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Motivation for bodily movement, physical activity and exercise varies from moment to moment. These motivation states may be “affectively-charged,” ranging from instances of lower tension (e.g., desires, wants) to higher tension (e.g., cravings and urges). Currently, it is not known how often these states have been investigated in clinical populations (e.g., eating disorders, exercise dependence/addiction, Restless Legs Syndrome, diabetes, obesity) vs. healthy populations (e.g., in studies of motor control; groove in music psychology). The objective of this scoping review protocol is to quantify the literature on motivation states, to determine what topical areas are represented in investigations of clinical and healthy populations, and to discover pertinent details, such as instrumentation, terminology, theories, and conceptual models, correlates and mechanisms of action. Iterative searches of scholarly databases will take place to determine which combination of search terms (e.g., “motivation states” and “physical activity”; “desire to be physically active,” etc.) captures the greatest number of relevant results. Studies will be included if motivation states for movement (e.g., desires, urges) are specifically measured or addressed. Studies will be excluded if referring to motivation as a trait. A charting data form was developed to scan all relevant documents for later data extraction. The primary outcome is simply the extent of the literature on the topic. Results will be stratified by population/condition. This scoping review will unify a diverse literature, which may result in the creation of unique models or paradigms that can be utilized to better understand motivation for bodily movement and exercise.

Are conservatives more simple-minded and happier than liberals? To revisit this question, 1,518 demographically diverse participants (52% females) were recruited from an online participant-sourcing platform and asked to write a narrative about the upcoming 2020 U.S. Presidential Election as well as complete self and candidates’ ratings of personality. The narratives were analyzed using three well-validated text analysis programs. As expected, extremely enthusiastic Trump supporters used less cognitively complex and more confident language than both their less enthusiastic counterparts and Biden supporters. Trump supporters also used more positive affective language than Biden supporters. More simplistic and categorical modes of thinking as well as positive emotional tone were also associated with positive perceptions of Trump’s, but not Biden’s personality. Dialectical complexity and positive emotional tone accounted for significant unique variance in predicting appraisals of Trump’s trustworthiness/integrity even after controlling for demographic variables, self-ratings of conscientiousness and openness, and political affiliation.

Reports an error in the original article by Mark B. Fineman (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971[Oct], 90[2]], 215-221). Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 on pp. 216 and 217 were shown inverted. This mistake made it appear that Stimulus 1 was Stimulus 2, and that Stimulus 3 was Stimulus 4, and that the four stimuli were upside down. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record.) Proposed that the cue of relative size may facilitate depth perception in accordance with a crossed or uncrossed disparity in stereograms in which both tendencies are equally represented. A concurrent concept was that the latency associated with the perception of depth in random-dot stereograms may be due, in part, to a cue conflict between binocular disparity and relative size. 4 male and 2 female graduate students were given 8 presentations of 5 stereographic stimuli, in which disparity was ambiguous but relative size was systematically altered. Ss were tested for direction of depth preferences and response latency. Both the relative-size effects and an uncrossed disparity bias were evidenced in the data. The latter effect was attributed to binocular rivalry between dissimilar elements in the stereoscopic half-fields. It is concluded that depth cue relationships are more complex than had been suggested by simple dominance theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1972 American Psychological Association.

In Experiment 1, the choice responses of 8 pigeons were observed during 50 periods of transition. Each condition began with equal probabilities of reinforcement on 2 response keys and switched to unequal probabilities. With the ratio of the 2 probabilities held constant, preference for the higher probability developed more rapidly when the 2 probabilities were high than when they were low. In Experiment 2, each condition began with 2 equal variable-interval schedules, but later 1 key delivered 60%, 75%, or 90% of the reinforcers. The rate of approach to asymptotic performance was roughly the same with all 3 reinforcement percentages. These and previous results pose difficulties for some well-known models of acquisition, but the results are well described by a simple model that states that the strength of each response is independently increased by reinforcement and decreased by nonreinforcement.

Five types of depersonalization experiences based on scales developed by Jacobs and Bovasso (1992) were used to cluster subjects into six groups. Four relatively small groups which had regular depersonalization experiences were identified: the Derealized, the Self-negating, the Body-detached, and the Profoundly Depersonalized. The fifth group, the Fleetingly Depersonalized, and the sixth group, the Non-depersonalized, constituted 25% and 50% of the population, respectively. A profile analysis indicated qualitative differences between the six groups in their pathological traits, which fell along a continuum of pathological severity. The results support the validity of a multidimensional depersonalization construct which may clarify some of the contradictions and inconsistencies in the literature on depersonalization. Further, the results may facilitate clinicians' differentiation of their patients along a continuum of pathological severity based on the type and frequency of depersonalization experiences which they report.

