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Trigant Burrow and Robert Mearns Yerkes were two important behavioral scientists whose papers have recently been processed in Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Burrow was a pioneer American psychoanalyst and initiator of group analysis, while Yerkes was a prominent psychologist who is best known for his intelligence testing experiments in World War I and his studies of primate behavior. The paper discusses the lives and careers of both men; the research value of the two collections; the processing, arranging, and describing of the papers; and concludes with thoughts on access and the importance of finding aids to researchers and the institution that produces them. © 1986 by The Haworth Press, Inc.

This paper compares two approaches to the estimation of costs in dental care programs: a conventional approach and an approach based on theoretical expectations. The conventional approach typically uses a linear extrapolation of an average figure - e.g., cost per visit - over various program sizes and thus predicts constant costs. Constant costs are, however, theoretically implausible, and it should be anticipated that their use in program planning or analysis would generate biased estimates. This hypothesis is examined using annual costs and visits from a group of uniform clinics over a five-year period. Results show that costs calculated by the conventional method are underestimated at low volumes and increasingly overestimated at higher volumes. The findings, which illustrate how inefficiency can inadvertently be incorporated into program design, have implications for cost-effectiveness of dental care delivery in the public sector. © 1985, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

In 1901 Goode obtained his doctorate - only the second in the USA to break away from the geology/physiography tradition. As his career developed he increasingly specialized in cartography, developed coloured wall maps for Rand McNally, and an interrupted homolosine projection. His name has survived on a school atlas for over 60 years. There is a chronological bibliography and a summary of his life.-K.Clayton

A personal computer applications course has been developed. This course is a follow up to an introductory programming course for non-computer science majors. The primary objective of the course is to introduce the major personal computer applications areas: operating system use, word processing, spreadsheet programming, data base management, and communications. For each area, there will be a discussion of its use and related problems. Students will use a representative and a comparison will be made with other systems. The course will be taught using Apple IIe's or Commodore 64 computers. A course outline has been created and approved. The course will be offered for the first time in the Spring of 1984. Budget considerations, the practical difficulties involved with students using copyrighted software, and a desire to have students leave with software they can take with them, make it attractive to use public domain software when possible. Current research is directed towards finding and documenting public domain software for use in this course. Principal sources being investigated are the program libraries of personal computer users groups and educational cooperatives.

The ability to accurately perceive the acoustic correlate of glottal attack, phonatory onset rise-time rate, can be diagnostically critical for speech pathologists conducting voice function examinations. Signal onset duration may serve as a cue in these perceptions because an inverse relationship exists between onset duration and rise-time rate. Other acoustic information such as frequency, present during voice initiation, might also affect phonatory onset rise-time perceptions. This study was designed to determine if listeners can detect duration related rise-time rate differences in the presence of variable frequency. Listeners accurately detected rise-time rates associated with onset duration differences independent of the frequency variable. A significant duration effect was revealed with no frequency or variable interaction effects. All judgement means were significantly different from one another. It was determined that as stimulus onset duration decreased, onset rise-time rate was perceived to occur more rapidly.

A microcomputer/mini-floppy disk system is used by students in the laboratory portion of an introductory physics course for science majors. Its purposes are to store their experimental data, do data analyses, and exchange messages with the lab instructor. The system also provides computer-assisted instruction (CAI) simulations of certain lab experiments, and interfaces with measuring equipment in certain experiments. Each student has a personal diskette for data files and basic utility programs for an entire semester. The ease of disk data manipulation under program control is exploited in the following ways: (i) a wide variety of data reduction techniques are introduced that permit quantitative comparisons between experimental results and theoretical expectations; (ii) facile data reduction and analyses permit preliminary processing of experimental data during the course of the lab period, so that decisions can be made by students concerning the course of the remainder of the experiment; (iii) accumulated data from various experiments become a course database permitting subsequent analyses of old data adapted in several different logical ways (e.g., RC curcuit data first treated as energy storage, later as one of a number of exponential relationships); (iv) comprehensive course database formed by merging regarding the reliability of experiments. These considerations favor laboratory goals different from the demonstration and confirmation of given physical laws. Specifically they inculcate critical thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning. I discuss several very real problem areas that plagued this novice and compromised implementation. I compare these problems with the qualitative improvements in laboratory learning. © 1982, American Association of Physics Teachers. All rights reserved.

