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The stratigraphic architecture of fjords is complicated due to the delicate interplay between ice dynamics, sediment supply, relative sea-level fluctuations and slope failures. Glaciogenic sediment is prone to failure and to be carried downslope to the fjord floor through the entire spectrum of mass movements and subaqueous density flows, as the unstable paraglacial submarine landscape moves towards stability. Palaeofjords formed by Gondwanan glaciers during the late Palaeozoic Ice Age contain a compelling record of gravitational resedimentation in fjord depositional systems. This paper showcases the geomorphology and depositional history of a glacial cycle in the Orutanda fjord in north-western Namibia as an example of an overdeepened fjord basin fill dominated by products of subaqueous gravitational processes. During glaciation, the Orutanda glacier carved a 20 km long by 3.7 km wide glacial trough that embodies an overdeepened basin. Ice thickness during terminal glacial occupation of the fjord is estimated to had been up to 200 m based on the fjord geomorphology. The progressive retreat of the tidewater glacier, concomitant with marine flooding, increased accommodation space in the overdeepened basin during deglaciation. During this stage, proglacial sedimentation through iceberg rafting and settling of turbid plumes was outpaced by intense paraglacial downslope resedimentation of glacially-transported debris. Successive failures from the fjord walls and downslope resedimentation resulted in coalescing debrite–turbidite lobes on the fjord floor. Slide deposits, composed entirely of deformed debrites and turbidites, indicate that these resedimented facies were prone to renewed mass wasting. As the Orutanda glacier melted, the fjord experienced the axial progradation of a fjord-head delta registered only by turbidites and slide deposits derived from its collapse. The Orutanda fjord sheds light on the relevance of paraglacial mass wasting in overprinting glaciogenic deposits. This insight is key to understanding the role of glaciers versus non-glacial processes in producing the glacial deep-time record.

Julie Rumrill was only four when her 16-year-old sister Louise was murdered. Three years later, her 13-year-old sister Mary died as well. Her broken family did what was necessary to survive, and mostly, that meant silence―silence about death, about grief, and about them. For nearly four decades, Julie abided by the family script, burying the memories of her sisters deep within her subconscious. Then, after her dad revealed that he had never been to Mary's grave, she decided they should go together. But there's one major complication: no one actually knows where Mary is buried.Her quest to find Mary leads Julie on a spiritual journey to an Abode in the Appalachians, an Ashram in the Himalayas, and into the darkness of a 250-page police report that recounts her sister Louise's murder. But when a close friend of Julie's is suddenly murdered too, a derailing mix of anger, fear, and guilt surfaces. Desperate to find peace, she's forced to draw on the wisdom of several generations to see this journey to its fruition.

Whalebacks, roche moutonnées, and S-forms carved on Ediacaran granitoids near Cerro de las Cuentas, Uruguay, along with overlying diamictites, siltstones, and sandstones displaying soft-sediment grooved and striated surfaces in the Pennsylvanian San Gregorio Formation, record the glacial to post-glacial transition in the linked Norte, southern Paraná and Chaco-Paraná basins of Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina respectively. Early authors reported these features resulted from subglacial abrasion and deposition as lodgement tills and glaciotectonites. Our re-examination reveals a nuanced setting with changing ice thicknesses, subglacial kinematics, and ice proximal glaciomarine dynamics associated with advance and retreat of an ice stream, or multiple advances of the Uruguayan Ice lobe, during glaciation of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) in these basins. The preserved landforms indicate temperate glacial conditions. Whalebacks formed under 1.6 to 2.5 km-thick ice and likely formed when the lobe extended across the Uruguayan and Rio Grande do Sul shields into the adjacent Paraná Basin. Previously unidentified m-scale roches moutonnées cut into one whaleback developed under thinner ice where reduced basal pressure allowed for the opening of air and water-filled cavities, thus facilitating quarrying on the lee side of basement bumps. S-forms provide additional evidence for the occurrence of subglacial waters, indicating that the basal ice was at or above its pressure melting point. The lower meter of the overlying strata consists of interstratified trace fossil-bearing, laminated siltstones; thin-bedded diamictites; and current-rippled sandstones. Trace fossils belonging to the Mermia ichnofacies within the basal siltstones, as well as acritarchs in the overlying siltstones, suggest that these sediments were deposited in ice-proximal subaqueous settings with contributions from meltwater discharge. Graded siltstone laminae suggest settling from suspension likely from meltwater plumes, while thin-bedded diamictites were deposited either as debris flows or as two-component sedimentation with fines settling from suspension and coarser particles introduce as iceberg-rafted dropstones. Current-rippled sandstones indicate the occurrence of underflow currents. Soft-sediment troughs, grooves, and striations cutting these sediments display curved and sinuous paths with some features oriented perpendicular, and one oriented opposite to the overall trend. They contain marginal and terminal berms typical of iceberg scour marks suggesting transit across the area by icebergs calving from a tidewater ice front located to the SE.