Two experiments (N = 147 and N = 90) explored the use of multiple independent lineups to identify a target seen live. In Experiment 1, simultaneous face, body, and sequential voice lineups were used. In Experiment 2, sequential face, body, voice, and clothing lineups were used. Both studies demonstrated that multiple identifications (by the same witness) from independent lineups of different features are highly diagnostic of suspect guilt (G. L. Wells & R. C. L. Lindsay, 1980). The number of suspect and foil selections from multiple independent lineups provides a powerful method of calibrating the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Implications for use of current methods are discussed.

The current study examined the number and content of possible selves in the lives of adult women over the course of a five-month interval. Based on previous empirical studies of possible selves, a variety of hypotheses were proposed that addressed cohort differences in possible selves, continuity and change in possible selves, and predicting changes in possible selves over time with ego-identity. The results indicated mixed support for the hypotheses, but basically replicated previous research findings on possible selves. The findings are discussed in terms of how they extend both descriptive and predictive knowledge of possible selves. © 2006 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

The TOMI consists of two 25-item, two-alternative, forced-choice scales - General Knowledge (TOMI-G) and Legal Knowledge (TOMI- L) - designed to detect malingered cognitive impairment in CST evaluations. The TOMI was derived and validated with a university sample (N = 242), with a cut score of < 21 providing maximum classification accuracy of hon est and dishonest respondents. Subsequently, the TOMI was administered to forensic inpatient residents (N = 30) and was compared to existing, well- established tests of malingering (the Rey-FIT and the TOMM). Results indi cated strong correlations and predictive agreement for both scales, and dis tinction between honest and probable dishonest respondents for the TOMI-L. A third study provided additional validation for the TOMI in distinguishing honest from dishonest student respondents (N = 120) and examined the ef fects of motivation on response style. For dishonest responders, those in the high motivation group scored significantly lower than those in the low moti vation group, further betraying their dishonesty. The utility of the TOMI as a useful, novel tool for forensic practitioners is discussed. Copyright 2008 American Journal of Forensic Psychology.

Why the United States has failed to establish a comprehensive high-quality child care program is the question at the center of this book. Edward Zigler has been intimately involved in this issue since the 1970s, and here he presents a firsthand history of the policy making and politics surrounding this important debate. Good-quality child care supports cognitive, social, and emotional development, school readiness, and academic achievement. This book examines the history of child care policy since 1969, including the inside story of America's one great attempt to create a comprehensive system of child care, its failure, and the lack of subsequent progress. Identifying specific issues that persist today, Zigler and his coauthors conclude with an agenda designed to lead us successfully toward quality care for America's children. © 2009 by Yale University. All rights reserved.

One hundred and eight participants either stole or replaced a stolen exam key from a professor's office. Half of the participants were instructed to respond honestly and to help with an investigation; the other half were instructed to distort their statement so they were not implicated. Participants did not know whether they would be asked to lie or report honestly during their time in the professor's office. After completing the task, participants again met with a research assistant, who instructed them whether to lie or respond honestly at a one-week follow-up. After the interview, participants completed a Likert-type post-event questionnaire. Deceivers reported significantly more anxiety and motivation not to get caught while in the office, even though there were no differences in the instructions given to the two groups until after participants left the office. Therefore, the act of deception changed their memory for their time in the office. This is important theoretically because it suggests that forming a lie script could be akin to other memories for counterfactual thinking. Practically, it is important to note that a deceptive perpetrator or detainee may never be able to actually provide an accurate account. Copyright 2011 American Journal of Forensic Psychology.

