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Introduction Two or more stars that are located close together in space interact gravitationally, causing deviations from linear motion as each star is accelerated. If we consider the case of two stars with a physical separation of many times the radius of either star (but still close enough to generate significant accelerations), it is sufficient to consider the stars as point masses. The equations of motion for such a system can be solved by assuming the inverse-square law of gravity and applying Newton's laws of motion. Newton's solution elegantly explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion, since one of the general solutions of motion is an ellipse with the more massive body (the Sun, in the case of the Solar System) at one focus. Kepler's third law of planetary motion (i.e. the harmonic law) as applied to the binary-star situation can be written where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two stars in solar units, a is the semi-major axis of the relative orbital ellipse in astronomical units, and P is the orbital period of the system in years. If you can only apply this formula, then it is not possible to obtain individual masses from the observables on the right-hand side, nor is the mass sum possible without an estimate of the parallax of the system (which allows for the conversion of a from an angular measure to astronomical units). Furthermore, while it is usually possible to measure the orbital period to high precision, the application of the formula is complicated by the fact that the semi-major axis, and implicitly the parallax, is raised to the third power. © Cambridge University Press 2013.

Some studies indicate that students develop intercultural communication competence through interaction in multicultural classrooms. However, what happens when classrooms are predominately homogenous and student exposure to other cultures is limited to media representations? It is not uncommon to find this situation still existing on some college campuses in the United States of America, where students have never come in contact with individuals different from themselves, beyond service industry workers, if any contact is made at all. The idea of establishing a significant relationship with someone culturally different is not given any thought. As an instructor of color how does one get students to move beyond their comfort zone and take action to meet individuals that are culturally different outside of the classroom? This paper describes the results of a textual analysis using grounded theory of student writing as they reflect on how to develop and implement effective communication strategies with individuals culturally and ethnically different from themselves outside of the classroom. The results of which might also be used to transform thinking about the diverse community surrounding the university and influence future decision-making on issues of social justice and human equality. © Common Ground, Annette Madlock.

Images of allegorical women have often appeared on maps or in atlas frontispieces as objects in need of security provided by male protectors or as the counterpoint, objects to be dominated by male possessors. Exploring the role of women in the early modern map trade initially reveals not only a similar male dominance but also similar calls for protection. Nearly 10 years ago, Alice Hudson and Mary McMichael Ritzlin produced a checklist of about 300 pre-twentieth-century women in cartography. The present work contributes to the further investigation of some of these women in the early modern map trade and studies in the allied field of book printing, and more general works on women in commercial trade provide the framework for this piece. Women in the map trade were quite cognizant of the challenges of their gender and used a feminine discourse-that is, they played the feminine card-when it served their interests. All of these women, however, participated in the male discourse of the corporate community, which entailed not only making contracts and partnerships and advertising and producing new works but also making use of the social network within the trade, as well as exploiting the patronage connections cultivated by their husbands before them.

The Great Industrial War, a comprehensive assessment of how class has been interpreted by the media in American history, documents the rise and fall of a frightening concept: industrial war. Moving beyond the standard account of labor conflict as struggles between workers and management, Troy Rondinone asks why Americans viewed big strikes as "battles" in "irrepressible conflict" between the armies of capital and laborùa terrifying clash between workers, strikebreakers, police, and soldiers.Examining how the mainstream press along with the writings of a select group of influential reformers and politicians framed strike news, Rondinone argues that the Civil War, coming on the cusp of a revolution in industrial productivity, offered a gruesome, indelible model for national conflict. He follows the heated discourse on class war through the nineteenth century until its general dissipation in the mid-twentieth century. Incorporating labor history, cultural studies, linguistic anthropology, and sociology, The Great Industrial War explores the influence of historical experience on popular perceptions of social order and class conflict and provides a reinterpretation of the origins and meaning of the Taft-Hartley Act and the industrial relations regime it supported. copyright © 2010 by Troy Rondinone All rights reserved.

