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A surprisingly large transverse polarization of Λ hyperons in unpolarized hadron-nucleon/nucleus collisions has been observed for 50 years, and the origin of this polarization remains an important open question. Recently, theoretical frameworks have advanced in describing this puzzle with the polarizing fragmentation function (PFF). We report the first measurement of Λ and transverse polarization inside jets in unpolarized proton-proton collisions, which is directly attributed to the PFF. The polarization is measured as a function of the jet transverse momentum, the fraction of the jet momentum carried by hyperons, and the transverse momentum of hyperons relative to the jet axis. Covering a wide jet-energy range, these data provide the first constraints on the gluon PFF and allow tests of TMD evolution and its universality. © The Author(s) 2026.

We present results on the production of $π^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 54.4~GeV using the STAR detector at RHIC, at midrapidity ($|y| <$ 0.1). Invariant yields of these particles as a function of transverse momentum are shown. We determine bulk properties such as integrated particle yields ($dN/dy$), mean transverse momentum ($\langle p_{T} \rangle$), particle ratios, which provide insight into the particle production mechanisms. Additionally, the kinetic freezeout parameters ($T_\text{kin}$ and $\langle β_{T} \rangle$), which provide information about the dynamics of the system at the time of freezeout, are obtained. The Bjorken energy density ($ε_{\rm{BJ}}$), which gives an estimate of the energy density in the central rapidity region of the collision zone at the formation time $τ$, is calculated and presented as a function of multiplicity for various energies. The results are compared with those from the models such as A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) and Heavy Ion Jet INteraction Generator (HIJING) for further insights.

Abstract We present 1066 speckle measurements of M dwarf multiples observed over 2021–2024, all taken with HRCam on the Southern Astrophysical Research 4.1 m telescope. Among these, 900 observations resolve companions in 212 pairs, with separations spanning 17 mas to 3 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>.</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>″</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 4 and brightness differences ranging from 0 to 4.9 mag in the I filter. We have characterized the orbits of 54 of these companions, spanning periods of 0.67–30 yr, by combining our data with literature astrometry, radial velocities, and, in four cases, Hipparcos–Gaia accelerations. Among the orbits presented here are 28 that are the first-ever such characterizations for their systems and 26 that revise previously published orbits, thus providing a significant update to the observed dynamics of M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. From these orbits, we provide new and updated dynamical total masses for these systems, precise to 0.7%–7% in nearly all cases. Future mass derivations for components in these systems will contribute to efforts in refining the mass–luminosity relation for the smallest stars and will enhance investigations of age, magnetism, and metallicity effects on luminosities at a given mass.

Abstract As part of an effort to identify astrometric evidence of an intermediate-mass black hole in 47Tuc, we construct a new velocity-dispersion profile for the innermost 30 ″ of the cluster using WFPC2 and WFC3 images spanning an unprecedented 22 yr time baseline. The WFPC2 exposures were processed using a deep-learning centering procedure as well as an improved astrometric calibration of the camera. The resulting velocity-dispersion profile has a 1 ″ spatial resolution and error bars that compare very favorably to prior studies.

The vacuum is now understood to have a rich and complex structure, characterized by fluctuating energy fields¹ and a condensate of virtual quark-antiquark pairs. The spontaneous breaking of the approximate chiral symmetry², signalled by the nonvanishing quark condensate <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> , is dynamically generated through topologically nontrivial gauge configurations such as instantons³. The precise mechanism linking the chiral symmetry breaking to the mass generation associated with quark confinement⁴ remains a profound open question in quantum chromodynamics (QCD)-the fundamental theory of strong interaction. High-energy proton-proton collisions could liberate virtual quark-antiquark pairs from the vacuum that subsequently undergo confinement to form hadrons, whose properties could serve as probes into QCD confinement and the quark condensate. Here we report evidence of spin correlations in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> <mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> hyperon pairs inherited from spin-correlated strange quark-antiquark virtual pairs. Measurements by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory reveal a relative polarization signal of (18 ± 4)% that links the virtual spin-correlated quark pairs from the QCD vacuum to their final-state hadron counterparts. Crucially, this correlation vanishes when the hyperon pairs are widely separated in angle, consistent with the decoherence of the quantum system. Our findings provide a new experimental model for exploring the dynamics and interplay of quark confinement and entanglement.

The STAR experiment reports new, high-precision measurements of the transverse single-spin asymmetries for π^{±} within jets, namely the Collins asymmetries, from transversely polarized p^{↑}p collisions at sqrt[s]=510 GeV. The energy-scaled distribution of jet transverse momentum, x_{T}=2p_{T,jet}/sqrt[s], shows a remarkable consistency for Collins asymmetries of π^{±} in jets between sqrt[s]=200 GeV and 510 GeV. This indicates that the Collins asymmetries are nearly energy independent, with, at most, a very weak scale dependence in p^{↑}p collisions. These results extend to high-momentum scales (Q^{2}≤3400 GeV^{2}) and enable unique tests of evolution and universality in the transverse-momentum-dependent formalism, thus providing important constraints for the Collins fragmentation functions.

