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A map of France is included in a manuscript, dated to around 1460, entitled A tous nobles, which contains a historical account and genealogy of the French kings. The map was produced in the wake of the Hundred Years War, when conflict with the English challenged both French identity and territory. The map, however, smooths over a century of war to reveal a nation both strong and independent. Through the mapmaker's selection of places, and his use of fluvial boundaries to define the area concerned, he has created an image of France shaped by ideology and history that is wholly in keeping with its location in the manuscript, where the renaming of Gaul as France is described. The map reveals the territory of France to be a critical link between the mythical past and the political present. This connection between history and territory, also reiterated in the text itself, is presented in a graphic format that may be related to contemporary practice of using maps along with legal documents in the resolution of territorial disputes. Seen in the light of the king's claim to the lands ruled by his ancestors, the map thus constitutes a rare medieval example of French national identity expressed in relation to French territory. © 2006 Imago Mundi Ltd.

A data management system has been developed for the Connecticut State University (CSU) Lidar Collaboratory to facilitate user authentication, scheduling of remote lidar instrumentation control sessions, storage and retrieval of lidar datasets and generation of new data products. In addition to providing for efficient archival and retrieval of lidar data products, a major design goal of the data management system is to support collaborative, multidisciplinary, atmospheric sciences research projects. In this paper, we describe the framework of the CSU Lidar Collaboratory data management system and how the system interacts with the data acquisition and data analysis software.

Despite the availability of a spin Hamiltonian for the Gd3Ga5O12 garnet (GGG) for over 25 years, there has so far been little theoretical insight regarding the many unusual low temperature properties of GGG. Here we investigate GGG in zero magnetic field using mean-field theory. We reproduce the spin liquid-like correlations and, most importantly, explain the positions of the sharp peaks seen in powder neutron diffraction experiments. We show that it is crucial to treat accurately the long-range nature of the magnetic dipolar interactions to allow for a determination of the small exchange energy scales involved in the selection of the experimental ordering wave vector. Our results show that the incommensurate order in GGG is classical in nature, intrinsic to the microscopic spin Hamiltonian and not caused by weak disorder. © 2006 The American Physical Society.

Three hosted federated search tools, Follett One Search, Gale PowerSearch Plus, and WebFeat Express, were configured and implemented in a school library. Databases from five vendors and the OPAC were systematically searched. Federated search results were compared with each other and to the results of the same searches in the database's native interface to disclose differences in handling query syntax, searching, retrieval, browsing results, etc. Each product was easily configured, but none were capable of searching every database desired. Simpler Boolean queries are the most successful queries because of the underlying structure and differences of the databases, and the capabilities of certain products. Federated search products succeed in simplifying access to multiple database resources at school, but searching remains different from the familiar Web search engines in many ways. To become more Google-like, federated searching must be done against indexes built in advance instead of the current real-time searching method.

To live effectively is to live with adequate information. Thus, communication and control belong to the essence of man's inner life, even as they belong to his life in society. Norbert Wiener SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ETHICS. Major scientific and technological innovations often have profound social and ethical effects. For example, in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Copernicus, Newton, and other scientists developed a powerful new model of the universe. This stunning scientific achievement led to increased respect for science and for the power of human reasoning. During that same era, recently invented printing-press technology made it possible to spread knowledge far and wide across Europe, instead of leaving it, as before, in the hands of a privileged minority of scholars. Inspired by these scientific and technological achievements, philosophers, such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, re-examined human nature and the idea of a good society. They viewed human beings asrational agentscapable of thinking for themselves and acquiring knowledge through science and books. In addition, they interpreted society as a creation of informed, rational citizens working together throughsocial contracts. These philosophical developments laid foundations for ethical theories such as those of Bentham and Kant, and for political changes such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution. Today, after far-reaching scientific achievements in physics, biology, and cybernetics – and after recent technological advances in digital computing and information networks – philosophers are again rethinking the nature of human beings and of society. © Cambridge University Press 2008 and 2009.

The TOMI consists of two 25-item, two-alternative, forced-choice scales - General Knowledge (TOMI-G) and Legal Knowledge (TOMI- L) - designed to detect malingered cognitive impairment in CST evaluations. The TOMI was derived and validated with a university sample (N = 242), with a cut score of < 21 providing maximum classification accuracy of hon est and dishonest respondents. Subsequently, the TOMI was administered to forensic inpatient residents (N = 30) and was compared to existing, well- established tests of malingering (the Rey-FIT and the TOMM). Results indi cated strong correlations and predictive agreement for both scales, and dis tinction between honest and probable dishonest respondents for the TOMI-L. A third study provided additional validation for the TOMI in distinguishing honest from dishonest student respondents (N = 120) and examined the ef fects of motivation on response style. For dishonest responders, those in the high motivation group scored significantly lower than those in the low moti vation group, further betraying their dishonesty. The utility of the TOMI as a useful, novel tool for forensic practitioners is discussed. Copyright 2008 American Journal of Forensic Psychology.

