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The issues surrounding working with clients who experience a disconnect between their gender identity and their designated sex at birth are discussed. Gender and gender identity terminology are thoroughly discussed, including terminology that should be avoided. The complex issues surrounding terminology, gender, and changing terms are explored. The cultural history of third gender people, as well as the impacts of colonization, are discussed. Authors also present the prevalence and identity development of transgender persons. Transgender persons face a significant risk of experiencing bias incidents, indicating a significant increase in minority-based stress. Focusing specifically on transgender persons who wish to transition, the authors explore physical and mental health challenges that clients may face. Special considerations with the DSM and use of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis, are explained. Affirmative counseling strategies, including preparation and counseling practices, with transgender persons are examined. Special attention is given to intersectional issues, such as age and ethnicity. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

Background--Data are sparse regarding the value of physical activity (PA) surveillance among older adults-particularly among those with mobility limitations. The objective of this study was to examine longitudinal associations between objectively measured daily PA and the incidence of cardiovascular events among older adults in the LIFE (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders) study. Methods and Results--Cardiovascular events were adjudicated based on medical records review, and cardiovascular risk factors were controlled for in the analysis. Home-based activity data were collected by hip-worn accelerometers at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months postrandomization to either a physical activity or health education intervention. LIFE study participants (n=1590; age 78.9±5.2 [SD] years; 67.2% women) at baseline had an 11% lower incidence of experiencing a subsequent cardiovascular event per 500 steps taken per day based on activity data (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.96; P=0.001). At baseline, every 30 minutes spent performing activities ≥500 counts per minute (hazard ratio, 0.75; confidence interval, 0.65-0.89 [P=0.001]) were also associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events. Throughout follow-up (6, 12, and 24 months), both the number of steps per day (per 500 steps; hazard ratio, 0.90, confidence interval, 0.85-0.96 [P=0.001]) and duration of activity ≥500 counts per minute (per 30 minutes; hazard ratio, 0.76; confidence interval, 0.63-0.90 [P=0.002]) were significantly associated with lower cardiovascular event rates. Conclusions--Objective measurements of physical activity via accelerometry were associated with cardiovascular events among older adults with limited mobility (summary score > 10 on the Short Physical Performance Battery) both using baseline and longitudinal data. © 2017 The Authors.

Torpor is common in bats, but has historically been viewed as an energy-saving technique reserved for temperate and subarctic climates; however, torpor use is common across several tropical bat families. Central America hosts a great diversity of bats with approximately 150 species, yet data from this area are lacking compared with tropical Africa and Australia. We investigated thermoregulatory responses of bats from neotropical Belize and captured adult bats in the tropical forests of Lamanai Archeological Reserve, Belize. After a 12 h acclimation period, we recorded rectal temperature prior to and after exposing bats to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 7 °C forupto 2 h in anenvironmental chamber. All 11 species across four families expressed torpor to some degree upon exposure to cool temperatures. Individuals from Vespertilionidae defended the lowest resting body temperature (Tb) and showed the greatest decrease in Tb after acute exposure to low Ta. Our data help to establish a new spectrum of physiological ability for this group of mammals and shed light on the evolution of torpor and heterothermy. Weshow that energy conservation is important even in warm and energetically stable environmental conditions. Understanding how and why torpor is used in warm climates will help to better define paradigms in physiological ecology. © 2017, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved.

The intersectionality of ethnicity and affectional orientation is discussed within this chapter, with special attention given to specific challenges faced by queer people of color (QPOC). Four elements of African American culture that may negatively impact queer-identified persons are: heterosexism, masculinity, issues surrounding HIV, and the role of the Black Church. In Latin Americans, concepts of machismo and marianismo, Catholicism, familismo, and respeto, are discussed in terms of their impact on LGBTQI+ persons. Authors also discuss elements of Asian culture that will impact queer-identified Asians: stigma, complementarity, collectivism and conformity, and shame. The importance of culture specific counseling is underscored. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

