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This repeated, cross-sectional study examined trends in the availability of school-based programming to prevent violence in middle and high schools across the United States from 2008 to 2020. Overall, violence prevention programming increased in respondent schools throughout the study period. However, important gaps remain, with lingering state-level disparities. © 2025 The Authors

This article explores the changing landscape of Assistive Technology (AT) in special education and introduces a paradigm of the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) for AT implementation—that aims to clarify the roles and expectations for educators and specialists providing AT services. AT tools are critical resources to support students with disabilities but there are implementation challenges (OSEP, 2024). While the types and variety of AT available continue to grow there is a lack of clarity of the implementation expectations for educators. Using the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) as an implementation framework for AT implementation is a potential means of defining these roles. This article defines an AT-MTSS framework that clarifies AT implementation. Defining an AT-MTSS framework has implications for teacher preparation programs, K-12 systems, general educators, special educators, and AT specialists who may be able to better understand their roles and responsibilities. With many schools providing one-to-one devices for students there is a need for all educators to be able to provide a level of universal supports based on Universal Design for Learning (UDL). There will always remain a need for some specialized interventions for students with disabilities. Some of these common AT tools should be implemented and supported by nearly any special education teacher. Other more specialized AT tools will need the support of educators with highly specialized knowledge to determine which tool to use and to provide ongoing AT services. The AT-MTSS framework is designed to be inclusive of the recent DOE AT guidance (2024), and, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2004), and the National Education Technology Plan (NETP, 2024). © The Author(s) 2025

Hard-scattered partons ejected from high-energy proton-proton collisions undergo parton shower and hadronization, resulting in collimated collections of particles that are clustered into jets. A substructure observable that highlights the transition between the perturbative and nonperturbative regimes of jet evolution in terms of the angle between two particles is the two-point energy correlator (EEC). In this Letter, the first measurement of the EEC at RHIC is presented, using data taken from 200 GeV p+p collisions by the STAR experiment. The EEC is measured both for all the pairs of particles in jets and separately for pairs with like and opposite electric charges. These measurements demonstrate that the transition between perturbative and nonperturbative effects occurs within an angular region that is consistent with expectations of a universal hadronization regime that scales with jet momentum for a given initiator flavor. Additionally, a deviation from Monte Carlo predictions at small angles in the charge-selected sample could result from mechanics of hadronization not fully captured by current models.

Background: Stimulant use disorder (StUD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur. This comorbidity complicates treatment and worsens clinical outcomes. Despite the high prevalence, shared vulnerability and clinical relevance of this comorbidity, evidence on effective pharmacotherapies among individuals with this dual diagnosis remains limited. Materials and methods: This systematic review protocol is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement and will include randomized controlled trials involving adults with comorbid StUD (cocaine, amphetamines, or methamphetamines) and ADHD. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Covidence will be used to support independent screening and data extraction. Two reviewers will independently screen studies (title/abstract and full text). One author will extract data, which will be independently verified by a second reviewer. Quality assessment of included articles will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias instrument, and certainty of the evidence for each outcome will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology. Primary outcomes include duration of continuous abstinence, odds of stimulant-negative urine samples, ADHD symptom changes, and medication adverse events. Where feasible, meta-analyses will be conducted using random-effects models. Significance and dissemination: This review will synthesize existing evidence on the efficacy of pharmacotherapies (stimulants and non-stimulants) for individuals with co-occurring StUD and ADHD. The results of this study will likely inform clinical practice by evaluating outcomes such as reduction in stimulant use and abstinence, and improvement in ADHD symptoms. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presentations to reach both clinical and academic audiences. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, CRD420250655356. Copyright © 2025 Oliva, Pulido-Saavedra, Paredes-Naveda, Forselius, Potenza, Jegede and Angarita.

