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While this unprecedented time of COVID-19 has resulted in financial loss for many companies, it's also produced new leadership opportunities. Remote work, at-home schooling, and socially-distancing are a few examples of the new norm and new business possibilities. As crisis proverbially breeds innovation, new businesses have already sprung up around the world in support of growing demands. History shows this growth in entrepreneurial endeavors to be a trend during times of economic downturn. More than half of 2009 Fortune 500 list and just under half of 2008's Inc. list were created during a recession or bear market. Challenging economic times often seed the growth of entrepreneurial capitalism. One reason for this growth is that startup companies begun during times of high stress tend to be capable of operating in less favorable conditions. In times of economic upheaval, even mature businesses with longer history and deeper pockets require special leadership to 'pivot' their operational strategies to stay viable. This paper explores effective leadership theories to explain the success during uncertain times.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the implementation of safety-oriented knowledge management (KM) processes and student diversity acceptance in schools and the interaction effect of safety-oriented KM processes and student diversity acceptance over school performance and student academic orientation. Design/methodology/approach Responses of 977 American schools available in the database of the National Center for Education Statistics were analyzed using hierarchical regression analyses. Findings Results show that implementation of safety-oriented KM processes and diversity acceptance in schools have varying effects on school performance and student academic orientation. The impact of knowledge acquisition from parents on the academic achievement of students is positive and stronger in schools that are low in student diversity acceptance than schools that are high in student diversity acceptance. Originality/value This study adds value to the KM literature by exploring how KM processes are executed in American schools to improve their performance and students’ academic orientation and how diversity among students alters the strength of the relationships.

Purpose The purpose of this study offers a theoretical model, hypotheses and empirical analyses of how formal and informal institutions influence the ease of market entry of startups in the context of India. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical model based upon institutional and market entry theories is presented with hypotheses. Structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses. Findings Results of the study suggest that college preparations and a culture of creativity and innovation are positively related to ease of market entry by Indian startups. A culture of personal success is negatively related to ease of market entry. Government assistance related to ease of market entry is not significant. Originality/value This paper offers a new perspective, linking formal and informal institutional influences to startup ease of market entry. In addition, informal institutions are viewed from the cultures of personal success and creativity/innovation within the entrepreneurial domain, which is also new to the literature. This paper offers specific insights in the context of India startups and offers some interesting findings that can contribution to the literature, policy and practice.

Not only does the flotsam and jetsam in the world’s oceans seem to be impacting the health of the world’s oceans and seas, but it appears that the warming climate and increasing CO2 emissions are impacting the global trade lanes evidenced by a greater-than-average number of lost maritime containers due to resultant rougher seas and stronger storms. We elucidate the evolution of containerized shipping and discuss the impact lost containers have on the seas and dangers to other ocean-going vessels. We also note the reciprocal effects between climate change and lost containers. The intent of our article is to shed light on these issues and we hope it sparks future research examining causal factors and their potential solutions.

This work compiles a database that provides analytical case studies of typical digital libraries as an enhancement for educating and learning to meet the needs of students, librarians, scholars, and those who are interested in this resource.

The purpose of this mixed methods, single case study was to explore long-term care (LTC) employees’ attitudes towards age and gender. The intersection of Rosemary Garland-Thomson’s theory of feminist disability (2001) and Hailee Gibbons’ ...

Educational technologies have been known to positively impact teaching and learning in physical education. This rapid development of new technologies has encouraged physical education teacher education (PETE) programs to prepare preservice physical education teachers (PPETs) with experiences rooted in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). This study aimed to understand current PPET experiences with technology in a secondary methods course. A total of 14 participants from two PETE programs participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and later analyzed using a grounded theory methodology. Two themes were discovered: (a) PPETs used technology to plan, instruct, and/or assess their secondary physical education classes, and (b) PPETs encountered barriers when using technology. Future research should examine the levels of technology understanding among PPETs.

This entry explores the question of how to conceptualize literacy as a deictic concept, one that continually changes as new technologies for literacy and learning emerge. It suggests a dual-level conceptualization of theory: a New Literacies theory as an overarching theory that encompasses perspectives and findings from the many studies of literacy, which are referred to as new literacies theories, using lower case. It then focuses special attention on an important lower-case theory, the new literacies of online research and comprehension. This new literacies theory frames online reading as a process of problem-based inquiry involving the new skills, strategies, dispositions, and social practices that take place as we use the Internet to solve problems and answer questions. Current understanding of online reading to learn from a New Literacies perspective is informed by recent research using assessments that measure students' ability to conduct online research in science and comprehend what they read in a virtual online world. Findings suggest that online reading requires different skills than reading paper materials; that differences across modes of reading are important for school learning; and that the Internet is best conceived as a literacy issue rather than a technology issue.

