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The data transfer instructions are used to transfer data from memory to registers and from registers to memory and they are Load (LDR) and Store (STR) instructions.

Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) was developed by the Acorn Company. ARM is a leader supplier of microprocessors in the world, ARM develop the core CPU and thousand of suppliers add more functional units to the core. ARM uses two types instruction called Thumb and Thumb-2. Thumb instructions are 16 bits and thumb-2 instructions are 32 bits, currently most ARM processors uses 32 bit instructions.

The basic components of an Integrated Circuit (IC) is logic gates which made of transistors, in digital system there are three basic logic operations and they are called AND, OR and NOT.

In order to understand network technology it is important to know how information is represented for transmission from one computer to another. Information can be transferred between computers in one of two ways: an analog signal or a digital signal.

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a well-known technique to optimize the power dissipation of electronic systems without significantly compromising overall system performance. DVFS exploits the periods of inter-core data exchange (memory-bound operations) to reduce the voltage and frequency (V/F) of the cores in order to reduce the power dissipation during the execution flow of an application running on the CMP. As the lengths of the idle and busy periods of the cores vary depending on the benchmarks, it is crucial for any DVFS technique to maximize the power saving without losing a significant performance. In this work we present two power optimization methodologies that are integrated into a full-system simulator to make online predictions about the voltage and frequency of the cores during the execution time of the benchmarks. We evaluate these methodologies in terms of the V/F predictions vs. the actual utilization of each core periodically. We also compare the overall execution time, energy dissipation, and energy-delay product (EDP) of the power optimization methodologies for various benchmarks. © 2015 IEEE.

We find that the relative preference of hedonic products is disproportionately enhanced when they are offered at a free price. This “free price bounce” is more subdued for utilitarian products. This is surprising because rational choice theory posits that relative preference amidst two options - say a hedonic and a utilitarian product - remains intact as long as the price difference between them is constant. We propose and demonstrate that this axiom is violated when a hedonic product is offered for free. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Given the popularity of PHP frameworks used in developing webbased applications, a comparative study is conducted to determine which framework is best suited for incorporation into the curriculum of an undergraduate software engineering course that uses project-based learning. The top six PHP frameworks (Zend, Yii, CakePHP, CodeIgniter, PRADO, and Symphony) were initially considered and then narrowed down to two (CakePHP and CodeIgniter) based on their alignment with common functionality in previous class projects, framework complexity for those new to frameworks (learning curve), and developer friendliness (availability of documentation and online resources). An in-depth comparative study is conducted by developing a functionally-equivalent web application using each of the two frameworks as well as plain PHP (no framework). This work was motivated by the difficulties that were encountered in an evolving, content-rich software engineering course and discusses the educational changes that were made to align student learning with sound software engineering principles and current software development practices used in the computing industry. Copyright © 2013 ACM.

In this paper, we examined why information searchers perceive search tasks as difficult, and what factors/reasons make them perceive tasks as difficult. We also examined if task difficulty reasons vary across different tasks (task types). Data was collected through a controlled laboratory experiment in which tasks were designed following a classification scheme. A total of 32 undergraduate students participated, each was given 4 search tasks, and they were asked in questionnaires both before and after the tasks for task difficulty ratings and why they gave those ratings. We developed a coding scheme based on the difficulty reasons users gave, which covered various aspects of task, user, and user-task interaction. Difficulty reasons were categorized following this scheme. Results showed that searchers had some common reasons for task difficulty in different tasks, but most of the difficulty reasons varied across tasks. For each task, there were also common reasons for task difficulty, although there was some variation here as well. Task difficulty was also found to be negatively correlated with users topic knowledge, previous experience, and topic interest. Our findings help understand search task difficulty, as well as the relationships between task difficulty and task type, knowledge background, etc. These can also be helpful with experiment task design. © 2013 ACM.

This paper reports on an examination of why information searchers find search tasks difficult and the specific reasons they feel difficult. Data was collected through a controlled laboratory experiment with 32 participants, each working with 4 search tasks. They were asked in questionnaires, both before and after the tasks, for task difficulty ratings and their reasoning for giving those ratings. We developed a coding scheme based on the difficulty reasons users gave, which covered various aspects of task, user, and user-task interaction. This helps us understand search task difficulty, as well as provides a scheme for task difficulty control in experiment task design.

Research and training in atmospheric lidar remote sensing requires highly versatile software environments for both experimentation and analysis. Experimentation and analysis may be conducted either directly on site at the location of the lidar equipment and/or institutional computer center or remotely from a distant location. The requirements for lidar software environments depend not only on type of user access (remote or onsite) but also on the nature of the teaching or research missions they support and the characteristics of the lidar systems for which they are used. The software environments discussed in this paper have been used to support lidar aerosol studies in settings ranging from urban locations to a remote atmospheric baseline station. Experiments and data analysis studies have been conducted for two different ground-based lidar systems, a monostatic Micro Pulse Lidar system and a bistatic imaging lidar system. © 2013 IEEE.

We consider the problem of propagating an update to nodes in a distributed system using two gossiping protocols. The first is an idealized algorithm with static and dynamic knowledge of the system, and the second is a simple randomized algorithm. We construct a theoretical model that allows us to derive work and completion time statistics under varying transmission delay distributions. Numerical results are obtained for both exponential and nonexponential transmission times using linear-algebraic queueing theory techniques. Additionally, we present the results of simulation experiments showing that under node churn assumptions, the randomized algorithm's performance is qualitatively different than in a fault-free system. © 2010 IEEE.

