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Growth and survival of scaled sardine, Harengula pensacolae, larvae were evaluated in laboratory rearing experiments at temperatures ranging from 21 to 35 C. Fertilized eggs were obtained in plankton collections made near Miami, Florida, in summer 1971. Larvae were reared for 15 days after hatching in temperature-controlled, 75-liter aquaria. Hatching success was high at all temperatures but larvae did not survive at 35 C, and survival was poor at 21-23 C. Survival was best at temperatures between 26 and 32 C. Mean daily growth increments ranged from 0.056 mm at 21-23 C to 1.035 mm at 32 C. Growth in relation to temperature was expressed by the equation Y = -0.8474 + 0.0537X, where Y equals daily growth increment and X equals temperature. Larval behavior was normal at 26 to 33.5 C. Critical high and low temperatures for larval survival were 35 C and approximately 20 C. © 1972 by the American Fisheries Society.

The most commonly used measurement of radiation damage to seeds is seedling height, the mean height a lot of seeds attains at some time during exponential growth. If planted immediately post-irradiation, seeds of a dose lot give a normal height distribution, but if stored before planting give very abnormal and even bimodal height distributions. By within-seed comparisons of chromosome abnormality (from roots excised at 24-36 hr) with height (attained by 7-9 days) in irradiated barley seeds, it is shown that damage to height and to chromosomes are closely correlated, even within a treatment in which great heterogeneity occurs. The two effects have equal radiosensitivity, but different shoulders to their dose curves. Seedling height is not depressed until 25-30 per cent of the cells bear chromosomal abnormalities. The heterogeneity observed is not due to a between-seed heterogeneity in dose or in oxygen content, and probably not in moisture. These experiments show that the heterogeneity arises from factors that operate on post-irradiation (indirect) storage damage, but are without effect on during-irradiation damage (direct). © 1969 Pergamon Press Ltd.

The paper presents methods of space allocation applicable to architectural design. These techniques have been developed in the past twenty years and are presented in this paper in such a way that they mav also be applied to other disciplines. Four categories are presented that identify the variations in the dimensioning of the elements, either unit dimension or variable dimension, and the variation in the shape of the boundary, either a simple rectangle or a multi-faceted boundary.

Abstract  Evaluating a student's accent in a foreign language is a complex process. Although it is obvious to the instructor whether or not the sound is correct, it is difficult for students both to hear the incorrect sound and to correct it. Too often the instructor merely tells the students that they have spoken incorrectly, expresses the sound properly, and then tries, often without lasting success, to have the students imitate. In a phonetically oriented course, diagrams are used as visual aids to teach correct articulation; but, especially at lower levels, it is difficult and often uninspiring for students to identify their speech production with such text figures. In a new method an improvised television “studio” captures the individual student's speech in an easily reviewable, permanent form on videotape. This visual, personal approach can make spectacular improvement in pronunciation, and the technique appears to be adaptable to any level of language learning. © 1981 American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages

Many special education students have the knowledge but are unable or unprepared to demonstrate that knowledge while taking a test. © 1988, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

This paper describes an approach to cognitive assessment that involves a synthesis of the traditional psychometric approach and the more recent information-processing approaches. In this combined approach, psychometric tests arc supplemented by tasks adapted from information-processing research. The paper focuses on the use of the approach with disabled readers, although the approach may be generalized to many different populations. The Test of Syllable and Phoneme Counting, a measure of awareness of the sound structure of speech, is described, as an example of an information-processing task that would be useful with younger disabled readers. Guidelines for using information-processing measures are also discussed. © 1986 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

This paper reconsiders the significance of the Emmanuel movement, a pre- Freudian psychotherapeutic system founded by Dr. Elwood Worcester as a method of church-sponsored healing. Its significance lies in three areas: (1) Historically, it was a popular effort by Protestant clergy to claim religious authority over psychological and psychosomatic ailments, a struggle that the medical profession eventually won almost completely. (2) The Emmanuel movement was an effort to combat the scientific materialism and medical somaticism of its time, including the excessive use of drugs. It aimed at greater individual control over emotional wellbeing through a self-help movement taught by religious leaders using some Christian ideas. Significant parallels can be found with present-day holistic health efforts. (3) Theoretically, Worcester's conception of the "person" is of interest as an effort to construct a nonreductionist view of the interactions of body, mind, and spirit. © 1984 Institutes of Religion and Health.

