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Despite being a fundamental concept, the field of supply chain management (SCM) exhibits a significant lack of consensus regarding the definition of supply chain flows (SCFLOWS). Additionally, there has been an over-reliance on three flows – material, information and finance – while various other flows crucial to SCM performance have been overlooked. Hence, the purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to explore the multi-dimensional nature of SCFLOWS and (2) to identify additional flows beyond the commonly acknowledged ones that are vital for SCM performance.,This study employs various qualitative methods as part of the abduction process. The methods include in-depth interviews with logistics professionals, a Delphi study involving SCM scholars and a focus group comprising airline industry practitioners.,Seven SCFLOWS dimensions are identified and presented as SCFLOWS framework. Also, two additional flows, i.e. human and capital equipment, are proposed as vital to SCM performance.,This is the first study to introduce SCFLOWS framework to achieve consensus in the field. By introducing two additional flows, it proposes extending the SCFLOWS boundary to include various flows overlooked previously but pertinent to SCM performance. The SCFLOWS framework serves as a systematic guide to validate additional flows and represents an important step towards building SCM theory.

Marker variables provide an efficacious means of post hoc detection of common method variance (CMV) in data. These variables are measured in the same way as substantive variables, but because they are conceptually unrelated to the variables of interest, they are believed to be a proxy for CMV. Although marker variables have demonstrated effectiveness, questions remain as to what they actually measure, and thus, why they work. This lack of knowledge prevents researchers from choosing appropriate marker variables to include in same source surveys. The purpose of this research is to determine how four different marker variables account for common rater effects which can cause CMV. A metacognitive approach is used to develop an empirical study using two samples, with a focus on the specific rater effects of mood state, transient mood, consistency motif, and illusory correlations. Findings indicate that these marker variables elicit similar respondent reactions and do not create a notable psychological separation between substantive variables. Additionally, there is evidence that respondents’ use of consistency motifs and illusory correlations influence substantive variable relations. Finally, using the confirmatory factor analysis marker technique, data from two samples indicate the presence of CMV, but not bias from CMV, indicating that the problem of artificially inflated results due to CMV may be overstated.

We measure the absolute proper motion of Andromeda III (And III) using Advanced Camera for Surveys/Wide Field Channel and WFPC2 exposures spanning an unprecedented 22 yr time baseline. The WFPC2 exposures have been processed using a deep-learning centering procedure recently developed as well as an improved astrometric calibration of the camera. The absolute proper motion zero point is given by 98 galaxies and 16 Gaia EDR3 stars. The resulting proper motion is (μ α , μ δ ) = (−10.5 ± 12.5, 47.5 ± 12.5) μas yr−1. We perform an orbit analysis of And III using two estimates of M31's mass and proper motion. We find that And III’s orbit is consistent with dynamical membership to the Great Plane of Andromeda system of satellites although with some looser alignment compared to the previous two satellites NGC 147 and NGC 185. And III is bound to M31 if M31's mass is M vir ≥ 1.5 × 1012 M ⊙.

States and districts share an obligation to provide Multilingual Learners (MLLs) with access to high quality language programs that are proven to be effective in minimizing opportunity gaps between MLLs and non-MLLs. This article reviews how local education agencies (LEAs) allocated their state-issued funding to improve MLL language programs and increase student outcomes. Findings reveal that of the total state-issued MLL funding, LEAs used 88.7% on teacher salaries and benefits, 5.1% on teacher professional development, 4.9% on language program implementation, 0% on language program evaluation, and a small percentage of funding remained unspecified. Collectively, these findings indicate that LEAs did not adhere to the state's funding policies, nor did the state follow their own policies to regulate the LEAs' expenditures. We close with a discussion on how the state can improve their function as an organizational leader and serve as a model for other stakeholders in the shared obligation of the education of MLLs.

Abstract Despite the prominent argument for equal educational opportunity for women in Republic V, commentators frequently question Plato’s sincerity, the quality of the case made, or its significance. Undermining confidence in Plato’s advocacy of female equality are derogatory remarks about women in this and other dialogues. Since we take Plato to be sincere in the argument in Republic V, we reconcile his conclusions there about the equal educational opportunity for women with these seemingly problematic remarks by suggesting that the remarks reflect the interlocutors involved in the dialogue and conventional Athenian prejudices of that time rather than ideas that Plato held to be true. We take seriously the observation of Levin 1996, 14, “in none of those passages in which Plato makes derogatory remarks about women does he use phusis to explain why they behave in the ways of which he is critical.” Hence Plato never suggested that women were by nature limited to the position they occupied socially and politically in 5th or 4th century Athens; he understood the difference between the way they were by convention and the way that they could be, in accordance with their nature, were they to develop their natural capacities through education. We examine carefully Plato’s argument for the equal nature of women in Republic V to defend its viability. The provocation is our not finding in the extensive secondary literature a really detailed treatment of the actual argument and appreciation that it is intended as a sound philosophical argument. We then turn to the devolution schemes in Timaeus 41e–44d and 86b–92c, which again touch on the nature of women and appear to counter the position we attribute to Plato, to show that they are really supportive of our account. Both the Republic and Timaeus limit the natural differences between males and females to body-type. Therefore, even relative physical weakness of women’s bodies does not much problematize for Plato that their natural abilities are equal to those of men, where nature in these contexts means suitability to perform certain functions.

