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This paper presents the theoretical basis and the associated perceptions of race relations that characterized a race relations competence workshop which served as the educational component of an overall program to improve race relations among managers within the fictitiously named XYZ Corporation. Workshop activities combined didactic and experiential methods and focused on group and individual levels of learning based on embedded intergroup relations theory. An assessment of the race relations competence workshop was carried out as part of an overall effort to evaluate the race relations improvement program in the company. Employing measures of both global evaluation and perceptions of race relations among managers, the study showed that Blacks evaluated the workshop more favorably than Whites, that reports of having information about the workshop were positively associated with favorable evaluations of the workshop, that workshop participants more than nonparticipants were likely to perceive Whites as hurting Blacks and less likely to perceive Blacks as hurting Whites. Additional analyses showed that, while the workshop generally had favorable effects for participants, the groups most likely to show unfavorable consequences were White male first level managers younger than 41 years and White female first level managers older than 40 years.

Bonding is an essential factor in the establishment and maintenance of an intimate committed relationship. Dissecting elements of bonding leads to an understanding of the internal structure of the marriage. Attraction and bonding are different and equally vital in turning initial romance into enduring intimacy. The process of attraction based on projections developing into an enduring bond between peers merges relationship purpose and a rationale for emotional involvement. This occurs when attention is accorded to each of the factors of bonding; ego-equality, respect, interdependence and reality grounding. In therapy, a couple’s bonding can be assessed through the isomorphic qualities actualized in the therapeutic joining process. Discussions includes over bonded and under bonded couples, their presenting problems, and a treatment focus for each condition. © 1991 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Since the typical account longevity is short, agencies should anticipate their likelihood of loss, seek to forestall and invest in their client relationships. A model is proposed for examining account lifetimes, which can offer guidance on the likely retention of future accounts. The impact of agency structural characteristics on longevity is also examined, and compared for both U.S. and U.K. markets. Results for both markets indicate that cumulative account dissolution increases at a decreasing rate over time. Greater account longevity is associated with larger agency size (both in terms of agency billings and employees), and agency age but not with stability of billings growth. Evidence suggests that several structural characteristics of agencies reflect the motivation and/or ability to maintain accounts. © 1999 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

To gain insight into how people select life insurance policies, we conducted a controlled experiment to see how consumers with varying levels of expertise make choices among life insurance policies when provided relevant information presented in an easy-to-use format. We found that those with greater product class knowledge engage in qualitatively and quantitatively different decision processes than those with less knowledge, and therefore are likely to reach different decisions. Specifically, experts are statistically more likely to engage in pairwise/multiple comparisons and to evoke a greater number of choice criteria. There is directional support that they search for more information as well. For all participants, the number of information searches far exceeded the number of elimination and choice criteria evoked. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A growing body of literature suggests that experts are little if at all better than novices in terms of the quality of decision outputs, To explain this counter-intuitive finding, the authors propose a conceptual framework that focuses on initial problem structure as a key moderator of the effect of expertise on performance, Specifically, they argue that the expert-novice performance differential should be greatest at moderate levels of problem structure and weakest at both extremes. To examine this central hypothesis, the authors conduct a controlled experiment that compares experts with novices when solving a complex problem that had characteristics of a moderately ill-structured problem, Relative to novices, the authors find that experts select fewer, but more diagnostic, information inputs and are more consistent when evaluating nonquantified inputs, As a result, they make more accurate and tightly clustered judgments than do novices, and. also are more confident in their decisions. To examine the moderating influence of problem characteristics, certain task variables are manipulated to increase or decrease initial problem structure. As hypothesized, the benefits of expertise are less pronounced when solving a problem with increased initial structure.

The purpose df this paper is to examine factors that affect the calibration of judgments by systematically comparing experts' judgments to novices' when solving a complex, real-world problem that varies in its initial characteristics. Calibration in this context refers to the proportion of times decision makers provide a range about their best estimates that includes the actual outcome. We found that experts specify a narrower range and provide more accurate best estimates than novices. But their tighter ranges are not justified by their greater accuracy: they are less likely to encompass the actual outcome than are novices. However, this effect is attenuated when solving more complex problems. Novices apparently underestimate the complexity of difficult problems, hence the accuracy of their best estimates decreases as does the width of their ranges, resulting in worse calibration. The performance of experts was not significantly different across problem solving conditions. Both groups provided asymmetrical ranges about their best estimates, which suggests they account for the effect of subproblem dependencies. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.

