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The studies reviewed here reflect many important aspects of the onset, course, and outcome of schizophrenia; that is, premorbid factors, childhood and late-life onset, the positive-negative syndrome dichotomy, co-occurring substance abuse, outcome research, and theoretical issues. Unsurprisingly, heterogeneity of course and outcome emerges as a major theme., (C) Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

Due to steep declines in charitable support and reduced demand for traditional hospital services, economic goals are increasingly important to not-for-profit hospitals. Effects of efficient management and effective pursuit of not-for-profit status (for example, levels of Medicare, indigent patients, and unprofitable services) on financial viability are explored. While previous research compared hospitals of different ownership status, not-for-profit hospital operations before acquisition by for-profit hospital chains are investigated--"neutral ground" relative to ownership. Results suggest minor links between efficiency and long-term profitability despite effectiveness in pursuit of non taxable status.

Over the last decade, investor-owned hospital corporations have grown primarily by acquiring other for-profit hospital chains or stand-alone for-profit institutions. Between 1990 and 1995, however, these corporations also acquired nearly 50 not-for-profit hospitals and converted them to for-profit status. An examination of the long-term financial condition of 39 not-for-profit hospitals acquired by various investor-owned hospital corporations between 1992 and 1996 was conducted using free-cash-flow accounting valuation. The results suggest that, initially, only not-for-profit hospitals in dire financial straits were candidates for acquisition and conversion to for-profit status. More recent acquisitions increasingly have involved more successful not-for-profit hospitals.

This paper will discuss Internet based data collection and analysis utilizing a Windows 95 and a UNIX hosted system. Forms on the World Wide Web (WWW) that illustrate the use of this technology in medical research, conference registration, and. patient care will be highlighted. Some of the details involved with creating data collection forms will be presented. The paper concludes with the recommendation that the Health Telematics curricula should include a unit on creating Internet based data collection forms.

This article examines the description of Russia in German history and geography textbooks. Nineteenth-century German pedagogical theory linked the natural sciences and the human sciences; the connection supplies further evidence of the perceived organic nature of the nation-state. Although regional and confessional differences among the German states affected the description of German history, the depiction of Russia was consistent. Russia was depicted as a barbaric, backward, and Asiatic empire. The implicit, and often explicit, comparison in the texts was between Russia and Germany. The description of a foreign power served to reinforce German national identity. Moreover, an examination of German geography and history textbooks reveals striking similarities between the perception of Russia in Germany and the Anglo-French depiction of the Near East. Dieser Aufsatz befaßt sich mit dem Rußlandbild in deutschen Schulbüchern für Geschichte und Geographie. Deutsche Pädagogik im 19. Jahrhundert verband die Naturwissenschaft mit der Geisteswissenschaft; diese Verbindung ist noch ein Beweis für die Auf- fassung des Nationalstaats als organisches Wesen. Obwohl regionale und konfessionelle Unterschiede unter den deutschen Ländern die Darstellung von deutscher Geschichte beeinflußten, war die Schilderung von Rußland übereinstimmend. Rußland wurde als ein barbarisches, rückständiges, asiatisches Reich gezeichnet. Der unausgesprochene, und manchmal doch ausgesprochene Vergleich in den Büchern galt Deutschland und Rußland. Die Darstellung der fremden Macht verstärkte die deutsche Nationalidentität. Außerdem enthüllt eine Untersuchung der Schulbücher überraschende Ähnlichkeiten zwischen der deutschen Beschreibung von Rußland und den englischen und französischen Darstellungen des Nahen Osten. L'auteur de cet article analyse l'image de la Russie dans les manuels scolaires allemands d'histoire et de géographie. La pédagogie allemande du 19ème siècle faisait le lien entre les sciences naturelles et les sciences humaines; cette association fournit une preuve supplémentaire du fait que l'Etat-nation était perçu comme un organisme vivant. Alors que les différences régionales et confessionnelles existant entre les différents Etats allemands influençaient la présentation de l'histoire allemande, la description de la Russie était concordante. La Russie était dépeinte comme un empire barbare, arriéré et asiatique. La comparaison implicite, et souvent explicite des textes scolaires concernait la Russie et l'Allemagne. La représentation d'une puissance étrangère servait à renforcer l'identité allemande. En outre, l'analyse de ces manuels révèle des ressemblances étonnantes entre la perception de la Russie et les portraits français et anglais du Proche-Orient.

Eminent scholars provide an overview of what we now know about slavery as an institution and way of life in cultures around the globe from ancient times to the present day. Drawing on the virtual explosion of empirical research and theoretical discussion on the subject over the past thirty years, many of the articles overturn conventional wisdom and illuminate little-known aspects of the subject, with essays on topics such as concubinage, eunuchs, and occupational mobility.

Special education in the United States services a diverse population, including those students whose academic performance falls at the ends of the normal distribution. This article challenges the assumption that a continuum of learning opportunities appropriate for exceptional persons is possible when the concept of the normal distribution is used. An alternate model, a bull's-eye, is suggested to accommodate the openended potential for the gifted population. © 1990 A B Academic Publishers Printed in Great Britain.

The research reported in this paper is an exploration of children's understandings of the concept and experience of interpersonal conflict. Data were gathered at focus group discussions with 7- to 16-year-old children. The analysis which is presented focuses on the children's metaphors of conflict as a place, conflict as an explosion and conflict as betrayal. Children's own descriptions of their experiences and understandings are emphasized. Thus, to the extent possible, what is presented is an examination of children's perspectives/voices as opposed to adult-centered analyses of children's experiences.

English and Spanish clearly differ in their encoding of motion events, but what is the exact nature of this difference? How does it influence language use? These questions were investigated in two studies of adult English and Spanish speakers' descriptions of static (Study 1) and dynamic (Study 2) motion events. English speakers overwhelmingly used manner-of-motion verbs (e.g. run). Spanish speakers used more path-of-motion verbs (e.g. salir/exit); however, with some motion events they strongly preferred to use manner verbs as well. The two language groups also differed in the degree to which they mentioned the manner of motion at all, and in the types of sentence frames they preferred, but not in the sheer number of verb types produced. The results am discussed with respect to the varying contexts of language use, refinements to typological differences between English and Spanish, and implications for children's acquisition of motion verbs.

This case is about a family-owned discount store chain that was unable to survive much beyond its founder. It tells the story of a first-generation American family and its struggle to grow and prosper in a family business during the early 1900s. The case takes the reader through the business' growth, maturity, decline, and, ultimately, its demise in 1991, which was brought about by issues such as organizational structure, the role of family in the family business, lack of succession planning, and myopic strategic planning. The author uses fictitious names, dates, and places to protect the surviving family members' privacy, and to ensure confidentiality.