The volcanic Sulphur Springs, St. Lucia, present an extreme environment due to high temperatures, low pH values, and high concentrations of sulfate and boron. St. Lucia offers some unique geochemical characteristics that may shape the microbial communities within the Sulphur Springs area. We chose six pools representing a range of geochemical characteristics for detailed microbial community analyses. Chemical concentrations varied greatly between sites. Microbial diversity was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses. With the exception of one pool with relatively low concentrations of dissolved ions, microbial diversity was very low, with Aquificales sequences dominating bacterial communities at most pools. The archaeal component of all pools was almost exclusively Acidianus spp. and did not vary between sites with different chemical characteristics. In the pool with the highest boron and sulfate concentrations, only archaeal sequences were detected. Compared with other sulfur springs such as those at Yellowstone, the microbial diversity at St. Lucia is very different, but it is similar to that at the nearby Lesser Antilles island of Montserrat. While high elemental concentrations seem to be related to differences in bacterial diversity here, similarities with other Lesser Antilles sites suggest that there may be a biogeographical component as well. © 2009 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

Why the United States has failed to establish a comprehensive high-quality child care program is the question at the center of this book. Edward Zigler has been intimately involved in this issue since the 1970s, and here he presents a firsthand history of the policy making and politics surrounding this important debate. Good-quality child care supports cognitive, social, and emotional development, school readiness, and academic achievement. This book examines the history of child care policy since 1969, including the inside story of America's one great attempt to create a comprehensive system of child care, its failure, and the lack of subsequent progress. Identifying specific issues that persist today, Zigler and his coauthors conclude with an agenda designed to lead us successfully toward quality care for America's children. © 2009 by Yale University. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supramaximal sprint interval training (SIT), body weight reduction, and a combination of both treatments on peak and average anaerobic power to weight ratio (PPOan:Wt, APOan:Wt) by manipulating peak and average anaerobic power output (PPOan, APOan) and body weight (BW) in experienced cyclists. Participants (N = 34, age = 38.0 +/- 7.1 years) were assigned to 4 groups for a 10-week study. One group performed twice-weekly SIT sessions on a cycle ergometer while maintaining body weight (SIT). A second group did not perform SIT but intentionally reduced body weight (WR). A third group simultaneously performed SIT sessions and reduced body weight (SIT+WR). A control group cycled in their normal routine and maintained body weight (CON). The 30-second Wingate Test assessed pretest and posttest POan:Wt scores. There was a significant mean increase (p < 0.05) from pretest to posttest in PPOan:Wt and APOan:Wt (W x kg(-1)) scores in both SIT (10.82 +/- 1.71 to 11.92 +/- 1.77 and 8.05 +/- 0.64 to 8.77 +/- 0.64, respectively) and WR (10.33 +/- 2.91 to 11.29 +/- 2.80 and 7.04 +/- 1.45 to 7.62 +/- 1.24, respectively). PPOan and APOan (W) increased significantly only in SIT (753.7 +/- 121.0 to 834.3 +/- 150.1 and 561.3 +/- 62.5 to 612.7 +/- 69.0, respectively). Body weight (kg) decreased significantly in WR and SIT + WR (80.3 +/- 13.7 to 75.3 +/- 11.9 and 78.9 +/- 10.8 to 73.4 +/- 10.8, respectively). The results demonstrate that cyclists can use SIT sessions and body weight reduction as singular training interventions to effect significant increases in anaerobic power to weight ratio, which has been correlated to enhanced aerobic cycling performance. However, the treatments were not effective as combined interventions, as there was no significant change in either PPOan:Wt or APOan:Wt in SIT + WR.