Persons who are born with ambiguous or a combination of both male and female genitalia are referred to as intersex. The biological nature of intersex conditions, or disorders/differences of sex development, are reviewed in this chapter. Issues of bias for people who are intersex are discussed, as children are often made to feel abnormal and required to keep their difference a secret. Parents and families may also experience mental health symptoms, such as traumatic reactions, at their child's birth, when a gender cannot readily be assigned to their child. Although, doctors have (and some still continue) to recommend genital surgery without the child's consent, this is considered unethical by many advocacy organizations for intersex people. Physical issues and the standard of care recommended by advocacy organization and ALGBTIC are discussed. The role of a counselor working with a family with an intersex infant is discussed, as are specific counseling techniques for working with intersex clients of all ages. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

The term two-spirit refers to persons who identify as indigenous to the Americas and as having a gender and/or affectional variance. Historically recognized by most Native tribes, two-spirit persons were seen as a blessing to their tribe, having high social and spiritual value. Native spirituality and the history of two-spirit persons are explored within this chapter. Because of colonization, much of these traditional beliefs have been lost or distorted, leaving LGBTQI+ people within Native communities experiencing high levels of bias and abuse. Increased physical and mental health challenges due to these significant minority stressors are discussed. Specific counseling skills and techniques for working with this population are explored. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

Sex, gender, and affectional orientation are complex issues; scientific research has long investigated the etiology of gender variance and affectional orientation. Although some interpret this research as contributing to a viewpoint of LGBTQI+ as abnormal, biological research can also be viewed as a confirmation of the natural human variance and adaptability that different gender identities and affectional orientation serves. Research supporting a biological basis for sexual attraction, gender identity, and affectional orientation is presented. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

LGBTQI+ people face significant increased stress and marginalization surrounding their gender and/or affectional identities. The minority stress model (Meyer, 2003) serves as a helpful framework when understanding negative coping behaviors, and poor physical and mental health. Microaggressions, marginalization, discrimination, abuse, harassment, and experience of bias incidents all add to the LGBTQI+ person's stress. Intersectional identities may exponentially increase this stress, as is the case for queer persons of color. Authors consider general physical health and mental health risks for lesbian, gay male, bisexual, and transgender clients. Barriers to quality health care and protective factors are also covered. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

Many LGBTQI+ clients have been explicitly harmed by religious leaders and those using religious doctrine. This experience can go beyond discrimination and oppression; a person may have experienced serious emotional and spiritual abuse at the hands of faith practitioner attempting to condemn affectional orientation and/or gender identity variance in order to comply with religious doctrine. The current religious conflict with LGBTQI+ issues is briefly reviewed. Authors define and explore spiritual abuse, as well as the experience of spiritual abuse as experienced by a LGBTQI+ person. Counseling challenges and strategies are described. Specifically, the use of a trauma informed counseling approach as applied to clients who have experienced spiritual abuse is explored. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

When religion or spirituality is present, it likely impacts the needs a LGBTQI+ person may bring to counseling. First, the LGBTQI+ person's identity development is likely altered in significant ways, either positively or negatively. Research on this topic is reviewed and the FAITH model for working with LGBTQI+ clients struggling with their faith is presented. Ethical issues arising between disaffirming religious beliefs and counseling LGBTQI+ clients are also reviewed. Authors review affirming and semi-affirming religious organizations within the United States. Additional counseling issues are also explored. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

Asexual persons experience little to no sexual attraction to others, although they may still experience romantic attraction and a desire to bond with others. Asexual people often experience bias and marginalization from allosexuals (persons who experience sexual attraction) within heterosexual and queer communities. Asexuals may also face bias from well-intentioned therapists who assume their lack of sexual attraction is due to trauma or a disorder. Although little research has been performed on counseling asexual persons, the authors review appropriate diagnostic counseling criteria for arousal and sexual disorders versus an asexual identity, and affirmative and strength-based techniques appropriate for work with this population. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.

