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Proposed that the cue of relative size may facilitate depth perception in accordance with a crossed or uncrossed disparity in stereograms in which both tendencies are equally represented. A concurrent concept was that the latency associated with the perception of depth in random-dot stereograms may be due, in part, to a cue conflict between binocular disparity and relative size. 4 male and 2 female graduate students were given 8 presentations of 5 stereographic stimuli, in which disparity was ambiguous but relative size was systematically altered. Ss were tested for direction of depth preferences and response latency. Both the relative-size effects and an uncrossed disparity bias were evidenced in the data. The latter effect was attributed to binocular rivalry between dissimilar elements in the stereoscopic half-fields. It is concluded that depth cue relationships are more complex than had been suggested by simple dominance theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1971 American Psychological Association.

A tutoring program for first grade inner city children, employing student teachers as tutors, was developed and evaluated. Tutoring had no discernible effects on performance on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability. However, tutored children were placed in the highest reading group, and were rated by the regular classroom teacher as having completed the first grade reading series more often than controls. Tutors saw their children as becoming more responsive over time. Classroom teachers rated the tutored children as more competent in the classroom, more confident, and as viewing the classroom as more benevolent. In contrast to controls, student teachers maintained favorable attitudes toward teaching in the inner city, and they claimed to have benefited in practice teaching from their tutoring experience. However, relatively few actually took teaching positions in inner city schools after completing their training. © 1972 Behavioral Publications, Inc.

Distinguishes between legal, ethical, and egalitarian principles involving hospitalization of persons alleged to be mentally ill. With regard to the question of legality, the need for compilation and distribution of relevant information and for informing patients of their rights is discussed. The boundaries of psychologists' professional and personal ethics are viewed as helping patients obtain services which they are personally unable to provide and insuring that the welfare of the patient is placed before the interests of the institution. Egalitarian issues are discussed with regard to: (a) judging whether a mental patient is responsible for his words and actions; (b) the patient's right to accept, reject, or select treatment; and (c) hospitalization of general medical patients and their rights to be informed about their condition, to be notified of test results, and to know the name, quantity, and expected reaction to drugs they are given. It is suggested that psychologists have too long been silent on these issues and in the face of abuses, and that more discussion and stands on them are needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1970 American Psychological Association.

The theoretical basis for the Analysis of Means Technique is discussed. In addition, a simplified working procedure is outlined, step-by-step for an actual problem. The data for the problem are analyzed by the analysis of means techniques, which compares differences between means instead of population variances estimates. The data are also analyzed by the analysis of variance technique. The conclusions reached by both techniques are the same. The graphical representation of the ANOM is helpful in understanding data. The ANOM technique is usually used in conjunction with the analysis of variance, either as an initial analysis of data or to augment the analysis of variance. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

In three experiments, pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck at a red key led to a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. A peck at a green key led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over trials so as to estimate an indifference point, or a duration at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. In Experiments 1 and 2, the intertrial interval was varied across conditions, and these variations had no systematic effects on choice. In Experiment 3, the stimuli that followed a choice of the red key differed across conditions. In some conditions, a red houselight was presented for 5 s after each choice of the red key. In other conditions, the red houselight was present on reinforced trials but not on nonreinforced trials. Subjects exhibited greater preference for the red key in the latter case. The results were used to evaluate four different theories of probabilistic reinforcement. The results were most consistent with the view that the value or effectiveness of a probabilistic reinforcer is determined by the total time per reinforcer spent in the presence of stimuli associated with the probabilistic alternative. According to this view, probabilistic reinforcers are analogous to reinforcers that are delivered after variable delays. 1989 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

The effect of vasopressin on memory of a brightness discrimination reward task was investigated in 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two measures of retention were used: resistance to extinction and savings scores on a reacquisition task given 45 days after the completion of extinction training. The effect of the peptide on both memory consolidation and retrieval was assessed. There were two major findings: (a) The peptide enhanced memory consolidation of the task whether measured after a short time interval (6 days) or after a long time interval (45 days after completion of extinction training) using a measure of trials to relearn the task, and (b) the peptide had no effect on memory retrieval. These results were compared to those of other studies designed to access memory consolidation and retrieval on appetitive tasks. The mechanisms of the peptide's effect on memory was briefly discussed with respect to three theories on the subject. This study extends the vasopressin research on memory consolidation by suggesting that it pertains to appetitive as well as to aversive tasks.

The study compared 71 patients diagnosed as schizophrenic or within the schizophrenia spectrum according to the second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) with 66 patients who received similar diagnoses according to the third edition of the same manual (DSM-III). On measures of premorbid competence and role orientation, DSM-II and DSM-III schizophrenic patients obtained comparable scores. The DSM-III patients with schizophrenic versus schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses also obtained comparable scores on these measures. The gender differences in premorbid competence and role orientation that have consistently characterized DSM-II schizophrenics continued to characterize DSM-III schizophrenic and schizophrenia spectrum patients. The results suggest that findings previously obtained with DSM-II schizophrenics concerning premorbid competence and role orientation can be generalized to DSM-III schizophrenics. © 1987 American Psychological Association.

The Mini‐Mult and MMPI were administered in random order to 60 blind male veterans admitted to a residential rehabilitation program. Mini‐Mult scores predicted the presence or absence of MMPI pathology in 81.7% of the cases. Correlations between the individual Mini‐Mult and MMPI scales were significant at the p < .01 level, but not of sufficient magnitude to permit their interchangeability or to allow for profile diagnosis on the basis of Mini‐Mult scores. Analysis of the false negatives raises questions about the clinical significance of an abnormal MMPI in the population studied. The results support the value of the Mini‐Mult as a screening device, but not as a substitute for a detailed psychological assessment of the blind. Copyright © 1986 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

The relation between premorbid social competence and outcome was examined in 448 (228 male and 220 female) first-admission, nonschizophrenic, state-hospital patients. For both sexes, higher social competence was related to more favorable outcome as reflected in shorter initial hospitalizations and shorter rehospitalizations. Consistent with a developmental formulation, these results provide further evidence that the relation between premorbid competence and outcome is not unique to schizophrenia but can be found for patients of both sexes across a range of diagnoses. © 1986 American Psychological Association.

Age at first hospitalization, premorbid social competence, and developmental categorizations of symptomatology were examined in 228 male and 220 female patients in three diagnostic categories: Major affective disorder, neuroses, and personality disorder. High social competence patients were older at first hospitalization than low competence individuals. Younger first admission patients showed more symptoms in the action category and in the role orientation of turning against others. Older patients more frequently displayed symptoms of the thought variety and of turning against the self. Gender differences in age at first hospitalization were not found. With respect to all developmental variables examined, the results suggest that a broader view of prognosis proposed in research with schizophrenic patients is applicable to nonschizophrenic groups. © 1985 by The Williams & Wilkins Co.