Until recently, the rhynchonelliform (articulated) brachiopod fauna from the Brazilian continental shelf (western South Atlantic) was represented only by the endemic species Bouchardia rosea (Mawe), reported from coastal waters of the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The present study, based on samples from coastal (<30m), shelf, and continental slope waters (99-485 m), documents the South Atlantic brachiopod fauna and shows that this fauna is more widespread, diverse, and cosmopolitan than previously thought. Based on a total of 16,177 specimens, the following brachiopods have been identified: Bouchardia rosea (Family Bouchardiidae), Platidia anomioides (Family Platidiidae), Argyrotheca cf. cuneata (Family Megathyrididae), and Terebratulina sp. (Family Cancellothyrididae). In coastal settings, the fauna is overwhelmingly dominated by Bouchardia rosea. Rare juvenile (<2 mm) specimens of Argyrotheca cf. cuneata were also found at two shallow-water sites. In shelf settings (100-200 m), the fauna is more diverse and includes Bouchardia rosea, Terebratulina sp., Argyrotheca cf. cuneata, and Platidia anomioides. Notably, Bouchardia rosea was found in waters as deep as 485 m, extending the known bathymetric range of this genus. Also, the record of this brachiopod in waters of the state of Paraná is the southernmost known occurrence of this species. The genera Platidia and Terebratulina are documented here for the first time for the western South Atlantic. The Brazilian brachiopod fauna shares similarities with those from the Atlantic and Indian shelves of southern Africa, and from the Antarctic, Caribbean and Mediterranean waters. The present-day brachiopods of the western South Atlantic are much more cosmopolitan than previously thought and their Cenozoic palaeobiogeographic history has to be reconsidered from that perspective. © The Paleontological Association.

The Early Cretaceous New England-Quebec igneous province is a classic example of postrift magmatism along the eastern North American passive margin. Although a suite of 40Ar/39Ar ages has been available for the Monteregian Hills lobe in the Quebec portion of the New England-Quebec igneous province for many years, only a single high accuracy radiometric age has been published for the Burlington lobe and none for the Taconic lobe in the New England portion of the province. As a result, the timing of and driving mechanisms behind the magmatism have remained unresolved, and a hotspot origin for the entire province persists in the literature. We have dated four dikes and one pluton in the Burlington and Taconic lobes using 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology to improve understanding of the age of magmatism in the New England portion of the province. In the Burlington lobe, 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages include a 137.55 ± 1.80 Ma biotite age and a 136.9 ± 4.2 Ma amphibole age for a lamprophyre dike from Charlotte, Vermont, and a 133.6 ± 2.2 Ma biotite age for a lamprophyre dike from Colchester, Vermont. In the Taconic lobe, ages include an 40Ar/39Ar plateau amphibole age of 107.09 ± 1.32 Ma for a lamprophyre dike from Castleton, Vermont, a 122 Ma minimum 40Ar/39Ar biotite age for a lamprophyre dike from Poultney, Vermont, and a 103.13 ± 0.53 Ma LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon age from the quartz syenite of the Cuttingsville complex. These results show that magmatism spanned at least 35 Ma, from 138 to 103 Ma, which is broadly consistent with the span of magmatism suggested by workers in the 1970s and 1980s based on K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages. This extended span of magmatism for the Burlington and Taconic lobes is in contrast to the brief 1 to 2 Ma episode of magmatism at 124 Ma inferred for the Monteregian Hills lobe. The New England- Quebec igneous province has traditionally been attributed to passage of the Great Meteor hotspot. However, given the close proximity of the Burlington and Taconic lobes, the magmatism in these lobes should span only a few Ma if the product of a hotspot. The age data are also difficult to reconcile with a more complex expression of hotspot magmatism in continental lithosphere related to either plume head magmatism or long-distance migration of plume material. Instead, the extended duration of Early Cretaceous New England-Quebec igneous province magmatism in New England may represent an expression of edge-driven convection, a process known to occur along passive margins and inferred to be operating beneath the eastern North American margin today. © 2021 American Journal of Science. All rights reserved.

