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Previous work has demonstrated that the graded internal structure of phonetic categories is sensitive to a variety of contextual factors. One such factor is place of articulation: The best exemplars of voiceless stop consonants along auditory bilabial and velar voice onset time (VOT) continua occur over different ranges of VOT! (Volaitis & Miller, 1992). In the present study, we exploited the McGurk effect to examine whether-visual information for place of articulation also shifts the best-exemplar range for voiceless consonants, following Green and Kuhl's (1989) demonstration of effects of visual place of articulation on the location of voicing boundaries. In Experiment 1, we established that /p/ and /t/ have different best-exemplar ranges along auditory bilabial and alveolar VOT continua. We then found, in Experiment 2, a-similar shift in the best-exemplar range for /t/ relative to that for /p/ when there was a change in visual place of articulation, with auditory place of articulation held constant. These findings indicate-that the perceptual mechanisms that determine internal phonetic category structure-are sensitive to visual, as well as to Auditory, information.

Pigeons responded on a concurrent-chains schedule with two equal variable-interval (VI) schedules as initial links and delays to food of 3 and 12 s as the two terminal links. In even-numbered sessions, no other reinforcement schedule was present, and all pigeons showed a strong preference for the response key that had the shorter, 3-s terminal-link delay. In odd-numbered sessions, the initial links were interrupted at random times by one of three different types of events. When the interruptions were immediate food deliveries, the response percentages increased on the key that had the 3-s delay. When the interruptions were 30-s delays followed by food, the response percentages remained approximately unchanged. When the interruptions were 30-s delays with no food, the response percentages decreased. The results were used to compare the predictions of different mathematical models of concurrent-chains performance. The results favored models that assume that preference is determined by the relative amount of advantage that is gained when a terminal link is entered. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recent elastic and inelastic neutron scattering studies of the highly frustrated pyrochlore antiferromagnet Tb2Ti2O7 have shown some very intriguing features that cannot be modeled by the local 〈111〉 classical Ising model, naively expected to describe this system at low temperatures. By including single-ion excitations from the ground state doublet to higher crystal field levels, we successfully describe the elastic neutron scattering pattern and dispersion relations in Tb2Ti2O7, quantitatively consistent with experimental observations. © 2003 The American Physical Society.

The cluster of concerns usually identified as matters of privacy can be adequately accounted for by unpacking our natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Privacy as derived from fundamental natural rights to life, liberty, and property encompasses the advantages of the control and restricted access theories without their attendant difficulties., (C)2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers

In this paper we consider a variation of the Art Gallery Problem. A set of points script G sign in a polygon Pn is a connected guard set for Pn provided that is a guard set and the visibility graph of the set of guards script G sign in Pn is connected. We use a coloring argument to prove that the minimum number of connected guards which are necessary to watch any polygon with n sides is ⌊(n - 2)/2⌋. This result was originally established by induction by Hernández-Peńalver [3]. From this result it easily follows that if the art gallery is orthogonal (each interior angle is 90° or 270°), then the minimum number of connected guards is n/2 - 2. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003.

In this paper we consider a variation of the Art Gallery Problem for orthogonal polygons. A set of points in a polygon Pn is a connected guard set for Pn provided that is a guard set and the visibility graph of the set of guards in Pn is connected. The polygon P n is orthogonal provided each interior angle is 90° or 270°. First we use a coloring argument to prove that the minimum number of connected guards which are necessary to watch any orthogonal polygon with n sides is n/2-2. This result was originally established by induction by Hernández-Peñalver. Then we prove a new result for art galleries with holes: we show that n/2-h connected guards are always sufficient to watch an orthogonal art gallery with n walls and h holes. This result is sharp when n = 4h + 4. We also construct galleries that require at least n/2-h-1 connected guards, for all n and h. © Springer-Verlag 2003.

Recent syntheses of empirical studies have clearly demonstrated a consistently positive relationship between income and happiness. Research is needed to reduce uncertainty and disentangle such relationships, which have been found to be quite modest, but significant in the aggregate. The present study contributes to this end, in that it investigates the moderating effect of income on the relationship between beliefs that serve as internal buffers and happiness. We go beyond simple associations of income and happiness to examine relationships between income and self-esteem and between income and optimism. Finally, causal modeling is employed to demonstrate that, under varying income levels, these beliefs affect happiness by the same process — with distinct yet predictable outcomes.

This study investigates the influence of role conflict, role ambiguity, and role strain on job performance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction among field sales and company sales support employees in a single pharmaceutical company. Because this study is based on data from a single company, these results may not necessarily be generalized to all companies in the industry. In the present research, a path model of the process reveals important variations in response to role conflict, role ambiguity, and role strain between the two classes of employees. For both classes, the influence of decreased role ambiguity is generally positive for measured outcomes. However, reductions in role conflict, while lessening role strain, are likely to result in lower job performance for field sales employees. Decreases in role strain, while improving life satisfaction, may lead to lower job satisfaction for sales support employees. © 2003, Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted. All rights reserved.

Leadership theory has little value if it cannot be applied to real world situations. A summary review of the literature on leadership theory is provided here first. A disguised real case concerning Ted Shade, a Vice-President at Galactic Chips, Inc. is then provided which describes a manager who is extremely task-oriented. The case analysis follows. It includes questions and answers which connect leadership theory to case specifics and requires learners to analyze the case using differing leadership models. © 2003, MCB UP Limited

We report sol-gel process of Pb5Ge3O11 (PGO) as well as the microstructure and physical properties of ferroelectric PGO films for memory applications. The PGO sol was prepared from lead acetate hydrate, germanium isopropoxide, and di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether. The reactions taking place during the sol-gel process were examined in detail, Diethanolamine (DEA) was added to help maintain the desired species ratio and prevent germanium oxide precipitation. The preferred orientation of the PGO thin films was well controlled by the heating and reflux procedures in the sol-gel preparation process. Additionally, to examine the impact of post-deposition processing, selected samples were oxygen annealed at temperatures ranging from 450-650°C. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), non-contact (planview) atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM). The resulting data indicate that the microstructure and physical properties of PGO films depend strongly on the precursor preparation as well as the post deposition annealing temperature.