Most studies of corporate social responsiveness (CSR) focus on the relationship between CSR and profit. Here, we use three perspectives (institutional theory, economic theory and agency theory) to explain CSR. Industry norms, market share and indicators of management reputation predict variance in CSR. The combined perspectives improve understanding of both CSR and the CSR-profit relationship in two ways. First, they suggest that CSR levels and their relationship with profit will vary by industry. Second, they suggest that stock market measures and accounting measures will respond differently to CSR measures. Stock market measures lead, while accounting measures lag, CSR.

Management researchers are always in search for new controlled environments from which they can gather data. This article proposes the use of total enterprise simulations as a research setting for studying management decision making. Using INTOP, the authors present examples of analyses that were conducted from a data base generated from the responses of executive MBA participants. Using a multiple regression, policy-capture approach, differences in the decision making strategies between groups are examined. Also discussed is an approach to developing a performance criterion that may be used when testing hypotheses regarding managerial decision-making effectiveness. The authorsconclude that total enterprise simulations represent a research setting that warrants further exploration. © 1990, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

To investigate emotion expression and personality relations, the authors coded infants' full-face and component positive and negative expressions during Episodes 4 through 8 of the strange situation procedure at age 18 months and obtained maternal ratings of the 5-factor model of personality when children were 3.5 years old. Full-face negative expression was directly related to Neuroticism and inversely related to Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. By contrast, component positive expression showed the exact opposite pattern of relations. Full-face positive expression was positively correlated with Extraversion and Openness to Experience. These findings indicate that full-face and component expressions may index different intensities of emotions. Emotion expression and personality relations were not mediated by the security of attachment continuum or the emotional reactivity dichotomy derived from the attachment subclassifications.

A substantial body of theoretical literature testifies to the evolutionary functions of emotions. Relatively little has been written about their developmental functions. This article discusses the developmental functions of emotions from the perspective of differential emotions theory (DET; Izard, 1977, 1991). According to DET, although all the emotions retain their adaptive and motivational functions across the lifespan, different sets of emotions may become relatively more prominent in the different stages of life as they serve stage-related developmental processes. In the first section, we present a brief overview of relevant aspects of the theory. In the second section, we discuss how emotions play a central role in helping the individual achieve developmental milestones and tasks during four major periods of life: Infancy, toddler through preschool years, middle to late childhood, and adolescence. The underlying thesis of this article is that emotions play a central role in stimulating social cognitive attainments at each stage of development. © 1999 Psychology Press Ltd.

Research shows 65-80% of subject search terms fail to match the appropriate subject heading and one-third to one-half of subject searches result in no references being retrieved. In a cross-sectional study, 82 students (3rd grade through college) were presented complex concepts in a naming task. Concreteness, complexity, and syndeticity contributed significantly in explaining match-failure and predicting match-success. The likelihood of match-success following an initial failure is improved by manipulating the values of these three properties. Developmental trends which worked against match-success were observed. It is suggested that match-failure is a consequence of developmental naming patterns and that these patterns can be overcome through the use of metacognitive naming skills.

This report proposes a paradigm for technical journal deselection based on the Bradford Law of distribution, with a demonstration in biomedical communications illustrating various statistical derivations. The model employs the following operational prescriptives: (1) identification of fractional productivities in journal collections; (2) probability predictions for making successful retrievals of relevant items in any given productive fraction; (3) utilization by journal source language and origin; and (4) estimates of cost-efficiencies of searches made in print and machine-readable versions of serial publications. The results suggest that in approximately two out of three trials successful searches ('hits') are likely to be made in a `critical' core of any technical subject collection. The highest probability for retention resides in this portion, about 20% of the publications. We infer that substantial amounts of the remaining publications are candidates for deselection since their information content, as needed, may be captured more cost-effectively through electronic retrieval and document delivery access.

