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This article, extracted from a larger study, is attentive to the national folk culture of African-American communities - especially rumor and legend - in a number of city centers. The study begins with Washington, D.C., as a representative model to examine the role of complexion-related lore in black neighborhoods, organizations, and institutions, and then extends outward to other urban areas. Complexion lore, the article argues, functioned as a sophisticated negotiation of racism, wherein black residents complicated American urban principles of inclusion and exclusion by integrating color notions into institutional oral history. Copyright © 2005 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.

Societal drivers, as well as trends in education and health care, are advancing the practice doctorate in nursing. For nurse practitioner preparation, the current resurgence of interest in the practice doctorate could precipitate change that mimics the evolution from post-basic certificate to Master's level education. The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) is a resource for the study of the practice doctorate relative to quality nurse practitioner education. This article will offer some insights into the movement toward the practice doctorate by describing, from the NP perspective, the societal impetus for change, the historical perspective of NP and doctoral education, the 4 Ws (why, what, where, and when) of the movement, and some of the myths and realities about the practice doctorate. © 2005 Online Journal of Issues in Nursing.

Using the printed works of two French cartographers, Alexis-Hubert Jaillot and Guillaume Delisle, I investigate how the changing interests of the government directed not only the process of map-making but the rhetoric evident in printed maps and atlases. Jaillot, a commercial map publisher flourishing during the second half of the seventeenth century, produced maps that participated in the fabrication of the image of Louis XIV. Maps served this "cult of image" and contributed to a multimedia show to glorify the reign of the Sun King and to support his personal state - l'état, c'est moi. In the eighteenth century, while a rhetoric of image was still present on printed maps, the "cult of image" was dead and mapping appealed to the rise of the impersonal or bureaucratized state - l'état, c'est l'état. Delisle produced maps as instruments of statecraft that aided the state in furthering its domestic and international interests. In particular, printed maps of the Americas served the government's need to acquire greater territorial control. While images were still powerful on New World maps, the French boundary claims, egregious to some, if uncontested could be produced time and again as a true representation and legitimization of territorial control.

Using sample student analyses of online paper mill Web sites, student survey responses, and existing scholarship on plagiarism, authorship, and intellectual property, this article examines how the consumerist rhetoric of the online paper mills construes academic writing as a commodity for sale, and why such rhetoric appeals to students in first-year composition, whose cultural disconnect from the academic system of authorship increasingly leads them to patronize these sites.

The purposes of this article are to identify exercise performance-related factors that may contribute to shoulder pain and dysfunction and to describe appropriate training strategies for promoting shoulder stability and enhanced function. This article is not intended to help the reader diagnose and treat injuries or prescribe therapeutic interventions. Strength and conditioning professionals should encourage injured clients to consult a physician, physical therapist, or other appropriate health care professional before starting a conditioning program. © National Strength and Conditioning Association.

The *-polynomial identities of minimal degree of Mn(F) are determined for n = 2, 4, * the symplectic involution. Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Highly frustrated antiferromagnets composed of magnetic rare-earth moments are currently attracting much experimental and theoretical interest. Rare-earth ions generally have small exchange interactions and large magnetic moments. This makes it necessary to understand in detail the role of long-range magnetic dipole-dipole interactions in these systems, in particular, in the context of spin-spin correlations that develop in the paramagnetic phase, but are often unable to condense into a conventional long-range magnetic-ordered phase. This scenario is most dramatically emphasized in the frustrated pyrochlore antiferromagnet material Tb2Ti2O7, which does not order down to 50 mK despite an antiferromagnetic Curie-Weiss temperature TCW∼-20 K. In this paper we report results from mean-field theory calculations of the paramagnetic elastic neutron scattering in highly frustrated magnetic systems with long-range dipole-dipole interactions, focusing on the Tb2Ti2O7 system. Modeling Tb 2Ti2O7 as an antiferromagnetic 〈111〉 Ising pyrochlore, we find that the mean-field paramagnetic scattering is inconsistent with the experimentally observed results. Through simple symmetry arguments we demonstrate that the observed paramagnetic correlations in Tb 2Ti2O7 are precluded from being generated by any spin Hamiltonian that considers only Ising spins, but are qualitatively consistent with Heisenberg-like moments. Explicit calculations of the paramagnetic scattering pattern for both 〈111〉 Ising and Heisenberg models, which include finite single-ion anisotropy, support these claims. We offer suggestions for reconciling the need to restore spin isotropy with the Ising-like structure suggested by the single-ion properties of Tb3+.

Dy2Ti2O7 has been advanced as an ideal spin ice material. We present a neutron scattering investigation of a single-crystal sample of 162Dy2Ti2O 7. The scattering intensity has been mapped in zero applied field in the h,h,l and h,k,0 planes of reciprocal space at temperatures between 0.05 and 20 K. The measured diffuse scattering has been compared with that predicted by the dipolar spin ice model. The comparison is good, except at the Brillouin-zone boundaries where extra scattering appears in the experimental data. It is concluded that the dipolar spin ice model provides a successful basis for understanding Dy2Ti2O7, but that there are issues which remain to be clarified.

Until the nineteen hundreds, people with disabilities did not receive formal educational services in Kenya. This paper discusses available educational services for individuals with visual impairments in terms of their forms, materials provided, and educational placements. Areas of most progress are discussed along with obstacles that stand in the way of efficient services for this population. This paper contributes to the rather scarce literature on educational services for students with disabilities in developing countries.

This study investigates audit effectiveness (or the lack thereof) of audit opinions issued by auditors preceding company bankruptcies. Data from all 26 bankrupt UK financial institutions were used to determine if auditor appropriately issued opinions other than unqualified, as signs of non-going concern determine any differences in audit-opinion effectiveness between international and domestic audit firms. Results show that unqualified opinions issued was significantly higher than other opinions prior to bankruptcy. While international audit firms were less likely to issue unqualified opinions than their domestic counterparts no firm issued adverse or disclaimer of opinions in any given year, despite serious warning signals from return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and current ratios. © 2004 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Jaltomata andersonii (Solanaceae), here named, is distributed on the western slope of the Andes, in the Departments of Ancash and Lima, Peru, from 2300 to 3400 m of elevation. This species differs from others of the genus by having an unarticulated axis connecting the flower to the plant where all others have both a peduncle and a pedicel. The following combination of features also characterize this species: the hairs of leaves and axes are gland-tipped; the petiole is no longer than 1 cm; the flowers are solitary; the corolla is broadly crateriform-rotate, purple, and up to 3.7 cm in diameter; and the filaments are extremely villous at their bases.

Two experiments (N = 147 and N = 90) explored the use of multiple independent lineups to identify a target seen live. In Experiment 1, simultaneous face, body, and sequential voice lineups were used. In Experiment 2, sequential face, body, voice, and clothing lineups were used. Both studies demonstrated that multiple identifications (by the same witness) from independent lineups of different features are highly diagnostic of suspect guilt (G. L. Wells & R. C. L. Lindsay, 1980). The number of suspect and foil selections from multiple independent lineups provides a powerful method of calibrating the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Implications for use of current methods are discussed.