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Political polarization is a marked political division in the population, characterized by multiple manifestations. The authors argue that it can affect consumer psychology, which in turn influences marketers, policy makers, and consumer welfare. The present work introduces the construct of political polarization to the marketing literature and shows how it serves as a novel challenge for various marketing stakeholders. For consumers, the authors propose that political polarization increases the salience of political identities, alters inter- and intragroup dynamics, and amplifies cognitive biases. These effects negatively affect consumer welfare, including financial welfare, relationships, mental and physical health, and societal interests. For marketers, polarization introduces a challenge to both be more sociopolitically engaged while also navigating competing political interests. Polarization also creates new opportunities and challenges for segmentation, targeting, loyalty, and product offerings. For policy makers, political polarization creates policy gaps, impedes the implementation of policy, and obstructs governance. Building from these insights, the authors consider the drawbacks and overlooked benefits of political polarization, potential remedies, and directions for future research.

While this unprecedented time of COVID-19 has resulted in financial loss for many companies, it's also produced new leadership opportunities. Remote work, at-home schooling, and socially-distancing are a few examples of the new norm and new business possibilities. As crisis proverbially breeds innovation, new businesses have already sprung up around the world in support of growing demands. History shows this growth in entrepreneurial endeavors to be a trend during times of economic downturn. More than half of 2009 Fortune 500 list and just under half of 2008's Inc. list were created during a recession or bear market. Challenging economic times often seed the growth of entrepreneurial capitalism. One reason for this growth is that startup companies begun during times of high stress tend to be capable of operating in less favorable conditions. In times of economic upheaval, even mature businesses with longer history and deeper pockets require special leadership to 'pivot' their operational strategies to stay viable. This paper explores effective leadership theories to explain the success during uncertain times.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the implementation of safety-oriented knowledge management (KM) processes and student diversity acceptance in schools and the interaction effect of safety-oriented KM processes and student diversity acceptance over school performance and student academic orientation. Design/methodology/approach Responses of 977 American schools available in the database of the National Center for Education Statistics were analyzed using hierarchical regression analyses. Findings Results show that implementation of safety-oriented KM processes and diversity acceptance in schools have varying effects on school performance and student academic orientation. The impact of knowledge acquisition from parents on the academic achievement of students is positive and stronger in schools that are low in student diversity acceptance than schools that are high in student diversity acceptance. Originality/value This study adds value to the KM literature by exploring how KM processes are executed in American schools to improve their performance and students’ academic orientation and how diversity among students alters the strength of the relationships.

Purpose The purpose of this study offers a theoretical model, hypotheses and empirical analyses of how formal and informal institutions influence the ease of market entry of startups in the context of India. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical model based upon institutional and market entry theories is presented with hypotheses. Structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses. Findings Results of the study suggest that college preparations and a culture of creativity and innovation are positively related to ease of market entry by Indian startups. A culture of personal success is negatively related to ease of market entry. Government assistance related to ease of market entry is not significant. Originality/value This paper offers a new perspective, linking formal and informal institutional influences to startup ease of market entry. In addition, informal institutions are viewed from the cultures of personal success and creativity/innovation within the entrepreneurial domain, which is also new to the literature. This paper offers specific insights in the context of India startups and offers some interesting findings that can contribution to the literature, policy and practice.

Not only does the flotsam and jetsam in the world’s oceans seem to be impacting the health of the world’s oceans and seas, but it appears that the warming climate and increasing CO2 emissions are impacting the global trade lanes evidenced by a greater-than-average number of lost maritime containers due to resultant rougher seas and stronger storms. We elucidate the evolution of containerized shipping and discuss the impact lost containers have on the seas and dangers to other ocean-going vessels. We also note the reciprocal effects between climate change and lost containers. The intent of our article is to shed light on these issues and we hope it sparks future research examining causal factors and their potential solutions.

This work compiles a database that provides analytical case studies of typical digital libraries as an enhancement for educating and learning to meet the needs of students, librarians, scholars, and those who are interested in this resource.

The purpose of this mixed methods, single case study was to explore long-term care (LTC) employees’ attitudes towards age and gender. The intersection of Rosemary Garland-Thomson’s theory of feminist disability (2001) and Hailee Gibbons’ ...

Educational technologies have been known to positively impact teaching and learning in physical education. This rapid development of new technologies has encouraged physical education teacher education (PETE) programs to prepare preservice physical education teachers (PPETs) with experiences rooted in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). This study aimed to understand current PPET experiences with technology in a secondary methods course. A total of 14 participants from two PETE programs participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and later analyzed using a grounded theory methodology. Two themes were discovered: (a) PPETs used technology to plan, instruct, and/or assess their secondary physical education classes, and (b) PPETs encountered barriers when using technology. Future research should examine the levels of technology understanding among PPETs.

This entry explores the question of how to conceptualize literacy as a deictic concept, one that continually changes as new technologies for literacy and learning emerge. It suggests a dual-level conceptualization of theory: a New Literacies theory as an overarching theory that encompasses perspectives and findings from the many studies of literacy, which are referred to as new literacies theories, using lower case. It then focuses special attention on an important lower-case theory, the new literacies of online research and comprehension. This new literacies theory frames online reading as a process of problem-based inquiry involving the new skills, strategies, dispositions, and social practices that take place as we use the Internet to solve problems and answer questions. Current understanding of online reading to learn from a New Literacies perspective is informed by recent research using assessments that measure students' ability to conduct online research in science and comprehend what they read in a virtual online world. Findings suggest that online reading requires different skills than reading paper materials; that differences across modes of reading are important for school learning; and that the Internet is best conceived as a literacy issue rather than a technology issue.

The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophemol (TFM) and niclosamide have been used for over 60 years to control the invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) population in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In this review, we summarize these findings in the context of the mode of action of both lampricides, with a focus on: (1) the physiology of uptake, bodily distribution and mode of action, detoxification, and excretion of lampricides in lamprey and non-target fishes, (2) the development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway for TFM and niclosamide, and (3) the identification of novel avenues for future research that can be further explored to ensure continuous suppression of the sea lamprey population in the Great Lakes. We explored how research on the mode of action of lampricides has provided novel insights into the gill microenvironment and how this impacts lampricide toxicity; described new information on mitochondria and tissue physiology; and discussed how the activity of enzymes that are involved in detoxification pathways impacts the response of fishes to xenobiotics. Considering the information that has been generated over the years on sea lamprey and bony fish physiology from studying the mode of action of lampricides, here we propose an Adverse Outcome Pathway for TFM and niclosamide and identify novel avenues for research on the short and long-term effects of lampricide applications, either alone or in combination. Lastly, we discuss how the differences in physiology between sea lampreys and non-target fishes can be further exploited to ensure continuous suppression of the sea lamprey population in the Great Lakes.