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Gona in the Afar region of Ethiopia has yielded the earliest Oldowan stone tools in the world. Artefacts from the East Gona (EG) 10 site date back 2.6 million years. Analysis of the lithic assemblage from EG 10 reveals the earliest-known evidence for refitting and conjoining stone artefacts. This new information supplements data from other Oldowan sites in East Africa, and provides an important insight into the technological capacities and evolutionary development of hominins during this period.

In areas of emerging research, such as supporting teachers' classroom management, replication of research is critical to ensuring that recommendations for the field are based on sound science and appropriate for the contexts to which they are being applied. This article describes a replication of research on efficient professional development supports for teachers' classroom managements in a new context: high school classrooms. Data did not support a functional relation between teachers' use of specific praise and the targeted professional development and self-management in the high school setting. Results of this study highlight the critical importance of replication in education research. Based on our findings and our experience conducting this study, we suggest several possible adaptations may be necessary for successful replication at the high school level.

Disproportionately high rates of caregiver stress and depression are found among poverty-impacted communities, with high levels of caregiver stress and depression putting youth at heightened risk for the onset and perpetuation of disruptive behavior disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a behavioral parent training program called the 4Rs and 2Ss for Strengthening Families Program (4R2S) on caregiver stress and depressive symptoms among 320 youth aged 7 to 11 and their families assigned to either the 4R2S or services as usual (SAU) condition. Among caregivers with clinically significant (CS) scores at baseline, 4R2S participants manifested significantly reduced scores on the stress and depressive symptom scores to SAU participants at 6-month follow-up. Findings suggest that 4R2S may reduce caregiver stress and depressive symptoms among those caregivers initially manifesting CS levels of stress or depressive symptoms.

In Modern health care, the creation of cultures of safety for patients is of the upmost importance. Impacting the institutional stabilization of health care facilities safety initiatives, is the preparation of pre-licensure nursing students to safely administer medications to patients. Therefore, preparation of the pre-licensure nursing student must be evidence-based practice focused and incorporate innovative ways to reduce the potential for medication errors. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Ongoing education of experienced psychiatric nurses is imperative given the historically complex health presentations of psychiatric patients. Psychiatric patients tend to have medical co-morbidities and often do not have the financial resources for preventative health care. The hospitalization for acute psychiatric stabilization, is an opportunity for psychiatric nurses to teach and advocate for patients' physiological and psychological health. Documentation of patients' changes in condition and overall clinical presentation, is necessary to ensure patients' health care needs are met. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

While there is growing consensus that human behaviours need to change to a more sustainable paradigm, community driven approaches, such as social enterprise, have yet to be explored as serious instruments of sustainability transition. Social enterprises sit within the third sector of the economy, typically where market or governmental failures exist in the provision of social welfare, and have increasingly become a key driver of social progress. The autonomous nature of the social-economic model applied by such organisations can represent a viable means to reduce state social welfare dependence, and is a proven model for social change. The capability of social enterprises to create both social and economic value is considered a `win-win'. Yet there are clear potentials for social enterprise models to be more extensively applied to address contemporary ecological challenges of neo-liberal market economies, moving towards `win-win-win' outcomes across social, economic and ecological domains. This paper investigates the value of social enterprises as drivers of low-carbon transition at the community level, with an emphasis on the energy sector. Evidence from seven organisations in the UK is presented and a socio-technical transitions conceptual framework is applied to analyse these social enterprise operations as a form of social innovation.

Early pre- or postnatal sensory experiences significantly influence flavor preference and food intake, and can induce liking for innately unpalatable flavors. Previous work found that newborn rats stimulated with an odor experienced shortly after birth exhibited heightened intake and seeking towards an artificial nipple containing quinine. This result suggests that odors made familiar trough early postnatal pre-exposure can shift the motivational value of unconditional stimuli. The objective of the current study was to assess the effect of an odor (lemon) experienced in-utero on the first intake responses towards an artificial nipple supplying quinine. The hypothesis, which was corroborated, was that stimulation with the olfactory stimulus experienced in-utero would increase the newborn's intake and grasp responses to the artificial nipple containing quinine. Exposure to the odor that had been pre-exposed in utero increased quinine intake and seeking (i.e., latency to grasp and total time in contact with the nipple, as well as number of and mean duration of nipple grasps) in 3-h-old pups. These results replicate those previously found with postnatal odor pre-exposure, and extend the phase for pre-exposure to the prenatal stage. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Existing research suggests that individuals who are released from prison face considerable challenges in obtaining access to safe, stable, and affordable places to live and call home. This article draws on repeated qualitative interviews (conducted every 6 months over a period of 3 years) with 44 formerly incarcerated individuals, to understand how these individuals experience the search for a home after their prison release. The interviews show that the quest for a home is central to participants' reintegration projects as they seek to establish themselves as 'decent' and economically self-sufficient citizens, and shed stigmatized identities associated with incarceration, poverty, homelessness, and place. Interviews also suggest that their quest for a home is an arduous one as they encounter numerous barriers to housing arising from both structural and interpersonal forms of incarceration stigma. Somewhat paradoxically, the challenges that they face in accessing housing seem to hinder their ability to shed the stigmatized identities associated with their incarceration. Ultimately, the narratives presented here show how stigma can restrict access to a valuable material and symbolic resource (housing), resulting in ongoing stigmatization, and contributing to the enduring and discrediting mark of incarceration. In this way, the study illustrates how stigma that is enacted by both individuals and the state, that is embodied in place, and that is internalized and managed by stigmatized individuals themselves, can work to reproduce power and serve as justification for inequality.

