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Prior exposure of isolated perifused rat islets to the monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) amplifies their subsequent insulin secretory response to 10 mM glucose. This potentiating effect of the monokine is dose dependent, lasts for at least 45 min after IL-1 removal from the medium, and is not confined to glucose; IL-1 also potentiates the insulin secretory responses to tolbutamide and glyceraldehyde. IL-1 exposure of islets incubated with myo-[2†3H]inositol to label their phosphoinositides (PI) results in an increase in [3H]inositol efflux, an event that persists long after removal of IL-1 from the medium. Direct measurements of labeled inositol phosphate accumulation substantiate the concept that this sustained [3H] inositol efflux response is the direct result of a sustained increase in PI hydrolysis. These results expand the list of compounds that induce time-dependent potentiation in islets to include IL-1. This action of the monokine, mediated at least in part by Pi-derived second messenger molecules, may contribute to its postulated effects on insulin and glucose homeostasis. © 1989 by The Endocrine Society.

While cooccurrence matrices have been shown to be helpful in quantitating image texture, the amount of data associated with them can rapidly become unmanageable because a separate cooccurrence matrix can be calculated for each displacement vector chosen. Here, a method for choosing the direction of the displacement vector that is based on the most dominant edge obtained from gradient analysis is discussed. Also, the anatomy of the liver is used to suggest the most important intersample spacing in constructing cooccurrence matrices for the evaluation of diffuse liver disease.

The fourth edition of this text has been thoroughly updated and includes expanded chapters on Antarctica and outer space as well as new chapters on the geography of elections and the geography of war and peace. A chapter is devoted to outlaws and merchants of death which covers piracy, drug trafficing, the arms trade, and terrorism. Other additions include coverage of international economic sanctions, transnational corporations, refugees, and pollution across international boundaries. -from Publisher

Pieter van Laer and his followers — the so-called Bamboccianti — have usually been interpreted as realists or near-realists who painted simple, unassuming scenes of everyday life in seventeenth-century Rome. The testimony of their earliest critics gives us reason to suspect, however, that the Bamboccianti were actually pursuing a contrived form of painting that expressed meaning through irony and paradox. This idea is tested by examining one theme treated frequently by the artists in question — limekilns in Roman settings. By witty allusion to both the destruction and persistence of antiquity, pictures of Roman limekilns lead the viewer to contemplate a paradox regarding the nature of greatness and eternity. © 1988, College Art Association of America, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spectral analysis of Doppler ultrasound has been known to yield valuable information to assess the state of circulation in the peripheral blood vessels. In the past, the raw Doppler data have been directly input into a dedicated spectrum analyzer or, more recently, transformed on a microcomputer with the fast Fourier technique. The fast Hartley technique is used to transform these data. The Hartley transform has the advantages of being a purely real-numbered transform, and therefore for real Doppler data, is not only more conceptually straightforward, but also requires less computer memory, is simpler to calculate, and is better suited to large-scale integration implementation. © 1988 IEEE

Recent developments in image digitization have made possible a more quantitative analysis of ultrasonic imagery of the liver, which could lead to a more sensitive method for changes in liver texture as an aid in the diagnosis of liver disease. The approach described is the statistical analysis of one-dimensional intensity (gray-level) histograms obtained from B-mode ultrasonic images. First-order statistical parameters are used to characterize the location, variability, skewness and kurtosis of the histograms. One typical normal study and one typical abnormal study are presented to shown the type of results that have been obtained.

A new type of RC op oscillator has been designed. For amplitude stabilization, diodes are added in the feedback of the linear circuit. A model has been developed for a nonlinear element, which affects the frequency of oscillation. The model can be used to design the oscillator for different frequencies and to calculate frequency and amplitude sensitivity with respect to the parameter of the system.

Trigant Burrow and Robert Mearns Yerkes were two important behavioral scientists whose papers have recently been processed in Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Burrow was a pioneer American psychoanalyst and initiator of group analysis, while Yerkes was a prominent psychologist who is best known for his intelligence testing experiments in World War I and his studies of primate behavior. The paper discusses the lives and careers of both men; the research value of the two collections; the processing, arranging, and describing of the papers; and concludes with thoughts on access and the importance of finding aids to researchers and the institution that produces them. © 1986 by The Haworth Press, Inc.