A precision measurement of the K ⁎0 meson yield is reported in Au+Au collisions at sNN=7.7,11.5,14.6,19.6, and 27 GeV using the high-statistics data sample collected by the STAR experiment during the Beam Energy Scan II (BES-II) program at RHIC. The transeverse momentum ( pT )-integrated yield ratios (K*0+K*0‾)/(K++K−) in central collisions show a suppression relative to peripheral collisions at the (1.7–3.6) σ level, while a thermal model without final-stage rescattering overpredicts this ratio with a deviation of (6.9–8.2) σ . These results indicate a loss of the measured K ⁎0 signal in central collisions due to re-scattering of its hadronic decay products in the hadronic phase. The pT -integrated yield of charged kaons exhibits an approximate scaling with charged-particle multiplicity, independent of collision energy and system size. A similar trend is observed for the short-lived K ⁎0 resonance, although significant deviations emerge at lower energies. At BES energies, the K ⁎0/ K ratio shows stronger suppression than at the highest RHIC and LHC energies within a given multiplicity bin, particularly in central and mid-central collisions. This behavior is consistent with changes in the effective hadronic interaction cross section and is supported by transport model calculations, which indicate dominant meson–baryon interactions at lower energies and meson–meson interactions at higher energies. Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Measurements of the variation of anisotropic flow-plane angles (Ψn) with rapidity, commonly known as the flow-plane decorrelation, provide important insights into the initial conditions of the matter produced in heavyion collisions. In this paper, using data collected by the STAR experiment, we report the first measurement of the four-plane correlator observable (Formula presented.), where superscripts a, b, c, and d denote sequential pseudorapidity (η) regions with a corresponding to the most backward region, b and c close to midrapidity with nb < 0 and nc > 0, and d being the most forward. The measurement is performed for the elliptic and triangular flow (i.e., n = 2 and 3) in Au + Au and isobar (Ru + Ru, Zr + Zr) collisions at (Formula presented.) = 200 GeV. The goal of calculating the correlation of the flow-plane angle variations from backward to midcentral, and from midcentral to forward regions, is to probe the systematic variation of flow angle over a wide П range. In midcentral collisions (10-30 % centrality), we find T2{ba; dc} = —0.004 ± 0.001 (stat) ± 0.002(syst) independent of the collision system. Such a small value of T2 favors a “random-walk” variation of the flow-plane angles, where the rapidity correlation length is smaller than the entire region under study. These measurements provide new information on the decorrelation patterns in the system and offer a quantitative estimate of possible systematic variations in anisotropic flow angles such as “twist” between forward and backward regions. This opens new opportunities for understanding the three-dimensional structure and the time evolution of the quarkgluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions. © 2026 American Physical Society

The correlation between the mean transverse momentum, [p T], and the squared anisotropic flow, vn2, on an event-by-event basis has been suggested to be influenced by the initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions. We present measurements of the variances and covariance of [p T] and vn2, along with their dimensionless ratio, for Au+Au collisions at various beam energies: sNN = 14.6, 19.6, 27, 54.4, and 200 GeV. Our measurements reveal a distinct energy-dependent behavior in the variances and covariances. In addition, the dimensionless ratio displays a similar behavior across different beam energies. We compare our measurements with hydrodynamic models and similar measurements from Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These findings provide valuable insights into the beam energy dependence of the specific shear viscosity (η / s) and initial-state effects, allowing for differentiating between different initial-state models. © 2026 The Authors.

High-energy, heavy-ion collisions can create local domains of chirality-imbalanced quarks, reflecting the topological features of quantum chromodynamics. The chiral magnetic effect (CME) predicts an electric charge separation of quarks in such topological domains along the magnetic field (B) generated by the passing of two high-Z nuclei. We use a correlation observable Δγ112 between charged meson pairs to detect the CME-induced charge separation and a novel event shape selection (ESS) method to mitigate the background effects related to elliptic flow (v2). The ESS method classifies events based on the emission pattern of final-state particles and determines Δγ(Formula presented) from the zero-flow limit. We reconstruct the B field direction from the spectator nucleons, which minimizes backgrounds unrelated to the collective motion of the system. In this work, we report the measurements of Δγ112 and a background indicator Δγ132 in Au + Au collisions from the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Beam Energy Scan phase II and at the top RHIC energy. After background suppression, Δγ(Formula presented) aligns with zero, and Δγ(Formula presented) is reduced to no more than 20% of Δγ112. We observe a finite residual charge separation with 2.5σ, 3σ, and 3.2σ significance in the 20-50% centrality range of Au + Au collisions at 11.5, 14.6, and 19.6 GeV. The results at 17.3 and 27 GeV also show positive values but with a lower significance of 1.3σ and 1.1σ, respectively. The corresponding ΔγΈ5ΕΕ values at 7.7, 9.2, and 200 GeV are consistent with zero within uncertainties. © (2026), (American Physical Society). All right reserved.