As we are all well aware, health care expenditures in the United States are out of control and growing at epic proportions. Since private industry shoulders a significant burden of paying these rising health care costs, the huge and ever increasing sum paid by these corporations continues to impact the US economy translating into higher prices of services and manufactured goods and reduced job opportunities when companies outsource jobs or locate manufacturing facilities to avoid paying health care benefits for workers. As a result, health care expenditures have become a centerpiece of an enormous public policy debate as Congress is currently working on several versions of a bill to completely revise health care from the ground up. This research project was accomplished to examine the effectiveness of one approach to control rising health care costs and contain corporate financial responsibility--the establishment of wellness and health risk screening programs to improve the health of employees. Total health care cost per insured individual was gathered through an online survey directly from health care benefit administrators. The survey also asked information about wellness and health risk screening programs and the related responses were used to determine if there were a relationship between health care costs and health prevention programs. While statistical analysis was hampered in the current study because of the small sample size, some valid conclusions were reached. The study was successful in identifying a benchmark of Average Total Health Care Cost per Individual from $5,100 to $5,800 for 2005 through 2007. This is especially interesting in light of the fact that an average of $7,026 was spent on health care per person in 2006 in the United States. The study was also able to contribute an estimate of the increase realized in these expenditures of 6 percent in 2007 over 2006, and 4 percent in 2006 over 2005, which were in fact similar to the national average. The final contribution of the study is to suggest an explanation for the costs which appear to be holding their own in terms of the national average. While this cannot be statistically verified, it does seem that the active participation of these companies in wellness programs could be a factor. Wellness programs were very popular in this sample of companies as 82 percent of the respondents answered "YES" when asked if the company funds their own employee wellness program. This is an impressive number of companies that have recognized wellness programs as a potential means to reduce employee health care costs. In regards to specific programs, at least 50 percent of respondents answered that they have smoking cessation, employee fitness, counseling, health risk screening, and bio-metric screening programs. The existence of health screening variables show an impressive 73 percent of respondents do practice some sort of health care screening, 50 percent offer biometric screening while 18 percent have onsite clinics and 23 percent run annual employee fairs.

Many undergraduate baccalaureate nursing programs incorporate clinical emersion courses at the end of the program. Nursing capstone courses have become increasingly important in facilitating student transition into practice. However, little is known regarding the overall effectiveness of this teaching model for students, nursing programs, and clinical agencies. Previous studies revealed conflicting results about the benefits of a senior level precepted clinical experience. In this multi-method study, the authors examined student learning outcomes, perceptions, employment choice and retention following implementation of a new capstone nursing course. Results of this study indicated that a capstone course does not necessarily significantly improve scores on achievement exams or NCLEX RN first time pass rates. Nevertheless, qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes: integration, autonomy, confidence, authority, and advocacy consistent with a perceived enhanced competence in the nursing role. Data indicated that graduates often seek employment and remain at their capstone site or within their capstone specialty.

The literature shows that racially and economically segregated schools diminish educational outcomes for students in non white schools with impoverished peers (Frankenberg & Lee, 2002; Mayer, 2000). To reveal which children are apt to begin their education in high minority and poor schools, this study drew on nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Evidence documents variations in school racial and economic contexts according to children's race and social class backgrounds. Over half of Black and Hispanic first-graders attend segregated minority and poor schools while very few White first-graders do so. Additional analyses reveal that while social class is a useful predictor of educational segregation, it is less predictive for Black and Asian students than for White and Hispanic students.

By using new sources and a complementary historical and geo-analytical approach, this article Illustrates that the Natives Land Act (no. 27 of 1913) failed to stop Africans from buying land. New evidence demonstrates that African land ownership outside the reserves in the Transvaal actually increased after 1913. This evidence leads to a deeper questioning of the extent to which the South African government was able to impose rural territorial segregation by 1936 and reveals the limits of white power in the early Union period.

Maps always present an interpretation of reality and always carry distortions, some of which are consciously or unconsciously ideological. The geographicity of mapping, which involves an intertwining of both science and art, is a vehicle for spatialized/spatializing interpretations of an actual spatiality, and as such is a catalyst for enacting further spatial productions on the basis of the capacity of maps to project themselves “into the landscape.” The scientific pretensions of mapping serve to veil the character of their projective enactment. Maps always entail virtual embodiment, that is, maps realize one possibility out of many, even in the most mathematically “accurate” of spatial relations. Thus, if the imaginative involves both embodied schema and virtual embodiments, we cannot dismiss the role of the geography of imagination in a dialectical relation with the geography of perception, of the actual. The symbolic function of cartouches and frontispieces provides an imagineering context of constructing reality on the basis of the symbolization.

The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a cataclysmic event for the nation. During its violent course, the print media provided an interpretive frame that portrayed the strike in large measure as an immigrant-inspired attack on American laws and democratic customs. Often characterizing the strikers as “foreigners” in the thrall of anarchist ideologies and a tyrannous labor chieftain, journalists painted a stark picture indeed. Employing framing theory, Gramsci's notion of hegemony, and recent insights on the ethnic quality of nationalism, this essay argues that newspapers and other major print periodicals significantly contributed to the formation of nationalist attitudes at a time when many Americans were deeply worried over the direction in which the country was headed. © 2009, Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. All rights reserved.