The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophemol (TFM) and niclosamide have been used for over 60 years to control the invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) population in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In this review, we summarize these findings in the context of the mode of action of both lampricides, with a focus on: (1) the physiology of uptake, bodily distribution and mode of action, detoxification, and excretion of lampricides in lamprey and non-target fishes, (2) the development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway for TFM and niclosamide, and (3) the identification of novel avenues for future research that can be further explored to ensure continuous suppression of the sea lamprey population in the Great Lakes. We explored how research on the mode of action of lampricides has provided novel insights into the gill microenvironment and how this impacts lampricide toxicity; described new information on mitochondria and tissue physiology; and discussed how the activity of enzymes that are involved in detoxification pathways impacts the response of fishes to xenobiotics. Considering the information that has been generated over the years on sea lamprey and bony fish physiology from studying the mode of action of lampricides, here we propose an Adverse Outcome Pathway for TFM and niclosamide and identify novel avenues for research on the short and long-term effects of lampricide applications, either alone or in combination. Lastly, we discuss how the differences in physiology between sea lampreys and non-target fishes can be further exploited to ensure continuous suppression of the sea lamprey population in the Great Lakes.

Predator encounters during early life can elicit behavioral and physiological responses that have fitness consequences during subsequent prey life stages. In threatened lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and other lithophilic-spawning fishes, newly hatched larvae (free embryos) are exposed to abundant predators including aquatic insect larvae that co-occupy stream substrates. We investigated stress effects on lake sturgeon larvae after encounters with common aquatic insect predators by quantifying mortality, body size, cortisol levels, and swimming behavior. Free embryos were exposed to either Perlidae (stonefly obligate predators) or Isonychiidae (mayfly filterers and facultative predators) or to no predators (controls). Free embryos that encountered perlids experienced high mortality, elevated cortisol levels, and exhibited cortisol reactivity when subsequently exposed to an acute stressor. Free embryos that encountered isonychiids exhibited elevated mortality, and elevated cortisol and cortisol reactivity relative to controls. Findings indicate that lake sturgeon free embryos are stressed by exposure to members of benthic stream communities during early life stages (predation of nearby conspecifics), and that metrics of stress exhibited threat sensitivity. Data are consistent with predictions that individuals modulate antipredator behavior in response to the intensity of perceived predation threat in the environment. We determined that behavioral outcomes associated with encounters with aquatic insects altered future behavioral trajectories, potentially as an adaptive response that can affect predation rates in subsequent life stages. Results contribute to a broader understanding of how interspecies interactions among co-occurring predator and prey communities may impact individual fitness and fish population recruitment.

Costs to producing sexual signals can create selective pressures on males to invest signaling effort in particular contexts. When the benefits of signaling vary consistently across time, males can optimize signal investment to specific temporal contexts using biological rhythms. Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, have a semelparous life history, are primarily nocturnal, and rely on pheromone communication for reproduction; however, whether male investment in pheromone transport and release matches increases in spawning activity remains unknown. By measuring (1) 3keto-petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS, a main pheromone component) and its biosynthetic precursor PZS in holding water and tissue samples at six points over the course of 24 hours and (2) 3kPZS release over the course of several days, we demonstrate that 3kPZS release exhibits a consistent diel pattern across several days with elevated pheromone release just prior to sunset and at night. Trends in hepatic concentrations and circulatory transport of PZS and 3kPZS were relatively consistent with patterns of 3kPZS release and suggest the possibility of direct upregulation in pheromone transport and release rather than observed release patterns being solely a byproduct of increased behavioral activity. Our results suggest males evolved a signaling strategy that synchronizes elevated pheromone release with nocturnal increases in sea lamprey behavior. This may be imperative to ensure that male signaling effort is not wasted in a species having a single, reproductive event.

Water scarcity is increasingly a global cause of concern mainly due to widespread changes in climate conditions and increased consumptive water use driven by the exponential increase in population growth. In addition, increased pollution of fresh water sources due to rising production and consumption of pharmaceuticals and organic chemicals will further exacerbate this concern. Although surface water contamination by individual chemicals is often at very low concentration, pharmaceuticals for instance are designed to be efficacious at low concentrations, creating genuine concern for their presence in freshwater sources. Furthermore, the additive impact of multiple compounds may result in toxic or other biological effects that otherwise will not be induced by individual chemicals. Globally, different legislative frameworks have led to pre-emptive efforts which aim to ensure good water ecological status. Reports detailing the use and types of effect-based measures covering specific bioassay batteries that can identify specific mode of actions of chemical pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem to evaluate the real threat of pollutants to aquatic lives and ultimately human lives have recently emerged from monitoring networks such as the NORMAN network. In this review, we critically evaluate some studies within the last decade that have implemented effect-based monitoring of pharmaceuticals and organic chemicals in aquatic fauna, evaluating the occurrence of different chemical pollutants and the impact of these pollutants on aquatic fauna with special focus on pollutants that are contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in urban wastewater. A critical discussion on studies that have used effect-based measures to assess biological impact of pharmaceutical/organic compound in the aquatic ecosystem and the endpoints measurements employed is presented. The application of effect-based monitoring of chemicals other than assessment of water quality status is also discussed.