Two studies are conducted to test how consumers respond differently in feeling nostalgic depending on age and gender. Study 1 uses narrative writing tasks to empirically test the effect of nostalgic versus nonnostalgic feelings on youthfulness by age and gender. To increase the external validity of our findings in Study 1, Study 2 replicates it using print ads. The results across the two studies consistently reveal a significant effect of nostalgia on feelings of youthfulness that differs by age and gender. Specifically, older women tend to feel less youthful than older men when nostalgic feelings are induced in both studies, whereas younger adults experience no gender difference. Results also show that these differences are explained by self-discontinuity between current and ideal body image. Furthermore, we identify that nostalgic feelings in advertising are effective because they generate positive feelings of youthfulness that in turn result in positive attitudes toward the ad.

Elicited preference rankings for two lotteries are typically inconsistent across choice and pricing tasks. We test whether pre-play learning makes preference rankings consistent. Pre-play learning denotes ex-ante lottery learning, where subjects observe playing lotteries before making decisions. We find that pre-play learning makes the average selling prices for the p-bet, of subjects who choose the p-bet, higher than their average selling prices for the $-bet. However, pre-play learning is not strong enough to equalize the rates of standard and non-standard reversals, although pre-play learning reduces the rate of standard reversals.

In Ferrante’s Story of a New Name, the protagonist’s journey to self-knowledge and self-realization is mapped through a farewell trip to Naples before she begins her studies in Pisa. As the centerpiece and background around and against which Elena’s accomplishments, failures, and societal pressures revolve, Naples emerges as a mosaic of energy and lethargy, unbreakable traditions and negligible innovations. While these elements mirror the protagonist’s powerlessness in changing the “norms” to which she is expected to adhere, they also function as her spur to a steady shift toward self-understanding. In this article, I analyze the ways in which Ferrante’s use of the beauty and lure, corrosiveness and lethality of Naples parallel her discourse on the protagonist’s search for self-understanding, a process that will ultimately enable Elena, the protagonist, to find self-realization. © 2018, The Author(s) 2018.

Measurements of parameters in electricity grids are frequently average values over some time interval. In scenarios of distributed measurements such as in distribution grids, offsets of local clocks can result in the averaging interval being misaligned. This paper investigates the properties of the so-called time alignment error of such measurands that is caused by shifts of the averaging interval. A Markov model is derived that allows for numerically calculating the expected value and other distribution properties of this error. Actual consumption measurements of an office building are used to study the behavior of this time alignment error, and to compare the results from the trace with numerical results and simulations from a fitted Markov model. For increasing averaging interval offset, the time alignment error approaches a normal distribution, whose parameters can be calculated or approximated from the Markov model.

This paper describes how individual female ocellated wrasse Symphodus ocellatus distribute their spawning among males and nests in space and time. It is based on previously collected genetic data of larvae from ten different nests (used to reconstruct half and full-sibling groupings both within and among nests on multiple days) and behavioural data of marked females across the reproductive season. Both the genetic analyses and behavioural observations confirm that female S. ocellatus intentionally engage in multiple mating, by repeatedly spawning at the same nest on different days and at several different nests (up to 12 spawning events over 3 weeks), leading to mixed paternity among her young. The main benefit of such high and intentional multiple mating is probably insurance against brood failure due to nest predation, desertion or poor paternal care by the male. These findings reveal that even in systems where females attempt to avoid male-controlled mixed paternity, they may still engage in intentional multiple mating due to these potential benefits. © 2018 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

This study reports practices implemented in over 2,000 minutes by 16 middle school special education and general education co-teaching pairs in English language arts classes. We report the extent to which teachers integrated literacy activities that support reading comprehension, the co-teaching models used, and the frequency with which each teacher led instruction. We also report the types of grouping structures teachers used and the extent to which teachers interacted with students with disabilities. Finally, we report the types of text used. Observations revealed that more than half of time spent on literacy activities involved reading aloud or silently with no co-occurring literacy instruction that supports reading comprehension. Students with disabilities spent a majority of their time in whole-class instruction or working independently with little teacher interaction. Special education teachers spent most of their time supporting whole-class instruction led by the content-area teacher. Implications and directions for future research are provided.

Food spoilage is mainly caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria. In this study, we measure the autofluorescence in meat samples longitudinally over a week in an attempt to develop a method to rapidly detect meat spoilage using fluorescence spectroscopy. Meat food is a biological tissue, which contains intrinsic fluorophores, such as tryptophan, collagen, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) etc. As meat spoils, it undergoes various morphological and chemical changes. The concentrations of the native fluorophores present in a sample may change. In particular, the changes in NADH and FAD are associated with microbial metabolism, which is the most important process of the bacteria in food spoilage. Such changes may be revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and used to indicate the status of meat spoilage. Therefore, such native fluorophores may be unique, reliable and non-subjective indicators for detection of spoiled meat. The results of the study show that the relative concentrations of all above fluorophores change as the meat samples kept in room temperature (~19°C) spoil. The changes become more rapidly after about two days. For the meat samples kept in a freezer (~ -12°C), the changes are much less or even unnoticeable over a-week-long storage.