The late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) was one of Earth's most important Phanerozoic climatic events lasting for over 100 Mys. Despite its importance, its history is controversial with two hypotheses that portray glaciation differently (Fig. 1). Traditional views characterize the LPIA as a continuous glacial event that lasted from the Middle Mississippian until the Late Permian with a massive ice sheet that covered Gondwana throughout this interval. This approach often uses only one or two proxies to define the glaciation. The other emerging hypothesis suggests that numerous ice sheets occurred in Gondwana with individual glacial events lasting up to 10 Mys alternating with glacial minima/non-glacial intervals of similar duration. Both views are still prevalent. Both near- and far-field proxies are used to define the ice age. Near-field proxies include the occurrence/absence of diamictites, glaciotectonic deposits/landforms, striated clasts and clast pavements, outsized clasts (dropstones), rhythmites, cyclic diamictite-bearing successions, glendonites, grooved and striated surfaces, streamline landforms, and U-shaped paleovalleys. Detrital zircons and chemical index of alteration (CIA) studies help to delineate the occurrence, extent, and location of glaciation. Multiple complexities occur with the use of these proxies as different non-glacial processes and driving factors can produce similar features or results. Far-field proxies focus on identifying changes in eustacy. These include the occurrence of cyclic successions composed of alternating nonmarine and marine strata (cyclothems), depth of incised valleys, paleotopographic relief, phosphatic black shales, and changing oxygen isotope ratios. Like the near-field record, far-field proxies are complex indicators with varied nuances that make their application challenging. Here we discuss the limitations and use of these proxies and promote a multiproxy approach to investigating Earth's glacial intervals. We suggest that studies incorporate multiple proxies coupled with detailed environmental, paleoflow, and paleogeographic analyses to better constrain the occurrence, timing, and extent of glaciation and its influence on global systems. This approach will provide a robust view of the LPIA. We also consider the magnitude and nature of sea-level response to changing ice volumes by discussing ice-volume fluctuations, basin subsidence's modification of glacioeustacy, and sea-level's response to global isostatic adjustment (GIA). In considering these features, it becomes apparent that glacioeustacy is more complex than previously envisioned. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

The Lower Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province consists predominantly of intrusive rocks, which crop out over a distance of 3500 km. In comparison, extrusive rocks are more restricted geographically. Geochemically, the province is divided into the Mount Fazio Chemical Type, forming more than 99% of the exposed province, and the Scarab Peak Chemical Type, which in the Ross Sea sector is restricted to the uppermost lava. The former exhibits a range of compositions (SiO2 = 52–59%; MgO = 9.2–2.6%; Zr = 60–175 ppm; Sri = 0.7081– 0.7138; εNd = −6.0 to −3.8), whereas the latter has a restricted composition (SiO2 = c. 58%; MgO = c. 2.3%; Zr = c. 230 ppm; Sri = 0.7090–0.7097; εNd = −4.4 to −4.1). Both chemical types are characterized by enriched initial isotope compositions of neodymium and strontium, low abundances of high field strength elements, and crust-like trace element patterns. The most basic rocks, olivine-bearing dolerites, indicate that these geochemical characteristics were inherited from a mantle source modified by subduction processes, possibly the incorporation of sediment. In one model, magmas were derived from a linear source having multiple sites of generation each of which evolved to yield, in sum, the province-wide coherent geochemistry. The preferred interpretation is that the remarkably coherent geochemistry and short duration of emplacement demonstrate derivation from a single source inferred to have been located in the proto-Weddell Sea region. The spatial variation in geochemical characteristics of the lavas suggests distinct magma batches erupted at the surface, whereas no clear geographical pattern is evident for intrusive rocks. © 2021. The Author(s).

