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Growing nonmedical use of prescription opioids is a global problem, motivating research on ways to reduce use and combat addiction. Medical cannabis ("medical marijuana") legalization has been associated epidemiologically with reduced opioid harms and cannabinoids have been shown to modulate effects of opioids in animal models. This study was conducted to determine if DELTA9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enhances the behavioral effects of oxycodone. Male rats were trained to intravenously self-administer (IVSA) oxycodone (0.15mg/kg/infusion) during 1h, 4h or 8h sessions. Following acquisition rats were exposed to THC by vapor inhalation (1h and 8h groups) or injection (0-10mg/kg, i.p.; all groups) prior to IVSA sessions. Fewer oxycodone infusions were obtained by rats following vaporized or injected THC compared with vehicle treatment prior to the session. Follow-up studies demonstrated parallel dose-dependent effects of THC, i.p., on self-administration of different per-infusion doses of oxycodone and a preserved loading dose early in the session. These patterns are inconsistent with behavioral suppression. Additional groups of male and female Wistar rats were assessed for nociception following inhalation of vaporized THC (50mg/mL), oxycodone (100mg/mL) or the combination. Tail withdrawal latency was increased more by the THC/oxycodone combination compared to either drug alone. Similar additive antinociceptive effects were produced by injection of THC (5.0mg/kg, i.p.) and oxycodone (2.0mg/kg, s.c.). Together these data demonstrate additive effects of THC and oxycodone and suggest the potential use of THC to enhance therapeutic efficacy, and to reduce the abuse, of opioids. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Variability in the grade of atherosclerosis among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) could affect the ultrasound measurements of intima media thickness (IMT). We sought to investigate IMTs of carotid (cIMT) and femoral (fIMT) arteries in CKD patients and assess the degree of their correlation with histopathological atherosclerosis., METHODS: Eighty-nine out of 99 enrolled subjects completed this study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: 34 patients with CKD (Case group), 31 with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, positive control group), and 24 healthy kidney donors (negative control group). For histopathological assessment of atherosclerosis, arterial tissue samples were obtained from the patients in each study group. The cIMT and fIMTs were measured by ultrasonography., RESULTS: Histopathological atherosclerosis was present in 82.3, 100, and 20.8% of CKD, CABG, and donor groups respectively (p < 0.001). CKD patients had higher values of cIMT and fIMT than the donor group (p = 0.01 and 0.004, respectively). cIMT was positively correlated with the grade of atherosclerosis in the CKD group only (p < 0.001), while fIMT was correlated with the grade of atherosclerosis in both CKD and donor groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively). In CKD patients, cIMT >0.65 mm and femoral values >0.57 mm predicted the presence of histopathological atherosclerosis with sensitivities of 96 and 92% respectively., CONCLUSION: Higher values of cIMT and fIMT in CKD patients are associated with higher rates and degrees of histopathological atherosclerosis. Additionally, when compared to fIMT, cIMT has a higher sensitivity for detecting atherosclerosis in CKD patients. Copyright © 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.

In the past 5 years, we have been using XSEDE resources and ECSS support to conduct research at Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU), a primary undergraduate institution (PUI). First, the regioselectivity was successfully investigated in the synthesis of 5-FU derivatives with phase transition method and silver salt method; then the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) principle and the Marcus theory were unified in the study of ambident reactivity; at last our research was expanded from reactions of molecules to reactions on the solid surface. We would like to share our results and emphasize the importance of XSEDE resources and ECSS support for the research in PUIs. © 2020 ACM.

What would appear to be the simplest of the sulphur-containing pyridine ligands, 2-mercaptopyridine, gives complex, poorly-characterized derivatives with transition metal ions [1, 2]. The conversion of this compound to 2-sulfenamidopyridine and the latter's coordination to divalent metal ions yields complexes in which, in every reported instance, bonding is through the two nitrogen atoms [3]. The Schiff base derivatives of 2-sulphenamidopyridine also give species which conform to the expected mode of complexation[3]. The complexes of 2,6-dimercaptopyridine have also been reported[4]. As with the monosubstituted derivatives, no clearly defined structure has been reported, although these complexes are thought to be highly polymeric species. In this communication, the synthesis and pattern of complexation of 2,6-disulphenamidopyridine and its Schiff-base derivative with 2-pyridinaldehyde are investigated. Particular emphasis is placed on the structures of the nickel(II) analogs. © 1968.

The title compound, C18H14N2S2, crystallizes as a pseudomerohedral twin, with four independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The compound shows a combination of π-interactions and close-packing, with the planar maleonitrile and phenyl groups extending into pockets of neighbouring molecules. © 2005 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Great Britain - all rights reserved.

