive morphological studies have provided a solid base of knowledge, but similarly intense physiological, histological, and immunological studies are needed. Much work has been done on the ecology of genera and some species. Much finer scale ecological studies are needed to better understand the importance of small-scale ecological interactions among instars of the same and different species. Globally, there are many surveys in progress to document and map the occurrence and distribution of species. This work is critical to developing conservation strategies for mayflies and other vulnerable aquatic species. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The volcanic Sulphur Springs, St. Lucia, present an extreme environment due to high temperatures, low pH values, and high concentrations of sulfate and boron. St. Lucia offers some unique geochemical characteristics that may shape the microbial communities within the Sulphur Springs area. We chose six pools representing a range of geochemical characteristics for detailed microbial community analyses. Chemical concentrations varied greatly between sites. Microbial diversity was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses. With the exception of one pool with relatively low concentrations of dissolved ions, microbial diversity was very low, with Aquificales sequences dominating bacterial communities at most pools. The archaeal component of all pools was almost exclusively Acidianus spp. and did not vary between sites with different chemical characteristics. In the pool with the highest boron and sulfate concentrations, only archaeal sequences were detected. Compared with other sulfur springs such as those at Yellowstone, the microbial diversity at St. Lucia is very different, but it is similar to that at the nearby Lesser Antilles island of Montserrat. While high elemental concentrations seem to be related to differences in bacterial diversity here, similarities with other Lesser Antilles sites suggest that there may be a biogeographical component as well. © 2009 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Hemigrapsus sanguineus Asian Shore Crab is an introduced but now common crab found intertidally along the Connecticut coastline. Little is known of its subtidal occurrence. This species was found to be seasonally abundant subtidally, at depths varying from 1.33.9 m, during a 2-year study conducted within a commercial marina in Clinton Harbor, CT. Hemigrapsus sanguineus was trapped at three subtidal locations, with highest concentrations observed during the winter. A total of 2020 crabs were caught: 1255 males, 741 females, and 24 crabs that were 9 mm or smaller and sexually indistinguishable. Large males with carapace widths between 4548 mm were captured at all three locations. These sizes are among the largest reported for this species. This work documents year-round use of subtidal habitat by Asian Shore Crab in Long Island Sound.
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