Preserved rocks in the Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province consist mainly of intrusions, and extrusive rocks, the topic of this chapter, comprise the remaining small component. They crop out in a limited number of areas in the Transantarctic Mountains and southeastern Australia. They consist of thick sequences of lavas and sporadic occurrences of volcaniclastic rocks. The latter occur mainly beneath the lavas and represent the initial eruptive activity, but also are present within the lava sequence. The majority are basaltic phreatomagmatic deposits and in at least two locations form immense phreatocauldrons filled with structureless tuff breccias and lapilli tuffs with thicknesses of as much as 400 m. Stratified sequences of tuff breccias, lapilli tuffs and tuffs are up to 200 m thick. Thin tuff beds are sparsely distributed in the lava sequences. Lava successions are mainly 400–500 m thick, and comprise individual lavas ranging from 1 to 230 m thick, although most are in the range of 10–100 m. Well-defined colonnade and entablature are seldom displayed. Lava sequences were confined topographically and locally ponded. Water played a prominent role in eruptive activity, as exhibited by phreatomagmatism, hyaloclastites, pillow lava and quenching of lavas. Vents for lavas have yet to be identified. © 2021. The Author(s).

The Paraná Basin, Brazil and the Chaco-Paraná Basin, Uruguay both contain sedimentary records that are critical to reconstructing late Paleozoic ice centers in central Gondwana. The orientations of subglacial landforms and glaciotectonic structures suggest that late Paleozoic glacial deposits in the eastern Chaco-Paraná Basin and the southernmost Paraná Basin are genetically related, as they were likely glaciated by the same ice center. However, the location and extent of the ice center responsible for depositing these sediments are unclear. Furthermore, changes in sediment dispersal patterns between glacial, inter-glacial, and post-glacial intervals are not understood for this region of Gondwana. Therefore, this study utilized U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology to assess the provenance of glacial and post-glacial sediments from the eastern Chaco-Paraná Basin (San Gregorio, Cerro Pelado, Tres Islas Formations) and the southernmost Paraná Basin (Itararé Group). Results show dominant age peaks at 520–555 Ma, 625 Ma, 750–780 Ma, and 900–1000 Ma in all samples from the eastern Chaco-Paraná Basin. These zircons are interpreted to have been derived from sources in the Cuchilla Dionisio Terrane and Punta del Este Terrane in southeastern Uruguay, and possibly the Namaqua Belt in southern Namibia. Another important source was likely Devonian sedimentary rocks of the Durazno Group in central/eastern Uruguay. Meanwhile, a sample of the glaciogenic Itararé Group from the southernmost Paraná Basin contains a different detrital zircon signature with peaks at 580 Ma, 780 Ma, 2110 Ma, and 2500 Ma that closely resembles underlying sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks of the Precambrian/Cambrian Camaquã Basin. Detrital zircon ages in the glacial and post-glacial sediments indicate that local sources were dominant. In contrast, zircon ages from relatively ice-distal glaciomarine intervals in the Chaco-Paraná Basin reflect more distal sources to the east and southeast, which indicates a larger drainage catchment opened when glaciers retreated and/or the zone of maximum subglacial erosion shifted. Although most zircon ages in the Chaco-Paraná Basin can be attributed to Uruguayan sources, results support the hypothesis that glaciers emanated from southern Namibia and southeast Uruguay into the Chaco-Paraná Basin. From there, ice flowed northwest into the Paraná Basin and then receded back towards Africa as the paleoclimate warmed. The detrital zircon inventory in our study region is distinct from the eastern Paraná Basin, suggesting at least two unique African source regions for glaciers that deposited sediments in the Paraná and Chaco-Paraná Basins. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Application of forward coastal sediment transport models in situations involving large temporal and spatial scales or topographically complex environments can be highly problematic since the distribution of hydrodynamic parameters is rarely adequately known. Where rocky topography is present, flow patterns may be altered and sediments trapped by topographic barriers. A frequently employed approach to these problems is the application of the statistical technique known as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. One limitation of EOF analysis of grain size and mineralogical data is that EOF is a purely geometric technique which does not allow incorporation of a priori knowledge we may have regarding the physical environment. In fact, there is no guarantee that a meaningful physical interpretation of the results of an EOF analysis actually exists. This is not true of geophysical inverse theory, which is capable of incorporating diverse forms of information and is not limited to purely geometric manipulations of data. We have formulated an inverse theoretical approach to study sediment transport which we call STI, short for source-transport inversion. STI relaxes the nonphysical assumption of orthogonal endmembers and can handle many forms of a priori information. STI has been developed initially in the context of modeling the sediment supply and dispersal system of Monterey Bay, California. Using the geographical distribution of heavy mineralogy data, significant sources are identified and sediments traced from those sources along transport pathways. Model results are encouraging both in terms of goodness of fit between model and data and in terms of the agreement of model results with the sediment sourcing and dispersal patterns inferred in previous studies. Model results indicate that beach sediments are primarily derived from the open coast north of the bay, that a littoral cell boundary exists in the center of the bay at Moss Landing, and that beach deposits produced by paleolittoral drift during a sea level low stand lie along the 100-m isobath. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.