This chapter highlights that forgiveness is a decision that clients should be helped to make and that advocacy has little place in the counseling session. It specifically confirms the value of forgiveness in the counseling setting and offers some guidelines for its effective application. There are at least three approaches to justice, altering in the extent to which they are proactive or reactive, past or future oriented, limited or general: (1) retributive justice, (2) restorative justice, and (3) pervasive justice. The pragmatic model needs an in-depth investigation of alternatives; their practical and moral costs and their benefits. It is concluded that there can be no relief unless the offender confesses and asks forgiveness, and argues that repentance is poor therapy and of questionable morality, because it leaves clients in a state of helpless dependence on the person or persons who offended them in the first place. © 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Few studies have examined the parenting of fathers with cooccurring substance abuse (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) problems. None have specifically interviewed men with these cooccurring issues using qualitative methods about their reflective functioning in relation to their children. This paper aims to provide evidence of the reflective capacity of fathers with cooccurring SA and IPV. To assess this, men were asked to describe examples of negative emotions they experienced as parents and how they perceived their children responded to those emotions. In total, 40 fathers with cooccurring SA and IPV were interviewed using the Revised Parent Development Interview. Interviews were coded for reflective functioning and for themes that emerged related to angry and guilty feelings these fathers experienced as parents. Overall, fathers in the sample had a very limited capacity to think about the thoughts and feelings of their children. The desire to spend more time with their child and an inability to provide financially were two common themes. Anger toward the child's mother for not providing adequate care and a focus on shielding the child from his anger were also reported frequently. Fathers did not report feelings of guilt related to their substance use or aggression in their relationships. This paper is one of the first to explore reflective functioning of fathers with cooccurring IPV and SA. These findings are discussed in relation to their implications for intervention with fathers with cooccurring SA and IPV issues. © 2012, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Investigators are continually faced with the task of detecting deception. Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID) is a system of interviewing and credibility assessment that maximizes verbal cues to detect deception, and teaches content analysis that highlights attempts to withhold, distort, or manipulate information. The ACID technique has been successful in discriminating honest from deceptive statements when credibility determinations are made either by statistical methods or trained raters. Unfortunately, the training has required several hours and application has required the time-consuming process of transcription. The current study demonstrates the utility of ACID following a brief training, and compares the credibility ratings made from analysis of transcripts to the credibility ratings made from the analysis of audio recordings. Twenty-nine university undergraduate and graduate students read or listened to a series of eight transcripts. Raters were provided with accounts before training and 4 accounts after training. Prior to training, raters performed at 55% accuracy. Following training, raters performed at 71% accuracy. Additionally, there was an untrained control group that performed at 53% accuracy. Of note, the post-training performance was identical for accounts presented in written and audio formats. In sum, the ACID technique was reliable, valid, easy to train, and showed that accurate decisions can be made from simple audio recordings. Copyright 2013 American Journal of Forensic Psychology,.

Many students in higher education have undiagnosed reading disabilities (RDs), but there are few measures to screen for RD in this population. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of tasks that are sensitive to RDs—such as measures of phonemic awareness and working memory—to differentiate university students previously diagnosed with RDs from controls. Participants were university students with an RD (n = 26), a clinical control group diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 24), and neurotypical controls (n = 44). Participants completed brief phonological processing and working memory tasks. The RD group scored significantly lower on all tasks than both control groups. The phonological processing tasks alone—without the working memory task—discriminated participants with RDs from controls with excellent sensitivity and specificity. A brief battery of phonemic tasks could be an effective screening instrument for persons with RDs on university campuses. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Objectives:  The aim was to describe the impact of the opioid epidemic on pain management practices in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) and propose a conceptual framework for navigating ethical decision-making in pediatric sickle cell pain management. Methods:  A review of the literature on ethical challenges in the management of sickle cell pain was conducted and considered in the context of the opioid epidemic and psychosocial factors affecting youth with SCD. The Integrated Ethical Framework for Pain Management (IEFPM) was applied to pediatric sickle cell pain management using a clinical case example. Results:  Implicit bias, health-related stigma, and potential neurocognitive impairment all present unique challenges in ethical decision-making for youth with SCD. National guidelines for prescribing opioid medication may complicate providers’ clinical decision-making and affect their sickle cell pain management practices. The IEFPM was found to be applicable to ethical decision-making for pediatric sickle cell pain and captures both patient-related and provider-related aspects of clinical pain management. Discussion:  The opioid epidemic has exacerbated existing ethical challenges for pain management among youth with SCD. The IEFPM provides a conceptual model that can be integrated into health care settings to facilitate ethical decision-making and promote greater health equity in the clinical management of pediatric sickle cell pain.

Sexual selection arising from sperm competition has driven the evolution of immense variation in ejaculate allocation and sperm characteristics not only among species, but also among males within a species. One question that has received little attention is how cooperation among males affects these patterns. Here we ask how male alternative reproductive types differ in testes size, ejaculate production, and sperm morphology in the ocellated wrasse, a marine fish in which unrelated males cooperate and compete during reproduction. Nesting males build nests, court females and provide care. Sneaker males only “sneak” spawn, while satellite males sneak, but also help by chasing away sneakers. We found that satellite males have larger absolute testes than either sneakers or nesting males, despite their cooperative role. Nesting males invested relatively less in testes than either sneakers or satellites. Though sneakers produced smaller ejaculates than either satellite or nesting males, we found no difference among male types in either sperm cell concentration or sperm number, implying sneakers may produce less seminal fluid. Sperm tail length did not differ significantly among male types, but sneaker sperm cells had significantly larger heads than either satellite or nesting male sperm, consistent with past research showing sneakers produce slower sperm. Our results highlight that social interactions among males can influence sperm and ejaculate production. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.