This paper compares two approaches to the estimation of costs in dental care programs: a conventional approach and an approach based on theoretical expectations. The conventional approach typically uses a linear extrapolation of an average figure - e.g., cost per visit - over various program sizes and thus predicts constant costs. Constant costs are, however, theoretically implausible, and it should be anticipated that their use in program planning or analysis would generate biased estimates. This hypothesis is examined using annual costs and visits from a group of uniform clinics over a five-year period. Results show that costs calculated by the conventional method are underestimated at low volumes and increasingly overestimated at higher volumes. The findings, which illustrate how inefficiency can inadvertently be incorporated into program design, have implications for cost-effectiveness of dental care delivery in the public sector. © 1985, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

In 1901 Goode obtained his doctorate - only the second in the USA to break away from the geology/physiography tradition. As his career developed he increasingly specialized in cartography, developed coloured wall maps for Rand McNally, and an interrupted homolosine projection. His name has survived on a school atlas for over 60 years. There is a chronological bibliography and a summary of his life.-K.Clayton

A personal computer applications course has been developed. This course is a follow up to an introductory programming course for non-computer science majors. The primary objective of the course is to introduce the major personal computer applications areas: operating system use, word processing, spreadsheet programming, data base management, and communications. For each area, there will be a discussion of its use and related problems. Students will use a representative and a comparison will be made with other systems. The course will be taught using Apple IIe's or Commodore 64 computers. A course outline has been created and approved. The course will be offered for the first time in the Spring of 1984. Budget considerations, the practical difficulties involved with students using copyrighted software, and a desire to have students leave with software they can take with them, make it attractive to use public domain software when possible. Current research is directed towards finding and documenting public domain software for use in this course. Principal sources being investigated are the program libraries of personal computer users groups and educational cooperatives.

The ability to accurately perceive the acoustic correlate of glottal attack, phonatory onset rise-time rate, can be diagnostically critical for speech pathologists conducting voice function examinations. Signal onset duration may serve as a cue in these perceptions because an inverse relationship exists between onset duration and rise-time rate. Other acoustic information such as frequency, present during voice initiation, might also affect phonatory onset rise-time perceptions. This study was designed to determine if listeners can detect duration related rise-time rate differences in the presence of variable frequency. Listeners accurately detected rise-time rates associated with onset duration differences independent of the frequency variable. A significant duration effect was revealed with no frequency or variable interaction effects. All judgement means were significantly different from one another. It was determined that as stimulus onset duration decreased, onset rise-time rate was perceived to occur more rapidly.

A microcomputer/mini-floppy disk system is used by students in the laboratory portion of an introductory physics course for science majors. Its purposes are to store their experimental data, do data analyses, and exchange messages with the lab instructor. The system also provides computer-assisted instruction (CAI) simulations of certain lab experiments, and interfaces with measuring equipment in certain experiments. Each student has a personal diskette for data files and basic utility programs for an entire semester. The ease of disk data manipulation under program control is exploited in the following ways: (i) a wide variety of data reduction techniques are introduced that permit quantitative comparisons between experimental results and theoretical expectations; (ii) facile data reduction and analyses permit preliminary processing of experimental data during the course of the lab period, so that decisions can be made by students concerning the course of the remainder of the experiment; (iii) accumulated data from various experiments become a course database permitting subsequent analyses of old data adapted in several different logical ways (e.g., RC curcuit data first treated as energy storage, later as one of a number of exponential relationships); (iv) comprehensive course database formed by merging regarding the reliability of experiments. These considerations favor laboratory goals different from the demonstration and confirmation of given physical laws. Specifically they inculcate critical thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning. I discuss several very real problem areas that plagued this novice and compromised implementation. I compare these problems with the qualitative improvements in laboratory learning. © 1982, American Association of Physics Teachers. All rights reserved.

An electronic device capable of monitoring the rate at which voice intensity increases during voice onset provides an indicator of the abruptness of phonatory initiation. Two groups of 8 subjects were taught to reduce the abruptness of glottal attack. Group A used a seven step program employing the electronic monitor while Group B used the same seven step program but with a traditional approach to the reduction of abrupt glottal attack substituted for monitor use. Both groups used a self-instruct teaching paradigm. Subject recordings of pre and post program production of five voice onset moments were submitted to sonographic amplitude analysis and a time/intensity slope ratio was calculated for each. Further, the pre and post program recordings were judged for abruptness of glottal attack. Post program slope ratios and attack judgments were significantly different (p < 0.01) from pre program data for Group A only. These data suggest that electronic monitoring was effective in producing gradual phonatory initiation.