Based on Singer's (1986) method, we investigated the effects of a four- step strategy (ready, look, do, score) on training, maintenance, and generalization of three closed skills (basketball free throw, overhand softball throw, and dart throw) by adolescents (M age = 17.2) with mild mental retardation (MR). A multiple baseline across skills design was used. Performances of 3 males and 3 females across these three skills were examined. Participants averaged a total of 46 sessions for the duration of the study. Results indicated that participants increased performance 18-56% across all three closed skills during the training phase. A total of 4 participants maintained performance on all three skills when reminders were present, and 2 decreased performance when the reminders were removed. All participants exhibited improved performance when a reinforcer was introduced. Moreover, 5 participants were able to generalize the four-step strategy to a different setting.

In this study, breast cancer knowledge, beliefs and practices in low income black women were examined. First, focus groups were held with a total of 33 participants. Information gathered from the focus groups was used to develop a telephone survey which was partially based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and administered to 92 subjects. Utilization rates of mammography and breast self-examination (BSE) were quite high; 66.3% of survey participants reported having at least one mammogram and 72.5% performed BSE. Because low-cost mammograms were available to the survey participants, these results suggest that women in this target population will utilize accessible and affordable mammograms. Several knowledge deficiencies that need to be addressed were also identified. Most of the health beliefs were not significantly associated with mammography or BSE utilization. Because the HBM has never been extensively tested on this population, its appropriateness as a behavior model for low-income women is examined. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.

Background. The objective of this study was to identify factors that categorize patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma into favorable and unfavorable prognostic groups at the time of initial treatment. Methods. Data were analyzed from 51 women who were treated at Yale University, had an evaluable CA 125 half-life (t 0.5), and were followed for disease recurrence for at least 2 years. Results. Grade, maximum level of CA 125, and histology did not provide useful prognostic information. Stage, residual disease, minimum CA 125, and CA 125 t 0.5 individually were predictive of persistent disease or recurrence within 3 years of diagnosis with sensitivities of 97, 70, 34, and 49%, respectively, and specificities of 33, 83, 100, and 83%, respectively. When these factors are combined, defining an unfavorable prognostic group as those patients having residual disease greater than 1 cm, CA 125 t 0.5 greater than 12 days, or minimum CA 125 never falling below 35 U/ml, sensitivity and specificity were 96 and 65%, respectively, at 1 year of follow-up and 91 and 75%, respectively, at 3 years of follow-up. Conclusions. In those patients in whom residual small volume disease after primary surgery indicates a good prognosis, minimum CA 125 and CA 125 t 0.5 during chemotherapy can further categorize patients into favorable and unfavorable prognostic groups.

Some of the early settlers of New England brought with them the works and thought of European geographers, notably Ptolemy, Munster, Cluver, Carpenter, and Varenius. Beginning in the 1600s the work of British geographers Gordon and Salmon and Guthrie and Pinkerton was acknowledged, preceding that of Jedidiah Morse, “Father of American Geography.” Morse led the way for a large number of geography texts written by Americans, emphasizing North America and characterized by Varenius's special geography. Early collegiate developments in New England geography were led by Harvard and Yale universities, the College of Rhode Island (later renamed Brown University), and Dartmouth College. The 20 or so normal schools throughout New England, introduced in the middle 1800s, constituted a nursery for geographic education. Also noted are more recent college and university geography departments established throughout the region, including notably Clark University. The founding of societies and associations in New England also furthered the cause of geography.

The professional literature on land-locked states has increased substantially in the past two decades. There is now a considerable body of writings by people in many countries around the world reporting on, inquiring into or carefully analysing most aspects of land-lockedness from various disciplinai and national viewpoints. In addition, there is a roughly equally large body of material related to land-lockedness produced by the United Nations and its organs and affiliates; by other intergovernmental organisations, including many regional and subregional groups; and by private consultants and consulting firms, chiefly in the fields of economics and engineering. © 1998 Frank Cass.