Today's practicing marketers and scholars are confronted with a wide array of conflicting and imprecise information about best practices by which to search, gather, consolidate and interpret market information. Consequently, the need has never been greater to optimize market sensing to generate managerial actions that efficiently and effectively utilize knowledge of emerging consumer needs and competitive threats. This book addresses these urgent concerns. In essence, Market Sensing Today will cover, in ground-breaking ways, the following marketing managerial areas: * marketing opportunities associated with conventional and progressive bases of segmentation. * trends in market segment size and growth affecting long-range planning. * strategic direction for reaching future goals. * managerial understanding of assumptions competitors make about themselves. * the direction of current market strategies. * adding to the knowledge of a firm's core competencies. * how new market knowledge is best integrated into a firm's market intelligence system. * best ways to ensure the quality of information underlying decisions. * how benchmarking improves with market sensing. * best approaches for translating business issues into projects. * ways that key information may be disseminated within firms. * how proposed strategic changes are promoted by market sensing. * roles customer satisfaction insights play in policy. This book will address these key issues and more, to advance theory, research and practice based on latest developments in this vital field. It will show how to re-formulate traditional models that no longer work.

Thinking "Green" has become a significant economic trend lately. This research paper offers a better understanding of the background facts of the current hype surrounding "Green Energy." First, the problem of global warming is investigated. Europe has taken a lead role in the fight against global warming in order to meet their objective of 20% renewable energy production by 2020. Many possibilities exist to transform raw biomass into bioenergy fuels, which can then be used for specific energy production purposes: electricity production, warming or transport. Biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas and many other fuels can be produced from biomass.

Consumers and businesses have an ethical obligation to do their part to reuse or recycle unwanted items. However, while some consumers and businesses do reuse or recycle e-waste, glass, metal, plastic, paper or textiles, more could be done. Even with environmentalists warning of potential chemical hazards these items produce in landfills, an estimated 85 percent of landfills are filled with unwanted waste. The recycling industry along with local government run media campaigns to raise awareness; however, as a result consumers and businesses may be experiencing information overload which may have a negative impact on consumers ' recycling efforts.

The data sets have a variety of content, including farmers market locations, school absentee rates and crime statistics. START SIMPLE The downloadable data can be as simple as a spreadsheet chronicling one data point over time - for example, the amount of money the federal government has spent on school food programs since 1969.

The still photographs incorporate subtle movement, such as wind blowing grass or eyes blinking, that play on repeat through an animated GIF. [...]don't make your readers seasick with too much movement or too many GIFs on the same page.t

The primary purpose of this book is to help students understand the principles of multimedia interface design to develop essential skills. The underlying philosophy of the approach of this text is that concepts are learned and remembered better when learned in a real work environment.

Historians have long recognized Matthew Fontaine Maury as an important if controversial figure in the histories of science and of maritime and naval affairs. These assessments, however, rest on scholarship that is by now more than a half-century old. It is therefore appropriate to look at Maury’s significance from fresh perspectives, incorporating recent historiographical trends in the history of science and cartography, environmental history, cultural history and military history. This article focuses on the ways in which Maury’s cartographic work reframed mariners’ understanding of the marine environment away from what he perceived to be a watery wilderness towards an ordered environment safe and favourable to American commerce. Maury was long known as ‘The Pathfinder of the Seas’, but I argue that his significance, in fact, lies in the ways he and his staff at the Naval Observatory organized the sea as a ‘common highway’, tracing paths, but also imposing narratives and constructing new meanings. Maury’s tool was the nautical chart and, particularly, his Wind and Current Charts series that by the 1850s reimagined the ways mariners, navigators and naval officers understood and harnessed the ocean environment. The article briefly considers these charts from three perspectives – method, process and representation – in order to see the ways in which Maury was pushing the boundaries of the cartographic medium to usher in revolutionary ways of envisioning the ocean environment. By quantifying winds, symbolizing whales and infusing the sea with ship tracks, among other things, Maury was imposing potent, if sometimes flawed, new ways of understanding and imagining the sea that were central to American maritime expansion in the antebellum era. In this and other ways, we can see Maury anew, a figure central to the growth of American commercial empire and to new ways of understanding and thinking about the sea.

Looking at colour can be a way not only to think within or about culture but also to probe the boundaries of cultural approaches. The "Cultural Turn," as it has been called, has made an impact across disciplines. In history, it replaced long-established explanatory models provided by Marxism and modernisation theory. Even fields like art history and literature, which always considered themselves allied to the arts rather than to the sciences, were reshaped by new understandings of culture - for instance, as a much larger system of meaning in which the works they studied were a part. But "culture" is notoriously murky, and its analytical use can obfuscate patterns of causality. This volume analyses how looking at colour can take us further.