Although Spanish chroniclers referred frequently to coerced migration in the Inca Empire, these migrations have been difficult to document archaeologically. One approach to migration studies, strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analysis, has emerged as an effective technique. Until now, however, this method has not been applied to the Inca heartland region of Cuzco, Peru. In this study, we use strontium isotope analysis to examine patterns of prehistoric migration in the Cuzco Valley. Human dental enamel samples from the Cuzco Valley site of Chokepukio are analyzed and compared to the local 87Sr/86Sr signature established through faunal specimens. Though tentative due to a small sample size, the isotope results do not provide evidence for migration at this site from the time periods preceding the rise of the Inca Empire (200 B.C. to A.D. 1400). In contrast, there is substantial evidence for migration during the time of Inca imperialism (A.D. 1400-1532). Among these migrants, variation in 87Sr/86Sr values suggests that individuals emigrated from geologically diverse locations, while sex differences in the migrant group include a higher percentage of females and a greater diversity in female 87Sr/86Sr values. These data, along with ethnohistoric evidence, reveal how Inca labor policies reconfigured the composition of populations in the imperial heartland. Copyright ©2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Mayflies are members of a small, but diverse order of aquatic insects that dates back some 290. My. Mayflies are widely distributed on all continents and most large islands. Currently, the order contains about 3100. species distributed among 42 extant families. Adults are fully terrestrial and short lived, but the aquatic nymphs can live for more than a year and are important components of nutrient and energy pathways in a wide range of aquatic habitats. Higher classification and phylogeny of the mayflies are still in a state of flux, but evidence is accumulating providing stronger support for some groups. Alpha-level taxonomy still remains a problem and much work remains to be done in some genera and in some parts of the world. Extensive morphological studies have provided a solid base of knowledge, but similarly intense physiological, histological, and immunological studies are needed. Much work has been done on the ecology of genera and some species. Much finer scale ecological studies are needed to better understand the importance of small-scale ecological interactions among instars of the same and different species. Globally, there are many surveys in progress to document and map the occurrence and distribution of species. This work is critical to developing conservation strategies for mayflies and other vulnerable aquatic species. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Magnitude differences obtained from speckle imaging are used in combination with other data in the literature to place the components of binary star systems on the H-R diagram. Isochrones are compared with the positions obtained, and a best-fit isochrone is determined for each system, yielding both masses of the components as well as an age range consistent with the system parameters. Seventeen systems are studied, 12 of which were observed with the 0.6 m Lowell-Tololo Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and six of which were observed with the WIYN 3.5 m Telescope (The WIYN Observatory is a joint facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Indiana University, Yale University, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories) at Kitt Peak. One system was observed from both sites. In comparing photometric masses to mass information from orbit determinations, we find that the photometric masses agree very well with the dynamical masses, and are generally more precise. For three systems, no dynamical masses exist at present, and therefore the photometrically determined values are the first mass estimates derived for these components. © 2009 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is a modern technological tool that provides otherwise infertile individuals and couples an opportunity to conceive. As a multimillion dollar business, ART faces challenges common to other highly profitable enterprises, such as how and when to measure success. This poses ethical challenges as well, though these are unlike the ethical challenges faced by businesses which trade in consumer goods. ART makes babies. Individuals and couples seeking ART may be both vulnerable and fragile, thus ART providers must gently balance smart business practices with ethical care delivery. Applying Laura Nash's integrated approach to business ethics may offer ART providers a suitable model that combines ethically sound care with economically sound business practice. Key to Nash's approach are value creation, economic and social benefit, and relationship building. Not a short-term approach to quick business decisions, Nash's approach requires a long-term commitment as a way of doing business. © Common Ground, Deborah Flynn, All Rights Reserved.

Contractedness of m-primary integrally closed ideals played a central role in the development of Zariski's theory of integrally closed ideals in two-dimensional regular local rings (R, m). In such rings, the contracted m-primary ideals are known to be characterized by the property that I: m = I: x for some x ∈ m\m2. We call the ideals with this property full ideals and compare this class of ideals with the classes of m-full ideals, basically full ideals, and contracted ideals in higher dimensional regular local rings. The m-full ideals are easily seen to be full. In this article, we find a sufficient condition for a full ideal to be m-full. We also show the equivalence of the properties full, m-full, contracted, integrally closed, and normal, for the class of parameter ideals. We then find a sufficient condition for a basically full parameter ideal to be full. © Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.