The STAR Collaboration reports on the photoproduction of π+π- pairs in gold-gold collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV/nucleon-pair. These pion pairs are produced when a nearly real photon emitted by one ion scatters from the other ion. We fit the π+π- invariant-mass spectrum with a combination of ρ0 and ω resonances and a direct π+π- continuum. This is the first observation of the ω in ultraperipheral collisions, and the first measurement of ρ-ω interference at energies where photoproduction is dominated by Pomeron exchange. The ω amplitude is consistent with the measured γp→ωp cross section, a classical Glauber calculation, and the ω→π+π- branching ratio. The ω phase angle is similar to that observed at much lower energies, showing that the ρ-ω phase difference does not depend significantly on photon energy. The ρ0 differential cross section dσ/dt exhibits a clear diffraction pattern, compatible with scattering from a gold nucleus, with two minima visible. The positions of the diffractive minima agree better with the predictions of a quantum Glauber calculation that does not include nuclear shadowing than with a calculation that does include shadowing. © 2017 American Physical Society.

We present measurements of elliptic flow (v2) of electrons from the decays of heavy-flavor hadrons (eHF) by the STAR experiment. For Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV we report v2, for transverse momentum (pT) between 0.2 and 7 GeV/c, using three methods: the event plane method (v2{EP}), two-particle correlations (v2{2}), and four-particle correlations (v2{4}). For Au+Au collisions at sNN=62.4 and 39 GeV we report v2{2} for pT<2GeV/c. v2{2} and v2{4} are nonzero at low and intermediate pT at 200 GeV, and v2{2} is consistent with zero at low pT at other energies. The v2{2} at the two lower beam energies is systematically lower than at sNN=200 GeV for pT<1GeV/c. This difference may suggest that charm quarks interact less strongly with the surrounding nuclear matter at those two lower energies compared to sNN=200 GeV. © 2017 American Physical Society.

We report the first measurement of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry ALL for midrapidity dijet production in polarized pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=200 GeV. The dijet cross section was measured and is shown to be consistent with next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD predictions. ALL results are presented for two distinct topologies, defined by the jet pseudorapidities, and are compared to predictions from several recent NLO global analyses. The measured asymmetries, the first such correlation measurements, support those analyses that find positive gluon polarization at the level of roughly 0.2 over the region of Bjorken-x>0.05. © 2017 American Physical Society.

The STAR Collaboration reports the measurement of semi-inclusive distributions of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high transverse momentum hadron trigger, in central and peripheral Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV. Charged jets are reconstructed with the anti-kT algorithm for jet radii R between 0.2 and 0.5 and with low infrared cutoff of track constituents (pT>0.2 GeV/c). A novel mixed-event technique is used to correct the large uncorrelated background present in heavy ion collisions. Corrected recoil jet distributions are reported at midrapidity, for charged-jet transverse momentum pT,jetch<30 GeV/c. Comparison is made to similar measurements for Pb+Pb collisions at s=2.76 TeV, to calculations for p+p collisions at s=200 GeV based on the pythia Monte Carlo generator and on a next-to-leading order perturbative QCD approach, and to theoretical calculations incorporating jet quenching. The recoil jet yield is suppressed in central relative to peripheral collisions, with the magnitude of the suppression corresponding to medium-induced charged energy transport out of the jet cone of 2.8±0.2(stat)±1.5(sys) GeV/c, for 10<pT,jetch<20 GeV/c and R=0.5. No medium-induced change in jet shape is observed for R<0.5. The azimuthal distribution of low-pT,jetch recoil jets may be enhanced at large azimuthal angles to the trigger axis, due to scattering off quasiparticles in the hot QCD medium. Measurement of this distribution gives a 90% statistical confidence upper limit to the yield enhancement at large deflection angles in central Au+Au collisions of 50±30(sys)% of the large-angle yield in p+p collisions predicted by pythia. © 2017 American Physical Society.

The issues surrounding working with gay men in counseling are reviewed within this chapter. Prevalence, identity development, and relationships are explored. Gay males experience a significant amount of bias and discrimination; they are the largest single target of hate crimes within the LGBTQI+ population reported to the FBI every year. This risk is greater when intersectional minority identities are also present; more gay males are targets for hate crimes when they present as gender non-conforming, are men of color, as well as live in a rural area of the country. Authors explore physical and mental health issues related uniquely to gay male clients, as a result of the heightened minority stress. Affirmative counseling techniques for working with gay male clients is reviewed, with special attention given to developing counselor self-awareness, developmental counseling, and empowerment strategies. © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.