Tholeiitic rocks of the Ferrar Large Igneous Province (FLIP) occur in a linear belt from the Theron Mountains to Horn Bluff in the Transantarctic Mountains and extend into southeastern Australasia. The FLIP was emplaced during the initial stages of Gondwana break-up from a source suggested to be in the proto-Weddell Sea region. Magma transport from its source (Weddell triple junction) was controlled by an Early Jurassic zone of extension. The FLIP comprises the Dufek intrusion, Ferrar Dolerite sills and dykes (sheet intrusions), and extrusive rocks consisting of pyroclastic strata overlain by Kirkpatrick Basalt lavas. The Dufek intrusion occurs in deformed supracrustal rocks of the foldbelt along the paleo-Pacific Gondwana margin. A few sills were emplaced in basement rocks, but the majority of the sheet intrusions occur in flat-lying Devonian to Triassic Beacon strata. Only in the central Transantarctic Mountains (CTM) and south and north Victoria Land (SVL, NVL) are extrusive rocks preserved overlying Beacon strata. The greatest cumulative thicknesses of magmatic rocks (ca. 2 km) occur in areas where lavas are preserved (CTM and SVL). Sheet intrusions have complex relationships. Dyke swarms (sensu stricto) are unknown and dykes cutting basement rocks are uncommon. Nevertheless, these dykes, including a 30-m-wide dyke in SVL, suggest that some magmas locally migrated up through basement rocks. In CTM and NVL the outcrop belt has a width of about 160 km. Sills originally extended farther toward the plate margin but have been cut out by erosion and Cenozoic faulting, most clearly in CTM; geophysical data suggest extension under the East Antarctic ice sheet for at least 100 km. Although Early Jurassic extension is documented in CTM, major rift-bounding faults have not been observed. Models for magma emplacement include transport along the axis of the Transantarctic Mountains and off-axis transport from major rift-bounding faults. Contrasts in geochemistry between lavas of NVL (MgO=6-7%) and CTM (MgO=2-4%) and the presence of massive dolerite bodies (CTM, SVL) suggest discrete episodes and locations of magma emplacement, and that there was no long range interconnection along the mountain range in supracrustal rocks.

The encrustation of Paleozoic rhynchonelliform brachiopods has been studied for decades, but modern brachiopods have not received similar scrutiny. The discovery of abundant subtropical brachiopods from the Southeast Brazilian Bight provides an unprecedented opportunity to assess epibiont abundance, diversity, and encrustation patterns in modern brachiopod assemblages. Across the outer shelf, encrustation frequencies vary among taxa, from mean values of 0.45% for Platidia to 9.3% for Argyrotheca. Encrustation frequencies for Bouchardia increase from 1.6% on the outer shelf to 84% on the inner shelf. Larger valves are encrusted more frequently, and epibionts preferentially colonize valve interiors. Increased encrustation on the inner shelf may reflect the greater surface areg of larger hosts, longer exposure of dead shells, water-mass characteristics, sedimentation rates, productivity, or other factors that vary with depth. Inner-shelf brachiopods exhibit encrustation frequencies comparable to those reported for epifaunal bivalves. The epibiont fauna is dominated by bryozoans and serpulids, with minor roles played by spirorbids, bivalves, barnacles, foraminifera, algae, and other taxa. Epibiont abundance at each site is highly variable, but sites are similar in rank importance of epibiont taxa. A different suite of epibionts colonized Paleozoic brachiopods, but similar patterns of encrustation have been observed, including preferential settlement according to valve morphology. These results provide a baseline for evaluating the encrustation of modern bivalves and ancient brachiopods, and may elucidate the macroevolutionary history of epibionts and their relationship to their hosts. © 2004, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).