Despite a substantial body of research in direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for prescription drugs, what is missing from the existing discussion on the risk disclosure in DTCA is a focus on the roles of individual motivation and ability to process risk information. Guided by the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and the Motivation-Ability-Opportunity framework, the current study examines the roles of the consumer's optimism bias and subjective health literacy in responding to the risk disclosure in DTCA. By analyzing survey data (N = 404), the study reveals that: (1) consumers who show a tendency to believe that they are at less risk of experiencing adverse reactions to prescription drugs than their peers are less likely to pay attention to the risk disclosure or intend to seek further information about the health risks of drugs, (2) the relationship between optimism bias and information-seeking intentions is stronger for consumers with high subjective health literacy than for those with low health literacy. Implications and recommendations are provided.

Based on a survey with members of an online consumer panel (N= 699), this study revealed that: (a) a substantial percentage of consumers held misperceptions about the chemical imbalance theory of depression; (b) personal and interpersonal experiences with depression positively related to such misperceptions; (c) overall, exposure to direct-to-consumer (DTC) antidepressant advertising did not significantly relate to misperceptions; and (d) DTC exposure magnified misperceptions when consumers were highly trustful of DTC advertising, whereas exposure diluted misperceptions when consumers were highly skeptical. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed, especially in light of the social responsibility of DTC advertising. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Using Taylor's six-segment message strategy wheel as a theoretical framework, this study examines the communication approach (transmission or ritual) and message strategy (ego, social, sensory, routine, acute need, or ration) of cosmetic surgery websites. A content analysis revealed a fairly even division between transmission and ritual approaches. Ration strategy was the exclusive strategy in the websites adopting a transmission approach. No routine or acute need strategies were observed. Websites incorporating the ritual approach used ego, social, and sensory strategies. Human female models and natural objects were incorporated to deliver emotional persuasion. Implications for cosmetic surgery web marketers are discussed.

Out-of-class communication between faculty and students is linked to student learning, engagement, and success. As the source for mentoring, advising, and supplemental instruction, out-of-class communication and its barriers require explicit attention. Using a faculty-student collaborative research approach, we interviewed a diverse group of thirty-three undergraduates regarding behaviors, statements, and practices that contributed to or discouraged out-of-class communication. We found that in-class communication sets the stage for whether students approach faculty outside class and that faculty misbehaviors and disconfirming communication in class almost inevitably lead to out-of-class avoidance.

In 1951, prolific radio producer Harry Alan Towers created The Lives of Harry Lime, a 52-episode series starring Orson Welles. It was based on the character Welles made famous in the popular Carol Reed film, The Third Man. Its success was the result of Towers's aptitude for seeing the untapped marketing potential of an existing fictional character, combined with his facility at working through the legal restrictions, and his ability to convince a reluctant Welles to participate. This article traces the genesis, production, and distribution of the only radio series on which Welles played a recurring dramatic role, and examines Welles's limited involvement in his temporary return to radio well after becoming a filmmaker. © 2010 Broadcast Education Association.

Aphasia is a general language disorder resulting from brain damage, and alexia and agraphia are specific impairments in reading and writing, respectively. This article describes the symptoms associated with each disorder, the subtypes of each impairment, and the common causes. Assessment and management approaches consistent with the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning (WHO-ICF) are briefly reviewed. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Background: Clinicians often teach persons with aphasia (PWA) non-verbal strategies to compensate for reduced verbal communication. The manner in which they teach the strategies may have an impact on how well PWA generalise and use the strategies. Previously, multimodal communication treatment (MCT) taught multiple modalities simultaneously. While participants demonstrated some increase in the flexible use of strategies, many communication breakdowns continued to occur. Recent research suggests that intensive treatment protocols result in the greatest increase in skills.Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine whether intensive (2-3hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks) multimodality communication training for aphasia resulted in increased successful use of verbal and non-verbal communication modalities as well as increased successful communicative repairs during structured communication tasks.Methods & Procedures: Three participants with chronic aphasia completed four baseline sessions, 10 treatment sessions across two phases (i.e., five sessions per phase), and three post-treatment sessions.Outcomes & Results: Two of the three participants demonstrated gains in the acquisition of non-verbal strategies during training and increased use of strategies on a referential communication task.Conclusions: Although MCT delivered intensely resulted in increased use of non-verbal modalities for two out of three participants, the results were similar to that achieved through the use of a non-intensive treatment protocol. Therefore, future research is needed to examine other potential modifications to maximise the gains people with aphasia receive from multimodal interventions.

Children with speech sound disorders may perceive speech differently than children with typical speech development. The nature of these speech differences is reviewed with an emphasis on assessing phoneme-specific perception for speech sounds that are produced in error. Category goodness judgment, or the ability to judge accurate and inaccurate tokens of speech sounds, plays an important role in phonological development. The software Speech Assessment and Interactive Learning System, which has been effectively used to assess preschoolers' ability to perform goodness judgments, is explored for school-aged children with residual speech errors (RSEs). However, data suggest that this particular, task may not be sensitive to perceptual differences in school-aged children. The need for the development of clinical tools for assessment of speech perception in school-aged children with RSE is highlighted, and clinical suggestions are provided.

To develop a framework for further study of pragmatic behavior in young children from African American English (AAE) speaking backgrounds, one aspect of pragmatic behavior is explored in this article, specifically, speech acts. The aims of this article are to (1) examine examples of how external taxonomies (i.e., an “etic” or “outside-in” approach) have been applied to the speech act behavior of AAE child speakers and to note that etic approaches alone do not identify cultural characteristics that influence the presentation of speech acts in this population; (2) conceptualize a culture-sensitive framework where components of AAE speech act behaviors can be identified as gleaned from existing linguistic research; and (3) explain the utility of analyses of speech act behavior using taxonomies that have emerged from the cultural language style of AAE speakers, that is, an “emic” or “inside-out” approach.