Freshwater salinization is an emerging threat to aquatic ecosystems across the planet, degrading habitats and negatively impacting wild populations. Deicing practices are a leading cause of freshwater salinization, particularly in the snowbelt region of North America where a variety of salts are widely applied to roads and other surfaces to melt snow and ice. Seasonal pools near roads are considered the most severely impacted aquatic habitats. Runoff into these low water-volume ponds can generate high salinity. Impacts of salt pollution are numerous, ranging from toxicity to population decline to impaired ecosystem function. Here, we investigate a suite of physiological consequences of salinization across multiple life history stages of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), a pool-dwelling amphibian. Previous work has shown that salinized populations have diverged from unpolluted populations for a suite of physiological, morphological, and reproductive traits, and can experience severe edema (bloating) during the breeding season. Here, we measured swim performance before and after aspirating edema in wild captured wood frogs to show that edema compromises adult aquatic locomotion during breeding. We also found that wood frog mothers from salinized ponds produce ova with inherently higher rates of water uptake compared to mothers from unpolluted pools, consistent with countergradient adaptation, but the ova are smaller. Finally, we found that exposure to road salt inhibits expansion of vitelline membranes in developing embryos and is associated with reduced embryo growth. Together, these results reveal the complexity of population level responses to freshwater salinization, highlighting that impacts occur across multiple life history stages, and that local populations might be evolving adaptations to cope with anthropogenic salinity gradients in freshwater habitats. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.

Modeling lipase activity aids researchers in optimizing features such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration to boost enzyme performance. This is essential in biotechnology for progressing the productivity and yield of processes such as fermentation, biodiesel production, and bioremediation. Fermentation is a highly complex, multivariable, and non-linear biotechnological process that produces bioactive materials. This study leverages artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict lipase activity in batch fermentation processes, addressing the inherent challenges in weight learning optimization often encountered with traditional algorithms like Backpropagation (BP). Several metaheuristic algorithms were employed to optimize the Multilayered Perceptron (MLP) structure and weights, including moth-frequency optimization (MFO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm (DO), Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), and Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) to overcome these limitations. Among the tested algorithms, MFO emerged as the most effective approach, achieving superior performance in weight learning with the best fitness value (i.e., mean square error (MSE)) of 0.6006. MFO-optimized ANN models deliver the most accurate predictions for lipase activity, highlighting their potential as a powerful tool for advancing industrial fermentation process optimization. © 2025 IEEE.

During the 1920s and 1930s, black South Africans were subjected to a large number of discriminatory laws. African leaders of the time decried both this and the iniquities Africans faced when dealing with the justice system. Curiously, though, some of those same leaders expressed confidence in South Africa’s judges and the balanced approach with which they ran their courtrooms. In this article, we explore the accuracy of those statements by seeking quantifiable evidence that South Africa’s judges acted impartially toward African defendants standing before them. The evidence of hundreds of criminal review and criminal appeal judgments demonstrates that Africans were subject to considerably different standards of fairness, depending on where within the judicial system their case was heard. Alleged violators of the law were usually tried first in the magistrates’ courts. Magistrates were government civil servants, and their courts were crowded venues in which decisions were often meted out too quickly and on limited evidence. A fair hearing was often denied. However, an unusual oversight system, consisting of automatic reviews and initiated appeals before trained judges in the country’s superior courts, led to impartial hearings and a small measure of justice, with judges regularly overturning magistrates’ decisions. Judges intervened in the decisions of magistrates when they determined that there had been errors of law or irregularities of trial process or sentencing that led to failures of justice that were prejudicial to defendants. We conclude that, at least in some circumstances, Africans could anticipate an impartial hearing before the country’s judges, and that the stated confidence in judges was not without foundation. © 2025 The Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies.

This pathbreaking book brings to bear a sweeping body of contemporary intersectional feminist work to disrupt the entire discipline of criminology. Women have been largely absent from criminological theory, research, policy, and practice. This fresh, conversational book critiques the field's dominant theories by analyzing gendered patterns of perpetration and victimization and challenging traditional criminological perspectives on characteristics such as race and queerness. Designed as a rebuttal to conventional criminology textbooks, the book mirrors standard course content through an intersectional feminist lens, offering students a valuable opportunity to question the field's underpinnings and forge a new path to understanding the true meaning of justice. Organized in fourteen chapters, each chapter includes accessible learning aids for students: A review of how traditional criminology textbooks cover the topic. Critical perspectives on the topic. Critical thinking breaks. Intersectional Feminist Criminology is a timely intervention and companion to the curriculum that helps to imagine a new world and ultimately lays out a clear abolitionist vision as an alternative to the American criminal legal system. © 2025 by Venezia Michalsen. All rights reserved.

