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H-spaces are examined by studying left translations, actions and a homotopy version of left translations to be called homolations. If (F, m) is an H-space, the map s: F-→FF given by s(x) = Lx, i.e. s(x) is left translation by x, is a homomorphism if and only if m is associative. In general, s is an An-map if and only if (F, m) is an An+1 space. The action r: FF × F → F is given by r(φ, x) = φ(x). The map s respects the action only of left translations. In general, s respects the action of homolations up to higherorder homotopies. Each homolation generates a family of maps to be called a homolation family. Denoting the set of all homolation families by H∞(F), s: F -→ FF factors through F → H∞(F) and this latter map is a homotopy equivalence. © 1971 Pacific Journal of Mathematics.

The relationship between the development of public health programs and "social problems" is of increasing concern to students of social and cultural problems. Health is obviously related to the availability of good nutrition, essential in building resistance against contagious diseases that form the bulk of preventable health problems in underdeveloped countries. Good nutrition, in turn, is dependent upon availability of agricultural products, basic income to buy them, and education to utilize them properly. This article attempts to trace, briefly, some of the etiology of these interrelated problems in a country in which traditional values have not been distorted by a foreign-established colonial period, and which has experienced only superficial change in modern times. This makes it possible to view relationships more clearly than in other underdeveloped countries where they may exist in more complex forms. © 1970.

Following Mandelbrot's fractal theory, it was found that the fractal dimension could be obtained in medical images by the concept of fractional Brownian motion. An estimation concept for determination of the fractal dimension based upon the concept of fractional Brownian motion was discussed. Two applications were found: 1) classification; 2) edge enhancement and detection. For the purpose of classification, a normalized fractional Brownian motion feature vector was defined from this estimation concept. It represented the normalized average absolute intensity difference of pixel pairs on a surface at different scales. The feature vector used relatively few data items to represent the statistical characteristics of the medical image surface and was invariant to linear intensity transformation. Finally, by calculating normalized fractional Brownian motion feature vectors in five different ultrasonic image surfaces, it was found that the classification of normal and abnormal ultrasonic liver images could be obtained from the differences between their feature vectors. For edge enhancement and detection application, a transformed image was obtained by calculating the fractal dimension of each pixel over the whole medical image. The fractal dimension value of each pixel was obtained by calculating the fractal dimension of a 7 x 7 pixel block centered on this pixel. Preliminary results using projection radiographs suggest that the fractal based image transformation appears to hold promise as an edge enhancement and preprocessing algorithm that does not increase noise in the way that gradient operators do. © 1989 IEEE

Qualitative analysis is important because it is not subjective and does not have the potential for variation from one observer to another. A description is given of how statistical hypothesis testing can be used to select the quantitative descriptors best capable of distinguishing between normal and abnormal liver texture. Information is also presented on how both parametric and nonparametric discriminant analysis can be applied to determine how well the quantitative analysis compares with the qualitative diagnosis supplied for each case studied.

The tendency by geographers to cast Hartshorne as either hero or villain in modern American geography is clearly represented in this essay considering the Hartshorne-Schaefer controversy, a dispute of almost mythical proportions in the modern history of American geography. Through analysis of unpublished and published documents, the author provides us with a wealth of historical information concerning the relation between the two antagonists and the events surrounding the publication of their methodological statements. The reportage has an additional, illocutionary impact that derives from the introduction of historical specificities into the discussion of mythologized events. The description and evaluation of the events surrounding this episode in American geography, especially its portrayal of spatial analysts in the uncharacteristic role of loyal sentimentalists, will probably add fuel to the dying embers of this controversy. -from Editors

Prior exposure of isolated perifused rat islets to the monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) amplifies their subsequent insulin secretory response to 10 mM glucose. This potentiating effect of the monokine is dose dependent, lasts for at least 45 min after IL-1 removal from the medium, and is not confined to glucose; IL-1 also potentiates the insulin secretory responses to tolbutamide and glyceraldehyde. IL-1 exposure of islets incubated with myo-[2†3H]inositol to label their phosphoinositides (PI) results in an increase in [3H]inositol efflux, an event that persists long after removal of IL-1 from the medium. Direct measurements of labeled inositol phosphate accumulation substantiate the concept that this sustained [3H] inositol efflux response is the direct result of a sustained increase in PI hydrolysis. These results expand the list of compounds that induce time-dependent potentiation in islets to include IL-1. This action of the monokine, mediated at least in part by Pi-derived second messenger molecules, may contribute to its postulated effects on insulin and glucose homeostasis. © 1989 by The Endocrine Society.

While cooccurrence matrices have been shown to be helpful in quantitating image texture, the amount of data associated with them can rapidly become unmanageable because a separate cooccurrence matrix can be calculated for each displacement vector chosen. Here, a method for choosing the direction of the displacement vector that is based on the most dominant edge obtained from gradient analysis is discussed. Also, the anatomy of the liver is used to suggest the most important intersample spacing in constructing cooccurrence matrices for the evaluation of diffuse liver disease.

The fourth edition of this text has been thoroughly updated and includes expanded chapters on Antarctica and outer space as well as new chapters on the geography of elections and the geography of war and peace. A chapter is devoted to outlaws and merchants of death which covers piracy, drug trafficing, the arms trade, and terrorism. Other additions include coverage of international economic sanctions, transnational corporations, refugees, and pollution across international boundaries. -from Publisher

Pieter van Laer and his followers — the so-called Bamboccianti — have usually been interpreted as realists or near-realists who painted simple, unassuming scenes of everyday life in seventeenth-century Rome. The testimony of their earliest critics gives us reason to suspect, however, that the Bamboccianti were actually pursuing a contrived form of painting that expressed meaning through irony and paradox. This idea is tested by examining one theme treated frequently by the artists in question — limekilns in Roman settings. By witty allusion to both the destruction and persistence of antiquity, pictures of Roman limekilns lead the viewer to contemplate a paradox regarding the nature of greatness and eternity. © 1988, College Art Association of America, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spectral analysis of Doppler ultrasound has been known to yield valuable information to assess the state of circulation in the peripheral blood vessels. In the past, the raw Doppler data have been directly input into a dedicated spectrum analyzer or, more recently, transformed on a microcomputer with the fast Fourier technique. The fast Hartley technique is used to transform these data. The Hartley transform has the advantages of being a purely real-numbered transform, and therefore for real Doppler data, is not only more conceptually straightforward, but also requires less computer memory, is simpler to calculate, and is better suited to large-scale integration implementation. © 1988 IEEE

Recent developments in image digitization have made possible a more quantitative analysis of ultrasonic imagery of the liver, which could lead to a more sensitive method for changes in liver texture as an aid in the diagnosis of liver disease. The approach described is the statistical analysis of one-dimensional intensity (gray-level) histograms obtained from B-mode ultrasonic images. First-order statistical parameters are used to characterize the location, variability, skewness and kurtosis of the histograms. One typical normal study and one typical abnormal study are presented to shown the type of results that have been obtained.

A new type of RC op oscillator has been designed. For amplitude stabilization, diodes are added in the feedback of the linear circuit. A model has been developed for a nonlinear element, which affects the frequency of oscillation. The model can be used to design the oscillator for different frequencies and to calculate frequency and amplitude sensitivity with respect to the parameter of the system.