Rapidity-odd directed flow v 1 measurements are presented for K ± and KS0 in Au + Au collisions for sNN from 3.0 to 3.9 GeV with the STAR experiment. For comparison, v 1 of π ± , protons, and Λ from the same collisions are also discussed. The mid-rapidity v 1 slope dv1/dy|y=0 for protons and Λ is positive in these collisions. On the other hand, v 1 slope of kaons exhibits a strong pT dependence: negative at pT< 0.6 GeV/ c and positive at higher pT. A similar pT dependence is also evident for the v 1 slope of charged pions. Compared to the spectator-removed calculations in Au+Au collisions at sNN= 3.0–3.9 GeV, the JAM model demonstrates a pronounced shift of the v 1 slopes of mesons towards the negative direction. It suggests that the shadowing effect of the spectators plays an important role in the observed kaon anti-flow at low pT in the high baryon density region of non-central collisions. © 2026 The Authors.

We use SrTiO3/Si as a model system to elucidate the effect of the interface on ferroelectric behavior in epitaxial oxide films on silicon. Using both first-principles computations and synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements, we show that structurally imposed boundary conditions at the interface stabilize a fixed (pinned) polarization in the film but inhibit ferroelectric switching. We demonstrate that the interface chemistry responsible for these phenomena is general to epitaxial silicon-oxide interfaces, impacting on the design of silicon-based functional oxide devices. © 2026 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

Abstract NASA’s TESS mission has unveiled a plethora of eclipsing binaries (EBs), among them hundreds of triples and higher-order, hierarchical systems. These complex targets require follow-up observations to enable full characterization of system architectures and identify the most compact multiples expected to undergo the most dramatic dynamical evolution. We report first results from a long-term effort to perform such follow-up, focusing here on multiband speckle imaging of a majority (57) of the sample of 97 quadruple- and higher-order eclipsing binaries (Q+EBs) identified via TESS light curves by V. B. Kostov et al. Diffraction-limited imaging with the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument on the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5 m telescope and HRCam on the Southern Astrophysical Research 4.1 m telescope reveals nearly 60% of the 57 to resolve into two sources separated by ≥0 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>.</mml:mi> <mml:mi>″</mml:mi> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 03. For these partly resolved systems, we report derived characteristics (e.g., relative position angle, angular separation, and magnitude differences in multiple passbands) from the speckle imaging. We find those Q+EBs partly resolved with 4 m class telescopes to have significantly inflated Gaia parallax errors and large Gaia renormalized unit weight errors, particularly for systems with separations comparable to Gaia’s resolution limit (∼0 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>.</mml:mi> <mml:mi>″</mml:mi> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 6). For unresolved systems we report upper limits on angular and linear projected separations. We find two partly resolved Q+EBs with wide linear separations having eclipse timing variations that are therefore candidates of higher-than-quadruple multiplicity. Finally, we demonstrate how speckle imaging of resolved Q+EBs during an eclipse can clarify which speckle-resolved Q+EB subsystem is associated with a particular set of TESS eclipses.

We report measurements of charmonium sequential suppression in Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions at sNN=200 GeV with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The inclusive yield ratio of ψ(2S) to J/ψ as a function of transverse momentum is reported, along with the centrality dependence of the double ratio, defined as the ψ(2S) to J/ψ ratio in heavy-ion collisions relative to that in p+p collisions. In the 0-80% centrality class, the double ratio is found to be 0.41±0.10 (stat)±0.03 (syst)±0.02 (ref), lower than unity with a significance of 5.6 standard deviations. This provides experimental evidence that ψ(2S) is significantly more suppressed than J/ψ in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. This sequential suppression pattern seems to increase from peripheral to central collisions, but with no significant dependence on the transverse momentum. © 2026 American Physical Society.

The Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC (STAR) experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider reports new measurements of jet quenching based on the semi-inclusive distribution of charged-particle jets recoiling from direct photon (γdir) and neutral pion (π0) triggers in pp and central Au + Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV for triggers in the range 9 < ET trig < 20 GeV. The datasets have integrated luminosities of 3.9 nb−1 for Au + Au and 23 pb−1 for pp collisions. Jets are reconstructed using the anti-kT algorithm with resolution parameters R = 0.2 and 0.5. The large uncorrelated jet background in central Au + Au collisions is corrected using a mixed-event approach, which enables precise charged-particle jet measurements at low transverse momentum pch T,jet and large R. Recoil-jet distributions are reported in the range pch T,jet < 25 GeV/c. Comparison of the distributions measured in pp and Au + Au collisions reveals strong medium-induced jet yield suppression for R = 0.2 with markedly less suppression for R = 0.5. Comparison is also made to theoretical models incorporating jet quenching. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying jet quenching and the angular dependence of medium-induced jet-energy transport and provide new constraints on modeling such effects. © 2025 American Physical Society

This timely compendium provides state-of-the-art articles covering research areas in Nanoelectronics, Nanophotonics and Quantum Technologies.Composed of contributions by renowned researchers from both the academia and industry, this useful reference text broadly illustrates relevant aspects of high-performance materials and emerging quantum and nanoscale devices for implementing high-speed electronic systems.