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Nancy's comprehension and written response strategies give teachers the first-tier Response-to-Intervention (RTI) help they need to get students off to a great start! Good readers think about reading while they are reading. But how does a teacher teach students to apply comprehension strategies as they read? By applying the explicit teaching model to comprehension strategy instruction, Dr. Nancy Boyles offers teachers an easy, effective, and innovative approach to improve students' reading comprehension. Using her book -- rich with models, teacher-talk, and real-life examples -- teachers learn how to explicitly teach students to apply comprehension strategies competently while they read. And with Dr. Boyles' detailed lesson plans and templates, teachers can embed comprehension strategy instruction into guided, shared, and independent reading for both literacy and content-area instruction. Constructing Meaning shows teachers: A kid-friendly way to introduce and model a blended repertoire of comprehension strategies concurrently, so students practice strategies as readers actually use them: flexibly and as an integrated whole while reading. How to refine students' comprehension of fiction and informational text during shared, guided, and independent reading with focused lessons in specific strategy applications. How to monitor students' progress in reading comprehension and comprehension-strategy use through follow-up activities, rubrics with discrete assessment criteria, and questions that make kids think. Teachers can reproduce classroom-ready visual supports from the book or customize them from the included CD.
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Presents nine tales of escape and survival against great odds including escapes from a great white shark, a volcanic eruption, and a fall through a thunderstorm.
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Describes nine strange and, as yet, unexplained events including the man who lived after spending two days inside a whale's stomach, the sighting of a dinosaur-like creature in Africa, the moving coffins of Barbados.
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Spelling is one of several important operations involved in the act of writing but until recently has received attention primarily in the applied domain. Orthographic abilities, because of their strong association with reading (e.g. Perfetti, 1985), are now of increasing interest to those who study the cognitive bases of literacy development. It is generally acknowledged that phonological processes underlie essential aspects of word recognition (Adams, 1990; Dreyer, 1989; Liberman, Shankweiler & Liberman, 1989; Stanovich, 1986; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Williams, 1986). An expanding body of research suggests that orthographic factors can account for a significant amount of variance in word recognition over and above phonological abilities (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1990; 1993; Dreyer, 1994; Stanovich & West, 1989; Stanovich, West & Cunningham, 1991).
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A comprehensive cognitive appraisal of elementary school children with learning disabilities showed that within the language sphere, deficits associated with reading disability are selective: Phonological deficits consistently accompany reading problems whether they occur in relatively pure form or in the presence of coexisting attention deficit or arithmetic disability. Although reading-disabled children were also deficient in production of morphologically related forms, this difficulty stemmed in large part from the same weakness in the phonological component that underlies reading disability. In contrast, tests of syntactic knowledge did not distinguish reading-disabled children from those with other cognitive disabilities, nor from normal children after covarying for intelligence.
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“The Role of Readability in Today's Classrooms” emphasizes the importance of providing students with materials on the appropriate level of challenge. Major readability formulas and leveling systems that might be used to assess the difficulty level of materials are reviewed. Because formulas are restricted to objective factors and leveling systems rely too heavily on subjective judgment, this article recommends using both objective and subjective factors when estimating readability levels. This article also recommends using readability/leveling systems as a way of noting textual difficulties that might need instructional intervention.
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The Reading Rescue tutoring intervention model was investigated with 64 low-socioeconomic status, language-minority first graders with reading difficulties. School staff provided tutoring in phonological awareness, systematic phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and reading comprehension. Tutored students made significantly greater gains reading words and comprehending text than controls, who received a small-group intervention (d = 0.70) or neither intervention (d = 0.74). The majority of tutored students reached average reading levels whereas the majority of controls did not. Paraprofessionals tutored students as effectively as reading specialists except in skills benefiting nonword decoding. Paraprofessionals required more sessions to achieve equivalent gains. Contrary to conventional wisdom, results suggest that students make greater gains when they read text at an independent level than at an instructional level.
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This study examined student perspectives about writing by interviewing both typically developing and struggling writers in Grades 2 through 8. The findings revealed a progressive developmental pattern of writing knowledge in which novice writers place more emphasis on the physical product and local meaning, while more experienced writers focus on global aspects, such as meaning and communication with an audience. In comparison, struggling writers focus on product over process even at the secondary level. Educational implications are discussed and include careful attention to the developmental level of the students during writing instruction.
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Following less than 8 hr of instruction in the use of strategies to facilitate planning, self-regulation, and revising while writing opinion essays, a group of 3 middle school students with learning disabilities (LD) made substantial gains in each of 5 quality traits on which their papers were scored. On average, posttest scores of students with LD were better by 1 point on a 6-point scale than were those scores obtained by a group of LD students who served as controls. Participants' scores approached the level of writing performance exhibited by a group of peers without disabilities. The authors also observed treatment effects for number of functional essay elements; students who received strategy instruction gained an average of 1.3 functional elements from pretest to posttest. However, generalization to narrative writing was not obtained.
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