Your search

Book Reviews 125 All of the above and more are detailed by Claerbaut. He also covers Michigan State’s program as it went into decline in the late 1960s. Daugherty began to miss on the recruiting trail. At the same time, African American students and athletes on campuses across the nation more vocally joined the civil rights protest movement. It was a difficult period for Daugherty, who never sought credit for his progressive attitudes of providing black athletes equal opportunities. One of his responses was to break more barriers with black assistant coaches. Sherman Lewis, Daugherty’s first Underground Railroad All-American as a halfback from Louisville, Kentucky, joined the MSU staff in 1969. Raye was hired part time in 1971 and full time in 1972. Raye and Lewis went on to the National Football League as assistant coaches and offensive coordinators. A consequence of Daugherty doing what was right without seeking credit allowed myths surrounding a 1970 game matching USC and the University of Alabama to usurp his far more significant role. That is reason to link Daugherty with the words of David Maraniss, the Pulitzer Prizewinning biographer, who wrote, “History writes people out of the story. It’s our job to write them back in.” Thus, until that national trip-wire is no longer stepped over and subsequently triggered, the more the merrier to rightly place Daugherty’s story back into history. Tom Shanahan Author, Raye of Light Anna Clark. The Poisoned City: Flint's Water and the American Urban Tragedy. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2018. Pp. 305. Index. Notes. Cloth: $30.00. Journalist Anna Clark provides a gripping, thought-provoking, and comprehensive account of the people who caused, suffered from, and exposed the Flint water crisis. Clark’s brilliant story reminds us of the farreaching , devastating effects of lead exposure and that safe, high-quality drinking water is essential to good health. Clark meticulously details how corruption, recklessness, and arrogance of public officials, prejudice, and greed characterized the crisis in Flint. The Poisoned City is divided into three parts, each subdivided into several chapters. Part one reviews how water that blessed the indigenous Ojibwa people would eventually curse Flint residents. We learn how industrialization coincided with mistreatment and development of waterways. Vast, ferocious Lake Huron served as Flint’s freshwater 126 The Michigan Historical Review source for nearly 50 years. Amid financial distress, Flint switched to the Flint River water system in April 2014. The new water treatment program lacked corrosion control, breaking federal law. Adding to Flint’s woes were exorbitant water and sewer bills, an aging water infrastructure, and decreased federal funding. Clark also describes the federal government’s alarming apartheid approach to city building. Vicious, systematic tactics prolonged residential segregation and created multigenerational housing inequalities. Desegregation triggered a large-scale departure of whites. In 2014, General Motors (GM) workers noticed water-corroded engine parts. People wondered what it did to the inside of humans. Part two discusses the damaging health effects of and countless sources of exposure to lead. We meet longtime GM research director and leaded gasoline creator Charles Kettering. We gain insight into leaded gasoline’s profitability, Flint’s re-engineering to favor automobiles, fierce rebuttals to decries of lead hazards, ethical burdens of proving lead toxicity, the lead industry’s massive lobbying, and victim-blaming in response to residents’ concerns. Clark discusses loopholes in lead restriction policies, manipulation of lead testing, and a trend of childhood lead poisoning in shrinking cities. We learn how biochemist Marc Edwards, veteran journalist Curt Guyette, regulations manager Miguel Del Toral, pediatrician Mona Hanna-Attisha, and local residents rallied to spur a movement to urge governmental action. We also see effects of a very expansive law signed in 2011 that gave emergency managers unyielding power. Part three details the switch back to Detroit water in October 2015 and the flawed, hasty decision-making of untrustworthy leaders. Governor Rick Snyder declares a state of emergency in January 2016 and announces a two-year Legionnaire’s disease outbreak. Declaration of a federal emergency in Flint follows. A myriad of lawsuits, rebuttals, indictments, and pushbacks ensues. Apologies are offered, promises are made, and secrecy and injustices proliferate. Sadly, accountability...