Introduction Two or more stars that are located close together in space interact gravitationally, causing deviations from linear motion as each star is accelerated. If we consider the case of two stars with a physical separation of many times the radius of either star (but still close enough to generate significant accelerations), it is sufficient to consider the stars as point masses. The equations of motion for such a system can be solved by assuming the inverse-square law of gravity and applying Newton's laws of motion. Newton's solution elegantly explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion, since one of the general solutions of motion is an ellipse with the more massive body (the Sun, in the case of the Solar System) at one focus. Kepler's third law of planetary motion (i.e. the harmonic law) as applied to the binary-star situation can be written where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two stars in solar units, a is the semi-major axis of the relative orbital ellipse in astronomical units, and P is the orbital period of the system in years. If you can only apply this formula, then it is not possible to obtain individual masses from the observables on the right-hand side, nor is the mass sum possible without an estimate of the parallax of the system (which allows for the conversion of a from an angular measure to astronomical units). Furthermore, while it is usually possible to measure the orbital period to high precision, the application of the formula is complicated by the fact that the semi-major axis, and implicitly the parallax, is raised to the third power. © Cambridge University Press 2013.

Some studies indicate that students develop intercultural communication competence through interaction in multicultural classrooms. However, what happens when classrooms are predominately homogenous and student exposure to other cultures is limited to media representations? It is not uncommon to find this situation still existing on some college campuses in the United States of America, where students have never come in contact with individuals different from themselves, beyond service industry workers, if any contact is made at all. The idea of establishing a significant relationship with someone culturally different is not given any thought. As an instructor of color how does one get students to move beyond their comfort zone and take action to meet individuals that are culturally different outside of the classroom? This paper describes the results of a textual analysis using grounded theory of student writing as they reflect on how to develop and implement effective communication strategies with individuals culturally and ethnically different from themselves outside of the classroom. The results of which might also be used to transform thinking about the diverse community surrounding the university and influence future decision-making on issues of social justice and human equality. © Common Ground, Annette Madlock.

Images of allegorical women have often appeared on maps or in atlas frontispieces as objects in need of security provided by male protectors or as the counterpoint, objects to be dominated by male possessors. Exploring the role of women in the early modern map trade initially reveals not only a similar male dominance but also similar calls for protection. Nearly 10 years ago, Alice Hudson and Mary McMichael Ritzlin produced a checklist of about 300 pre-twentieth-century women in cartography. The present work contributes to the further investigation of some of these women in the early modern map trade and studies in the allied field of book printing, and more general works on women in commercial trade provide the framework for this piece. Women in the map trade were quite cognizant of the challenges of their gender and used a feminine discourse-that is, they played the feminine card-when it served their interests. All of these women, however, participated in the male discourse of the corporate community, which entailed not only making contracts and partnerships and advertising and producing new works but also making use of the social network within the trade, as well as exploiting the patronage connections cultivated by their husbands before them.

The Great Industrial War, a comprehensive assessment of how class has been interpreted by the media in American history, documents the rise and fall of a frightening concept: industrial war. Moving beyond the standard account of labor conflict as struggles between workers and management, Troy Rondinone asks why Americans viewed big strikes as "battles" in "irrepressible conflict" between the armies of capital and laborùa terrifying clash between workers, strikebreakers, police, and soldiers.Examining how the mainstream press along with the writings of a select group of influential reformers and politicians framed strike news, Rondinone argues that the Civil War, coming on the cusp of a revolution in industrial productivity, offered a gruesome, indelible model for national conflict. He follows the heated discourse on class war through the nineteenth century until its general dissipation in the mid-twentieth century. Incorporating labor history, cultural studies, linguistic anthropology, and sociology, The Great Industrial War explores the influence of historical experience on popular perceptions of social order and class conflict and provides a reinterpretation of the origins and meaning of the Taft-Hartley Act and the industrial relations regime it supported. copyright © 2010 by Troy Rondinone All rights reserved.

The volcanic Sulphur Springs, St. Lucia, present an extreme environment due to high temperatures, low pH values, and high concentrations of sulfate and boron. St. Lucia offers some unique geochemical characteristics that may shape the microbial communities within the Sulphur Springs area. We chose six pools representing a range of geochemical characteristics for detailed microbial community analyses. Chemical concentrations varied greatly between sites. Microbial diversity was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses. With the exception of one pool with relatively low concentrations of dissolved ions, microbial diversity was very low, with Aquificales sequences dominating bacterial communities at most pools. The archaeal component of all pools was almost exclusively Acidianus spp. and did not vary between sites with different chemical characteristics. In the pool with the highest boron and sulfate concentrations, only archaeal sequences were detected. Compared with other sulfur springs such as those at Yellowstone, the microbial diversity at St. Lucia is very different, but it is similar to that at the nearby Lesser Antilles island of Montserrat. While high elemental concentrations seem to be related to differences in bacterial diversity here, similarities with other Lesser Antilles sites suggest that there may be a biogeographical component as well. © 2009 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.