The structural properties of 1,1′-dibromoferrocene, [Fe(C 5H4Br)2, were investigated using single-crystal x-ray diffraction. It was found to crystallize in the non-centrosymmetric space group P21. Despite of the steric demand of the two bromine substituents, the two cyclopentaldienyl (Cp) rings were found to exhibit an eclipsed conformation in the solid state. The conformational arrangement found in compound seems not to be the result of general electronic preference within this class of compounds, but has to be attributed to crystal packing effects in the solid state.

The structure of p-anisolecarbonitrile, C8H7NO, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100 K. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric © 2004 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Great Britain - all rights reserved.

We have isolated a 1.6 kb clone from a cDNA library made from the olfactory rosettes of th Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The clone contains a 1200 bp, open reading frame (name OSC) which codes for a protein with 400 amino-acid residues (Oscp). The mRNA corresponding to OSC is strongly expressed in the olfactory rosettes and weakly expressed in gills but is expressed in only these two tissues. This suggests that Oscp may have a specific and important role in olfaction. The sequence of Oscp suggests that it is not globular. Predictions show only a small fraction of alpha-helix. Oscp is hydrophilic but with the number of positively charged residues equal to the number of negatively charged residues. No closely similar protein can be found on the basis of homology searches or hydrophobicity comparisons. However, a 44 residue segment (G300 through K343) is significantly homologous to a segment of alpha-lactalbumin (G51 through K94). The similarities include the 19 residues of the "alpha-lactalbumin-lysozyme C signature," the ten residues of the Ca2+ binding elbow and the four cysteine residues which provide two key disulfide links in alphalactalbumin and lysozyme C. Two more Cys residues are also very similarly placed. We conclude that the gene OSC codes for a unique protein which most likely contains a specific site for binding Ca2+ and plays a unique role in the signal pathway of olfaction in salmon.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C28H44B2N2O2, the square-planar B2N2 ring is slightly puckered. One of the thexyl groups exhibits disorder over two positions. The site occupancies for the disordered thexyl groups refined to 0.611 (4) and 0.389 (4). © 2007 International Union of Crystallography.

The two major impetuses to improve STEM education are the shift to online learning and increasing active learning and engagement. Although the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a rapid shift to online learning, this shift came at the cost of losing on-ground active learning strategies. This study provides descriptive analytical information on the impact of COVID-19 as it relates to student engagement, attendance, and viewership of video-recorded lectures for a nonmajors chemistry course. After the shift online, lecture video views significantly increased and weekly attendance significantly decreased. Prior to the pandemic, on-ground engagement via an active learning activity (i.e., Plickers) was significantly associated with on-ground achievement (i.e., exam 1). However, no significant association was found between online engagement (i.e., written responses/feedback submitted via a learning management system, referred to as LMS student feedback) and online achievement (i.e., final exam), potentially because the engagement resembled a formative assessment more than an active learning activity. Nonetheless, there was tremendous value in soliciting LMS student feedback for directing the course. Throughout the online period, there was an average of 112 responses per assignment, for a total of 1,344 responses, representing roughly a third of the students. Finally, analyses revealed no significant association of on-ground and online engagement, which suggests a different subset of students engaged while on-ground vs online. Instructors should highly consider soliciting weekly feedback through low-stakes assignments to gauge student learning and improve their courses while online. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc.

Mauve was the first synthetic organic dyestuff to be manufactured industrially. It was synthesized in 1856 by William H. Perkin. It is composed by different molecules named mauveine A, B, B2 and C. In this study, the dye was synthesized, and its individual components were analyzed by ordinary Raman spectroscopy (both dispersive and Fourier-transform-), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, after separation by thin-layer chromatography. Only surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gave rise to satisfactory Raman spectra of the dye. Five different fractions were separated on the thin layer chromatography plate, and Raman and SERS measurements were carried out directly on each separated spot on the plate. As in the analysis of the raw product of the synthesis, only SERS gave high quality Raman spectra for the eluted spots. The assignment of the normal modes of mauveine was aided by performing density functional theory calculations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

(Chemical Equation Presented). Bismuth chloride was used to catalyze the [2 + 3] cycloaddition between sodium azide with aryl nitriles, aliphatic nitriles, and vinyl nitriles. A number of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles were synthesized in water or isopropanol/water mixtures using microwave heating. Good yields were obtained for these reactions when heated for 1 h at 120-160°C in a 3:1 isopropanol/water mixture. A few of the less reactive nitriles required longer reaction times for good yields. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Several 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles were prepared in water or isopropanol/water mixtures using microwave heating. Good yields were obtained for the [2 + 3] cycloaddition of sodium azide with aryl nitriles, aliphatic nitriles, and vinyl nitriles when catalyzed by scandium triflate. The reactions were typically heated for 1 h at 160 °C in a 3:1 isopropanol/water mixture to obtain the best yields. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.