This study outlines the development of a unique and user-friendly video game metadata schema and a catalog entry template optimized for public library use. Research strategies include analyzing and synthesizing data from authorities on game cataloging into a draft template, testing this template against real game metadata, and collecting opinions from library patrons and staff on the template through focus groups and interviews. The resulting metadata schema and fillable form template offer an intuitive and accessible interface for cataloging game metadata favored by library patrons. This indicates the template’s proficiency in advancing video game collection development and cataloging practices in public libraries. © 2025 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This innovative book examines the controversial relationship between motivation and rewards from multiple theoretical and practical perspectives. It analyzes cutting-edge research on work motivation and reward management's economic and psychological roots and identifies future directions for advancement in the field. © Zheni Wang 2025.

Partonic collectivity is one of the necessary signatures for the formation of quark-gluon plasma in high-energy nuclear collisions. Number of constituent quarks (NCQ) scaling has been observed for hadron elliptic flow v_{2} in top energy nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the LHC, and this has been theoretically suggested as strong evidence for partonic collectivity. In this Letter, a systematic analysis of v_{2} of π^{±}, K^{±}, K_{S}^{0}, p, and Λ in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=3.2, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV, with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, is presented. NCQ scaling is markedly violated at 3.2 GeV, consistent with a hadronic-interaction dominated equation of state. However, as the collision energy increases, a gradual evolution to NCQ scaling is observed. This beam-energy dependence of v_{2} for all hadrons studied provides evidence for the onset of dominant partonic interactions by sqrt[s_{NN}]=4.5  GeV.

The plant epidermis is a single layer of cells covering all plant organs. How pathogens overcome this barrier and enter plants is an important aspect of plant–pathogen interactions. For bacterial plant pathogens, known entry points include natural openings, such as stomata, hydathodes, and mechanical injuries caused by insect feeding, wind damage, or hailstorms. Here, we report that the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora enters apple leaves through naturally occurring wounds caused by the abscission of trichomes during the course of leaf development. Through macroscopic and microscopic observations, we depicted a clear invasion path for E. amylovora cells, from epiphytic growth on glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NT) to entry through wounds caused by abscised trichomes, into the epithem, and subsequent spread through xylem. We further observed that GT and NT undergo an abscission process, and that the amount of naturally occurring wounds during abscission is associated with the increase in E. amylovora population. Key genes important for the colonization of GT and NT were identified. The contribution of the type III secretion system and amylovoran biosynthesis during GT colonization was validated. Our findings propose a novel host entry mechanism of plant pathogenic bacteria through naturally occurring wounds during the abscission of plant surface structures. © 2025 Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A proper Skolem labelling of a graph G is a function assigning a positive integer to each vertex of G such that any two vertices assigned the same integer are that distance apart in the graph. The Skolem number of a graph is smallest number n such that there exists a proper Skolem labelling only using the positive integers less than or equal to n. In this paper, we will begin by proving the Skolem number for another family of subgraphs of the hexagonal lattice and then prove the Skolem number for two families of subgraphs of the Kagome Lattice. © 2025 Georgia Southern University. All rights reserved.