In 1993, during the removal of a diesel and a gasoline underground storage tank at the municipal garage of the Village of Kohler, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, soil testing revealed environmental contamination at the site. A site investigation revealed the possibility of a second on-site source of petroleum contamination. Limited historical data and the present usage of structures within the suspected source area precluded the use of most invasive sampling methods and most geophysical techniques. A fluxgate magnetometer survey, followed by confirmatory excavation, was conducted at the site. The fluxgate magnetometer survey identified nine possible magnetic anomalies within the 18 × 25 m area. The subsequent excavation near the anomalies revealed the presence of five paired and two individual 2000 L underground storage tanks. The fluxgate magnetometer survey, although affected by the proximity of buildings, was able to detect the buried tanks within 3 m of the brick structures, using a 1.5 × 1.5 m sampling array.

The Ferrar Large Igneous Province forms a linear belt for 3500 km along the Transantarctic Mountains, and as a geochemical province extends into southeastern Australasia. The principal components of the Ferrar are: intrusive - Ferrar Dolerite sills and dikes, and Dufek intrusion; pyroclastic - the Prebble, Mawson and Exposure Hill Formations; effusive - the Kirkpatrick Basalt. In terms of the three dimensional architecture of the Ferrar, a range of "facies" can be recognized in each of the principal components. The Ferrar province was initiated with a major episode of phreatomagmatism leading to formation of tephra cones and associated deposits, and near-surface vent structures. Activity switched to predominantly quiet effusion of alternating thick flood basalt flows and thin pahoehoe lobes and flows. Intrusive bodies were emplaced early, given the occurrence of dolerite clasts in tuff-breccias, but most sills were probably intruded after accumulation of extrusive rocks. Pre-existing rift structures played a major role in controlling the transport and distribution of the Ferrar magmas and the apparent centers of extrusive activity. The associated paleohydrology controlled the eruption styles. © 2008.

Apparent synchrony between eruption/emplacement of large igneous province (LIP) magmas and mass extinction has led to the implication of magmatism as a primary trigger of global scale environmental change. Evaluating the efficacy of magmatism as a driver of global change depends on the relative timing of magmatism and environmental change, and the magma effusion/intrusion rate, both of which can be constrained by high-precision geochronology. Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian) global ocean anoxia and acidification, carbon isotope perturbations, and biotic crisis have been linked to "synchronous" eruption and emplacement of the Karoo and Ferrar LIPs. To better constrain the timing and duration of Ferrar magmatism, we apply the single crystal, chemical abrasion U-Pb ID-TIMS method to zircon crystals isolated from twenty Ferrar LIP sills and lavas, and the Dufek intrusion. Dates suggest that both intrusive and extrusive Ferrar magmatism occurred over an interval of 349. ±. 49 kyr, beginning with intrusive magmatism as early as 182.779. ±. 0.033 Ma. Lava eruption was synchronous with, and in some cases postdates intrusion. When coupled with existing geochronology on the Karoo province, our dates confirm broad synchrony between Karoo and Ferrar magmatism, though Karoo magmatism began demonstrably prior to Ferrar magmatism, starting as early as 183.246. ±. 0.045 Ma. The short-lived magmatic history of the Ferrar LIP makes it a plausible trigger for early-Jurassic environmental change. © 2015.

The impact of increasing summer melt on the dynamics and stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet is not fully understood. Mounting evidence suggests seasonal evolution of subglacial drainage mitigates or counteracts the ability of surface runoff to increase basal sliding. Here, we compare subdaily ice velocity and uplift derived from nine Global Positioning System stations in the upper ablation zone in west Greenland to surface melt and supraglacial lake drainage during summer 2007. Starting around day 173, we observe speedups of 6-41% above spring velocity lasting ∼40 days accompanied by sustained surface uplift at most stations, followed by a late summer slowdown. After initial speedup, we see a spatially uniform velocity response across the ablation zone and strong diurnal velocity variations during periods of melting. Most lake drainages were undetectable in the velocity record, and those that were detected only perturbed velocities for ∼1 day, suggesting preexisting drainage systems could efficiently drain large volumes of water. The dynamic response to melt forcing appears to (1) be driven by changes in subglacial storage of water that is delivered in diurnal and episodic pulses, and (2) decrease over the course of the summer, presumably as the subglacial drainage system evolves to greater efficiency. The relationship between hydrology and ice dynamics observed is similar to that observed on mountain glaciers, suggesting that seasonally large water pressures under the ice sheet largely compensate for the greater ice thickness considered here. Thus, increases in summer melting may not guarantee faster seasonal ice flow. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.