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The plant epidermis is a single layer of cells covering all plant organs. How pathogens overcome this barrier and enter plants is an important aspect of plant-pathogen interactions. For bacterial plant pathogens, known entry points include natural openings, such as stomata, hydathodes, and mechanical injuries caused by insect feeding, wind damage, or hailstorms. Here, we report that the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora enters apple leaves through naturally occurring wounds caused by the abscission of trichomes during the course of leaf development. Through macroscopic and microscopic observations, we depicted a clear invasion path for E. amylovora cells, from epiphytic growth on glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NT) to entry through wounds caused by abscised trichomes, into the epithem, and subsequent spread through xylem. We further observed that GT and NT undergo an abscission process, and that the amount of naturally occurring wounds during abscission is associated with the increase in E. amylovora population. Key genes important for the colonization of GT and NT were identified. The contribution of the type III secretion system and amylovoran biosynthesis during GT colonization was validated. Our findings propose a novel host entry mechanism of plant pathogenic bacteria through naturally occurring wounds during the abscission of plant surface structures.

A proper Skolem labelling of a graph G is a function assigning a positive integer to each vertex of G such that any two vertices assigned the same integer are that distance apart in the graph. The Skolem number of a graph is smallest number n such that there exists a proper Skolem labelling only using the positive integers less than or equal to n. In this paper, we will begin by proving the Skolem number for another family of subgraphs of the hexagonal lattice and then prove the Skolem number for two families of subgraphs of the Kagome Lattice. © 2025 Georgia Southern University. All rights reserved.

The search for selective anticholinergic agents stems from varying cholinesterase levels as Alzheimer’s Disease progresses from the mid-to-late stage and from butyrylcholinesterase’s (BChE) role in β-amyloid plaque formation. While structure-based and pharmacophore-based virtual screening could search from large libraries in a short time, these methods do not consider dynamic features that result from a ligand’s inhibition of the enzyme and consequently may under- or overexaggerate enzyme selectivity of a given ligand. In this computational study, we probed the selectivity of representative secondary metabolite compounds against acetylcholinesterase and BChE through molecular dynamics simulations. The results were evaluated by analysis of the root mean squared deviation of ligand heavy atoms, the radius of gyration of each inhibited and uninhibited enzyme, root mean squared fluctuation of residues, intermolecular interaction energy, and linear interaction energy approximation of the Gibbs free energy of binding. These considerations further reveal the induced-fit characteristics contributing to ChE selectivity that are predominantly due to the greater flexibility of BChE’s active site gorge.

This article explains how to use and apply the SHAPE America position statement “Physical Activity Should Not Be Used as Punishment and/or Behavior Management” in one’s own teaching and as an advocacy tool. © 2025 SHAPE America.

To increase patrons’ ability to find resources, it is imperative to investigate barriers and biases in thedescriptive catalog data for inclusive collection management and development standards. This studyused a specially designed descriptive approach to gather quantitative data from 101 public librariansin Connecticut via a Qualtrics survey to identify the key variables that influence the successfulenhancement of online public access catalog (OPAC) metadata after a diversity audit of the librarymaterials. The results revealed factors that promote or impede the integration of inclusive catalogingthat reflects the diversity of the community: (1) appreciating the benefits of audit methods that arefocused on bibliographic records, (2) recognizing the need for buy-in and participation from theentire organization, and (3) stressing the useful integration of institutional and community feedbackto improve the collection’s accessibility and representation. The findings provide practical adviceto public libraries that want to satisfy the diverse demands of their user base by integrating criticalcataloging frameworks into their diversity and inclusion objectives.

Entering a counselor education program is just the first step in becoming a Professional Counselor, which includes developing a solid Professional Counselor identity and a plan for a fulfilling career. In this chapter, the authors provide a step-by-step plan for understanding key elements of becoming a Professional Counselor, beginning to work as a Professional Counselor, and contributing to the counseling profession. These activities include professional involvement, service, and scholarship as well as other meaningful pursuits for building one's successful career. The authors present a professional involvement pyramid to illustrate how Counselors can engage in professional identity development from graduate school throughout their careers. © Oxford University Press 2025. All rights reserved.

For decades, adapted physical education advocates have passionately engaged in a debate over two adjectives: adapted vs. adaptive. This article explores the reasons why one is preferred over the other and why it matters, especially to students with disabilities. © 2025 SHAPE America.

Traditional brain tumor diagnosis and classification are time-consuming and heavily reliant on radiologist expertise. The ever-growing patient population generates vast data, rendering existing methods expensive and inefficient. Deep Learning (DL) is a promising approach for developing automated systems to diagnose or segment brain tumors with high accuracy in less time. Within Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are potent tools for image classification tasks. This is achieved through a series of specialized layers, including convolution layers that identify patterns within images, pooling layers that summarize these patterns, fully connected layers that ultimately classify the image, and a feedforward layer to produce the output class. This study employed a CNN to classify brain tumors in T1-weighted contrast-enhanced images with various image resolutions, including 30×30, 50×50, 70×70, 100×100, and 150×150 pixels. The model successfully distinguished between three tumor types: glioma, meningioma, and pituitary. The CNN's impressive accuracy on training data reached up to 86.38% for image resolution (30×30) and 94.64% for higher resolution (150×150). This indicates its potential as a valuable tool in real-world brain tumor classification tasks. © 2025 IEEE.

The λ-fold complete 3-uniform hypergraph on v vertices has the edge multiset consisting of λ copies of each 3-element subset of its vertex set. A tight 6-cycle, denoted TC6, is a hypergraph with vertex set {a,b,c,d,e,f} and edge set {{a,b,c},{b,c,d},{c,d,e},{d,e,f},{e,f,a},{f,a,b}}. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on v for the existence of a TC6-decomposition of the λ-fold complete 3-uniform hypergraph on v vertices for any positive integer λ. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

Managers often need to stay motivated and effectively motivate others. Therefore, they should rely on evidence-based interventions to effectively motivate and self-motivate. This research investigated how self-determination theory-based interventions affect employees' motivation dynamics and motivational consequences within short time frames (i.e., within an hour, within a few weeks or months) in two empirical studies. Study one focused on assessing the effectiveness of a one-day training workshop in helping to improve managers' work motivation, basic psychological needs satisfaction/frustration, subordinates' motivation, and perceptions of managers' needs-supportive/thwarting behaviors within a few weeks. Results support the effectiveness of the training, as managers were rated by their direct subordinates as having fewer needs-thwarting behaviors and reported self-improvement in needs satisfaction and frustration six weeks after completing the training program. Study two used the mean and covariance structure analysis and tested the impact of three types of basic psychological needs-supportive/thwarting and control conditions (3 × 2 × 1 factorial design) on participants' situational motivation, vitality, and general self-efficacy for playing online word games within 30 min. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the scalar measurement invariance, then latent group mean comparison results show consistently lower controlled motivation across the experimental conditions. During a quick online working scenario, the theory-based momentary intervention effectively changed situational extrinsic self-regulation in participants. Supplementary structural equation modeling (SEM; cross-sectional) analyses using experience samples supported the indirect dual-path model from basic needs satisfaction to vitality and general efficacy via situational motivation. We discussed the theoretical implications of the temporal properties of work motivation, the practical implications for employee training, and the limitations.