Objective: To describe faculty efforts to deliver and evaluate health disparities–related education in US online undergraduate and graduate public health courses. Design: A pre- and post-survey was given to a cohort of 46 US college students in three public health courses taught asynchronously online over an 8-week period in 2017. This study took place at a mid-sized, public, rural, midwestern US university. Method: Faculty received professional development and online training and were assigned to develop courses for a new public health programme. Following the receipt of ethical approval, students completed anonymous, online pre- and post-surveys to assess effect of intentional instructional approaches on their knowledge and attitudes about health disparities. Curricula incorporated various assessment methods and teaching strategies. Descriptive statistics were used to compare pre- and post-survey scores and analyse demographic data. Paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyse pre- and post-survey test scores. Results: At post-survey, students demonstrated a positive change in mean scores for several items, including for ability to discuss the role of theory in understanding health behaviour and disparities in health status (3.20 vs 4.06; p < .001) and ability to discuss strategies health promotion programmes can use to reduce health disparities (3.47 vs 4.40; p < .001). Post-survey response rate was 87%. Conclusion: Results suggest an effective way to increase health disparities knowledge among online college students. Additional research is encouraged to expand upon these findings.

Preventable differences in health outcomes between U.S. population subgroups, related to factors such as race or ethnicity, income, and geographic location, are troubling. Geographically, rural American communities experience higher rates of adverse health conditions when compared with urban areas, further widening disparities in health outcomes. Such disparities necessitate the creation of effective curricula to enable students to address the health needs of underserved populations. By intentionally incorporating health disparities awareness content into the curricula, undergraduate and graduate public health programs can play an integral role in developing conscious health practitioners to help close gaps in health outcomes. Moreover, rural health courses may increase students’ interest in rural health careers. This article presents the process and results of faculty efforts to design and deliver health disparities–related education in undergraduate and graduate public health courses at a rural Midwestern U.S. university. Various teaching development programs inspired faculty to use intentional instructional approaches to teach students about health disparities. Consequently, faculty incorporated a variety of assessment methods and teaching styles to infuse health disparities awareness content into public health courses. Results from students’ course evaluations and reflections are discussed along with lessons learned and implications for future pedagogical directions.

Abstract It is clear that there is an increasing proportion of the United Kingdom (UK) population who are suffering with food allergies and this combined with an increase in the frequency of eating away from home (where there is less control over the content of food) poses a significant risk. In December 2014, the European Union (EU) introduced legislation which aimed to ensure that customers with food allergens could make informed choices and safely consume food, without the risk of a potentially life-threatening reaction. The research used semi-structured interviews with staff from a BCB, located in the North West of the UK, as the aim of the research was to explore food handlers’ knowledge, attitudes and understanding of food allergens. The findings of the semi-structured interviews identified five themes: E-learning training programmes: the staff felt that these were ineffective and did not take into account individual learning styles. Responsibility: there is a lack of clarity as to who is responsible, with staff believing the key responsibility lies with the customer. Communication: similarly, communication, both within the kitchen and within the company was not clear and likely to give rise to confusion. Need to make a profit: the staff felt that the drive for profit meant that customer safety was being compromised, especially when staff numbers were reduced. Staff awareness: the staff felt confident in their own ability to prepare a safe meal but indicated that staff may be dismissive towards claims of allergen sufferers. In conclusion, these themes illustrate that a significant risk exists for allergen suffers, who rely upon the knowledge, attitudes and understanding of BCB staff to ensure their meals are safely prepared.

An interpretive qualitative approach insists on the plural and negotiated nature of the meanings that humans attach to their social realities. Thus, the qualitative researcher must navigate multiple and sometimes conflicting commitments to method, data, oneself, participants, and one’s reader. This can lead us to obscure the messiness of data analysis in final research reports and to downplay how methodological choices can make our participants ‘say things.’ In this article, we compare two interpretive methods, thematic and narrative analysis, including their shared epistemological and ontological premises, and offer a pedagogical demonstration of their application to the same data excerpt. However, our broader goal is to use the divergent results to critically examine how our choice of analytic method in interpretive research influences how we (researcher + method) ‘author’ data stories. Ultimately, researcher reflexivity must go beyond acknowledging how one’s position may influence the data analysis or the participant. © 2019, © 2019 Australian and New Zealand Communication Association.