La historia fue tan importante para la construcción de la identidad comunitaria y la legitimidad política en el siglo XV como lo es hoy, y en los reinos de España igualmente tenso. Los cronistas y biógrafos católicos castellanos parecen inseguros del estado preciso de los moros en Iberia. Todos estaban de acuerdo con el control político o el señorío de los cristianos castellanos, pero pocos tenían una idea clara de las implicaciones de ese señorío para los moros. ¿Debería permitirse a los moros permanecer como parte de la comunidad una vez que un monarca cristiano castellano tomara el control de su ciudad, región o reino, o no había posibilidad de que pertenecieran? Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo (1404-1470), Fernán Pérez de Guzmán (c. 1377-c. 1460), Alonso Fernández de Palencia (1423-1492), Hernando de Pulgar (1436-c. 1492), y Mosén Diego de Valera (1412-1488) dieron diferentes respuestas. Todos coincidieron en que la comunidad castellano-leonesa existía antes de al-Andalus y, por lo tanto, era la comunidad política legítima de Hispania. La mayoría de ellos aceptaron la presencia de Granada de facto pero no de jure. Sin embargo, Arévalo, Valera y Pulgar sugieren la posibilidad de una comunidad política musulmana de jure bajo dominio castellano; Palencia y Guzmán no.

The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) was the first Islamic dynasty. Muʿawiya ibn Abi Sufyan established himself as caliph in Damascus after his victory over ʿAli ibn Abi Talib in the civil war that followed the murder of ʿUthman ibn ʿAffan in Medina. Muʿawiya and his successors expanded the territory under Muslim rule dramatically. At their peak, the Umayyads ruled an empire stretching from Spain to the frontiers of China and India. The Umayyads made significant contributions to the development of the Islamic faith and to the spread of the Arabic language throughout the region. Dynastic crises, revenue shortfalls, and the limitations of an empire based on conquest ultimately led to their demise at the hands of the Abbasids in 750.

Race has long shaped shopping experiences for many Americans. Retail exchanges and establishments have made headlines as flashpoints for conflict not only between blacks and whites, but also between whites, Mexicans, Asian Americans, and a wide variety of other ethnic groups, who have at times found themselves unwelcome at white-owned businesses.  Race and Retail documents the extent to which retail establishments, both past and present, have often catered to specific ethnic and racial groups. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the original essays collected here explore selling and buying practices of nonwhite populations around the world and the barriers that shape these habits, such as racial discrimination, food deserts, and gentrification. The contributors highlight more contemporary issues by raising questions about how race informs business owners’ ideas about consumer demand, resulting in substandard quality and higher prices for minorities than in predominantly white neighborhoods.  In a wide-ranging exploration of the subject, they also address revitalization and gentrification in South Korean and Latino neighborhoods in California, Arab and Turkish coffeehouses and hookah lounges in South Paterson, New Jersey, and tourist capoeira consumption in Brazil.   Race and Retail illuminates the complex play of forces at work in racialized retail markets and the everyday impact of those forces on minority consumers. The essays demonstrate how past practice remains in force in subtle and not-so-subtle ways.

Authors: Dr. Sharon P. Misasi*, Dr. Gary Morin and Lauren Kwasnowski Dr. Sharon P. Misasi is a Professor of Exercise Science at Southern Connecticut State University. Dr. Gary Morin is a Professor of Exercise Science, Assistant Athletic Trainer and Program Director of the Athletic Training Education Program. Lauren Kwasnowski is a Research assistant for this

Praise for the Third Edition:“The third edition of this outstanding resource reflects the many advances in the care of older people that have occurred since the publication of the second edition…The vast bulk of the content is accessible and relevant to an international audience. The indexing and cross-referencing are excellent... Score: 5/5 stars."-- Margaret Arthur, Nursing Standard"The information [in this book] is amazing. I reviewed topics in which I have expertise and was very satisfied. This is an excellent addition to my library and I will refer to it often, much like a medical dictionary... Score: 90, 4 Stars."--Doody's Medical Reviews“Provides 273 comprehensive, yet succinct, entries on a variety of topics related to elder care. In addition, many of the entries include see also references that help readers easily navigate the book. Recommended."--Choice: Current Reviews for Academic LibrariesThis expanded, one-of-a-kind reference of more than 250 entries provides a comprehensive guide to all of the essential elements of elder care across a breadth of health and social service disciplines. Responding to the needs of providers, directcare workers, family, and other caregivers, the diverse array of entries included in this encyclopedia recognize and address the complex medical, social, and psychological problems associated with geriatric care. In addition to a brief, accessible summary of each topic, entries include several key references, including web links and mobile apps for additional sources of information.This updated edition contains more than 30 new entries written by renowned experts that address a variety of elder care topics.New to the Fourth Edition:New entries addressing Ethics Consultation, Eye Disorders, Pain – Acute and Chronic, and many othersKey Features:Provides succinct descriptions of over 250 key topics for health and social service cliniciansOffers crucial information for elder care providers across all settings and disciplinesDistills current, evidence-based literature sourcesWritten by nationally recognized expert researchers and cliniciansIncludes links to useful websites and mobile apps

We examined whether multiple domains of baseline cognitive performance were associated with prospective physical activity (PA) adherence in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot study (LIFE-P). The LIFE-P study was a ...