Historically, social workers have been aware of the power of group resources and the importance of networking for their clients and for themselves as professionals. This article is the outgrowth of a collaboration paper presented by the authors at the Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors Annual Conference on September 22, 1986 in San Antonio, Texas. Four separate social work education programs within a state university system formed an informal collaborative association to address common concerns, develop strategies to enhance resources and to foster mutual support. The context, developmental process, barriers, activities, issues, outcomes and benefits of the collaborative association are described. © 1989 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This study examined the association among suicide attempts, parental alcoholism, psychopathology and drinking history in a sample of hospitalized alcoholics. Suicide attempters were found to have multiple psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., depression, antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse) and more severe psychiatric symptoms than nonattempters. Alcoholic suicide attempters also tended to have a parental history of alcoholism and began abusing alcohol at an early age. Alcohol abuse symptoms during the month before, and 6 month before, the current hospitalization were generally similar for suicide attempters and nonattempters. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

The present study assessed the presence of testing effects arising from the repeated administration of both the Beck and Zung depression scales to a group of 60 inpatient alcoholics. Thirty-seven men and 23 women were randomly assigned to one of three groups and administered the depression scales on one, two or three occasions, in successive weeks of treatment. Although the between group comparisons of initial test administration did not indicate a true change in depression, a within group comparison of initial with subsequent test administrations indicated a clear improvement in depression scores on both scales. Apparently the result of the reactive effects of testing, the within group differences could easily mislead a researcher into believing depression was alleviated when in fact it was not. This sizeable testing effect has obvious implications for studies which repeatedly assess depression. © 1987 Medical Council on Alcoholism.

This paper analyzes the sources of strain between the professions of medicine and social work. The two professions are compared in relation to (1) the organization and socialization process of professional training; (2) perspectives on patient care, illness and role of the health care professional; (3) attitudes toward knowledge and data; (4) attitudes toward and preparation for teamwork; (5) perspectives on the role of the patient; (6) perceptions of social work’s function. © 1985 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Genetic counselling represents a new and important health service, but little is known about how the clients of genetic clinics actually experience and view the genetic counselling process. This paper reports on the evaluations made by clients of a genetics clinic and their recommendations for ways to improve and expand this service. In their comments, clients stressed the need for more time and individual attention from genetic counsellors, additional follow-up and supportive counselling, and increased efforts to educate the general public about birth defects. Their recommendations are discussed in terms of the implications for developing and improving genetic counselling services.

In three experiments, pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck at a red key led to a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. A peck at a green key led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over trials so as to estimate an indifference point, or a duration at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. In Experiments 1 and 2, the intertrial interval was varied across conditions, and these variations had no systematic effects on choice. In Experiment 3, the stimuli that followed a choice of the red key differed across conditions. In some conditions, a red houselight was presented for 5 s after each choice of the red key. In other conditions, the red houselight was present on reinforced trials but not on nonreinforced trials. Subjects exhibited greater preference for the red key in the latter case. The results were used to evaluate four different theories of probabilistic reinforcement. The results were most consistent with the view that the value or effectiveness of a probabilistic reinforcer is determined by the total time per reinforcer spent in the presence of stimuli associated with the probabilistic alternative. According to this view, probabilistic reinforcers are analogous to reinforcers that are delivered after variable delays. 1989 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

The effect of vasopressin on memory of a brightness discrimination reward task was investigated in 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two measures of retention were used: resistance to extinction and savings scores on a reacquisition task given 45 days after the completion of extinction training. The effect of the peptide on both memory consolidation and retrieval was assessed. There were two major findings: (a) The peptide enhanced memory consolidation of the task whether measured after a short time interval (6 days) or after a long time interval (45 days after completion of extinction training) using a measure of trials to relearn the task, and (b) the peptide had no effect on memory retrieval. These results were compared to those of other studies designed to access memory consolidation and retrieval on appetitive tasks. The mechanisms of the peptide's effect on memory was briefly discussed with respect to three theories on the subject. This study extends the vasopressin research on memory consolidation by suggesting that it pertains to appetitive as well as to aversive tasks.