This study sought to understand why college students are food insecure and what the impact is on their academics. A generic qualitative study design was utilized that consisted of written surveys and semi-structured interviews. Participants (n = 19) self-identified as food insecure based upon their answers to the 6-item Short Form Food Security Survey Module. Two researchers independently coded the data for themes and patterns. Risk factors for food insecurity included finances, time, and lack of resources/skills to provide for healthy eating. Time and money put commuter students at risk for food insecurity. While students within this convenience sample reported negative impacts on their academic achievement from food insecurity, their coping mechanisms prioritized cost and convenience over food quality, possibly exacerbating their situation.College food insecurity is a complex issue and raw measurements may not paint a complete picture. Conflicting priorities in addition to income and time pressures mean that interventions should be tailored from current approaches. Colleges may need to find unique ways to ensure food security for at risk students within financial aid packages and/or university programs to ensure student success.

There is a lack of qualitative and strengths-based knowledge about the lived experience of transgender women of color in the US. To address this research gap, a Photovoice project was undertaken with five transgender women living in a small urban area. Thematic analysis of the participants' discussion of their photographs identified three major themes: Hope, courage, and resilience. Analysis suggests a framework for understanding these women's lived experiences and the psychosocial tools that they use to negotiate their daily lives and persevere in the face of interpersonal and structural oppression. © 2019 Nova Southeastern University. All rights reserved.

Approximately 34% of residents from New Haven’s six lowest-income neighborhoods are food insecure, significantly higher than the rest of Connecticut and country (both approximately 12%). To understand the availability, accessibility, and utility of emergency food programs, we conducted 34 semi-structured qualitative interviews with 20 food insecure residents and 14 emergency food providers. Many depend on food programs as a long-term strategy of supplementing groceries rather than a temporary solution in emergency situations; providers are struggling to meet this demand. Transportation and time are barriers to accessing food from programs. Policies and food programs should focus on disseminating accurate information, streamlining policies and practices, and supporting and expanding food programs to meet population need.

Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to increase among young heterosexual men and women in the United States. Although research studies examine the reasons why these young people are not engaging in safe sex behavior, many have not explored factors beyond individual behaviors. Much of the current research focuses on young women, for the most part leaving men out of the equation. In this study, a Photovoice methodology was used to examine social norms, media messaging and perceptions of responsibility surrounding safe sex practices, specifically condom use, among male heterosexual undergraduate students. Results showed that college-aged men are still prioritizing pregnancy prevention over disease prevention, which leads to assumptions that their female partners are on birth control and they do not need to use condoms. Participants pointed to media messages and condom placement that supports women’s responsibility for safer sex and condom negotiation. Future health promotion research and practice should focus on including men in the design and implementation process to address social norms and increase their sense of responsibility.

Background: Few studies have explored changing patterns of alcohol consumption among young females and differences based on race/ethnicity. Objective: This study examined differences in alcohol consumption between black and white undergraduate females and compared trends in three different measures of alcohol consumption over a 10-year period from 2004 to 2014. Methods: The CORE Alcohol and Drug Survey was used to collect data from female undergraduates attending a public university in the northeastern USA. Classes were randomly selected into the sample; class acceptance was 68% and student participation was 96%. The chi-square test examined differences between groups and the Cochrane Armitage Test for Trend assessed changes over time. Results: In 2014, for every measure of alcohol consumption examined, a significantly larger percentage of white females engaged in the behavior compared to black females. Trend analysis from 2004 to 2014 demonstrated a narrowing of this gap. Controlling for age, any alcohol use in past 30 days and binge drinking in the past 2 weeks increased significantly for black females 21 years or older. Any alcohol use in the past 30 days decreased significantly for white females under 21 years. Conclusion: These findings introduce many questions which should be explored through additional research.

Adolescent violence is a significant public health problem. The goal of this evaluation was to determine whether communication skills, relationships with adults, and relationships with peers were enhanced through participating in an after-school program aimed at reducing violence-related behaviors among urban middle school youth. Elements that helped to foster success among our population were providing a program that enabled consistent choice in recreational activities in a safe place, and also providing busing home to increase safety. A non-experimental study was conducted with 115 students who participated in the program. Bivariate, ANOVA analysis, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were carried out. Results indicated that participating in the program significantly impacted student relationships with adults and their peers as well as positively impacted their communication skills. The program was designed with purposeful activities that would address pro-social behaviors, enhance youth interest, and increase attendance. The program specifically used recreation to help foster relationships with their peers and the adults in the program, with the intention of reducing conflict, and therefore violence among the students.