The search for selective anticholinergic agents stems from varying cholinesterase levels as Alzheimer’s Disease progresses from the mid-to-late stage and from butyrylcholinesterase’s (BChE) role in β-amyloid plaque formation. While structure-based and pharmacophore-based virtual screening could search from large libraries in a short time, these methods do not consider dynamic features that result from a ligand’s inhibition of the enzyme and consequently may under- or overexaggerate enzyme selectivity of a given ligand. In this computational study, we probed the selectivity of representative secondary metabolite compounds against acetylcholinesterase and BChE through molecular dynamics simulations. The results were evaluated by analysis of the root mean squared deviation of ligand heavy atoms, the radius of gyration of each inhibited and uninhibited enzyme, root mean squared fluctuation of residues, intermolecular interaction energy, and linear interaction energy approximation of the Gibbs free energy of binding. These considerations further reveal the induced-fit characteristics contributing to ChE selectivity that are predominantly due to the greater flexibility of BChE’s active site gorge. © 2025 by the authors.

This article explains how to use and apply the SHAPE America position statement “Physical Activity Should Not Be Used as Punishment and/or Behavior Management” in one’s own teaching and as an advocacy tool. © 2025 SHAPE America.

Technology has become both a valuable learning tool and a significant source of distraction in higher education classrooms. As students increasingly engage with their phones, smartwatches, and laptops for nonacademic purposes during class, faculty members face challenges in maintaining student attention and participation. While some instructors attempt to combat these issues with technology bans or restrictive policies, such approaches can be difficult to enforce and may create resistance among students. Self-monitoring, an evidence-based behavioral strategy, offers an alternative solution by encouraging students to track and regulate their own behaviors. This article presents a faculty-implemented self-monitoring system designed to increase student awareness of their technology use and its impact on classroom engagement. The self-monitoring model described in this article provides a simple and cost-effective method for faculty members to reduce classroom distractions while fostering student self-regulation and accountability. This quick fix offers faculty structured recommendations to implement the same or similar procedures in their classroom. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

PURPOSE: Autistic adults consistently report difficulties understanding speech in adverse listening environments, which may be related to differences in social communication and participation. Research examining masked-speech recognition in autistic adults is limited, particularly in competing speech backgrounds with high degrees of informational masking. This work characterizes speech-in-speech and speech-in-noise recognition in young adults on the autism spectrum, as well as evaluates self-reported functional listening abilities and listening-related fatigue. METHOD: Masked-speech recognition was evaluated in both autistic (n = 20) and non-autistic (n = 20) young adults with normal hearing. Speech reception thresholds were adaptively measured in two-talker speech and speech-shaped noise using target sentences that were either semantically meaningful or anomalous. Functional listening abilities and listening-related fatigue were assessed using the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale and the Vanderbilt Fatigue Scale for Adults. Autism characteristics and social communication experiences were quantified using the Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition. RESULTS: Autistic adults displayed significantly poorer speech-in-speech recognition than their non-autistic peers, while speech-in-noise recognition did not differ between groups. Functional listening difficulties in daily life and listening-related fatigue were significantly higher for autistic participants. Autism characteristics strongly predicted functional listening abilities and listening-related fatigue in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Autistic young adults experience objective speech-in-speech recognition difficulties that correspond with listening challenges in daily life. Autism characteristics and social communication experiences predict functional listening abilities reported by both autistic and non-autistic young adults with normal hearing. Speech-in-speech recognition difficulties observed here may amplify social communication challenges for adults on the autism spectrum. Future work must prioritize improved awareness of autistic listening differences.

To increase patrons’ ability to find resources, it is imperative to investigate barriers and biases in thedescriptive catalog data for inclusive collection management and development standards. This studyused a specially designed descriptive approach to gather quantitative data from 101 public librariansin Connecticut via a Qualtrics survey to identify the key variables that influence the successfulenhancement of online public access catalog (OPAC) metadata after a diversity audit of the librarymaterials. The results revealed factors that promote or impede the integration of inclusive catalogingthat reflects the diversity of the community: (1) appreciating the benefits of audit methods that arefocused on bibliographic records, (2) recognizing the need for buy-in and participation from theentire organization, and (3) stressing the useful integration of institutional and community feedbackto improve the collection’s accessibility and representation. The findings provide practical adviceto public libraries that want to satisfy the diverse demands of their user base by integrating criticalcataloging frameworks into their diversity and inclusion objectives.