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The relationship between the development of public health programs and "social problems" is of increasing concern to students of social and cultural problems. Health is obviously related to the availability of good nutrition, essential in building resistance against contagious diseases that form the bulk of preventable health problems in underdeveloped countries. Good nutrition, in turn, is dependent upon availability of agricultural products, basic income to buy them, and education to utilize them properly. This article attempts to trace, briefly, some of the etiology of these interrelated problems in a country in which traditional values have not been distorted by a foreign-established colonial period, and which has experienced only superficial change in modern times. This makes it possible to view relationships more clearly than in other underdeveloped countries where they may exist in more complex forms. © 1970.
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A tutoring program for first grade inner city children, employing student teachers as tutors, was developed and evaluated. Tutoring had no discernible effects on performance on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability. However, tutored children were placed in the highest reading group, and were rated by the regular classroom teacher as having completed the first grade reading series more often than controls. Tutors saw their children as becoming more responsive over time. Classroom teachers rated the tutored children as more competent in the classroom, more confident, and as viewing the classroom as more benevolent. In contrast to controls, student teachers maintained favorable attitudes toward teaching in the inner city, and they claimed to have benefited in practice teaching from their tutoring experience. However, relatively few actually took teaching positions in inner city schools after completing their training. © 1972 Behavioral Publications, Inc.
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Distinguishes between legal, ethical, and egalitarian principles involving hospitalization of persons alleged to be mentally ill. With regard to the question of legality, the need for compilation and distribution of relevant information and for informing patients of their rights is discussed. The boundaries of psychologists' professional and personal ethics are viewed as helping patients obtain services which they are personally unable to provide and insuring that the welfare of the patient is placed before the interests of the institution. Egalitarian issues are discussed with regard to: (a) judging whether a mental patient is responsible for his words and actions; (b) the patient's right to accept, reject, or select treatment; and (c) hospitalization of general medical patients and their rights to be informed about their condition, to be notified of test results, and to know the name, quantity, and expected reaction to drugs they are given. It is suggested that psychologists have too long been silent on these issues and in the face of abuses, and that more discussion and stands on them are needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1970 American Psychological Association.
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Cochran’s Q test for differences between related-sample percentages or proportions has generally been incorrectly presented in secondary sources. The most common mistake results from failure to recognize that rows containing only 1’s or only 0’s, i.e., only successes or only failures, do not affect the value of Q. The F test, however, is affected by such rows. The probabilities from the χ2 and F approximations are compared with the exact probabilities in three sets of data. A rule of thumb, based on extensive study of the distribution of 0 in small samples, is given as an aid in judging when the χ2 approximation is satisfactory for practical purposes. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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There existed clear demonstrations of nationalism in geography textbooks written by Americans during two significant epochs in the history of the United States. Geographies regarded the environment, people or institutions of the United States either with extreme adulation or subtle pride. They viewed the nation favorably when its strengths and weaknesses were compared to each other or to foreign elements, even when objective evidence did not support such an assessment. And, finally, they reached a host of young and impressionable Americans, and instilled in them a fervor for their country. © 1970 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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