An electronic device capable of monitoring the rate at which voice intensity increases during voice onset provides an indicator of the abruptness of phonatory initiation. Two groups of 8 subjects were taught to reduce the abruptness of glottal attack. Group A used a seven step program employing the electronic monitor while Group B used the same seven step program but with a traditional approach to the reduction of abrupt glottal attack substituted for monitor use. Both groups used a self-instruct teaching paradigm. Subject recordings of pre and post program production of five voice onset moments were submitted to sonographic amplitude analysis and a time/intensity slope ratio was calculated for each. Further, the pre and post program recordings were judged for abruptness of glottal attack. Post program slope ratios and attack judgments were significantly different (p < 0.01) from pre program data for Group A only. These data suggest that electronic monitoring was effective in producing gradual phonatory initiation.

Pattern recognition techniques for cloud type and cloud amount classification were applied to digital infrared SMS-1 data. The cloud classification results were used in a numerical radiation model to determine solar radiation during Phase III of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. In order to assess the effects on radiation computations of cloud information derived from both satellite and ship data, cloud analyses based on both data sources were prepared for input into the numerical radiation model. -from Authors

This article describes a theoretical model of reading disability that integrates a wide range of research findings in cognitive psychology, reading, and education across the age and grade span. The model shows how reading disability relates to normal reading acquisition, and includes four possible patterns of reading disability: nonalphabetic readers, compensatory readers, nonautomatic readers, and readers delayed in the acquisition of word-recognition skills. We compare our model to the models of other investigators and argue that our model is especially useful to practitioners. Finally, we discuss some of the educational implications of the model.

Little research has been done to document the value of using nursing diagnosis in home care and the impact that increased acuity levels have had in diagnostic selection. Nursing diagnosis documentation in home care was examined to see whether it had a relation to select client and visit pattern variables. This retrospective chart audit, which piloted a newly developed instrument called the Home Care Audit Tool, utilized a sample of 199 closed records of a large midwestem Visiting Nurse Association. The mean age of the client population was 76 years, with 64% female. There were 269 initial nursing diagnoses cited in the sample records, averaging 1.75 diagnoses per case. The number of recorded visits increased when select nursing diagnoses were cited together in a single case. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

When establishing Nursing Ethics Committees (NECs), statewide nursing organizations play an important role in developing and disseminating resources. The Connecticut Nurses Association Ethics and Human Rights Committee surveyed 85 healthcare facilities to identify active NECs. Representatives facilitated other committees by providing guidelines and assistance to those agencies developing NECs — the ultimate goal. © 1994 by Springhouse Corporation.

To describe concurrent engineering, one must remember the old story of blind individuals attempting to characterize an elephant by feeling different body parts. The issue seems not to be just R&D cycle times, but the entire innovation cycle time process from conception of an idea ~ often in marketing not R&D -, to its final delivery to a customer - often through down-stream firms not under the R&D company's control. From the recency of many sources in the literature, this shift to a time orientation is itself rather recent. Two threads seem to have emerged: First, there is a need to address cycle-time reduction on existing products and services, both in manufacturing and administration, as an implementation management issue relating to the order-to-delivery cycle, in which engineering may be a limited associate. Also, necessary is the innovation management issue of reducing the cycle time from marketing concept to proquct introduction into the implementation process, which is the main thrust of concurrent engineering. In late 1991, a survey was conducted, first, to seek to establish a better working definition of cycle time within the two overall areas of current operations and new product development, and second, to determine the relationships between cycle time so defined and company size or profitability. The survey questionnaire was mailed to 99 medium-to-large high technology manufacturing companies in Connecticut, and yielded 48 responses, with 35 of them usable. The results confirmed the impression given by the literature that the concept was better established in current operations than in innovation management. While some do use the concept of cycle time in their new product development sub-cycles, most do not track time spent on either end of the cycle, from idea to design on the near end, or at the far end through shipment and subsequent service to the customer. Measures of size did not correlate with any of the development measures, while they did with some of the operations measures. Thus, while in concept, concurrent engineering appears to be a goal of multi-functional co-operation, a survey of the manner in which a limited number of firms actually operate seems still focused on functional specializations. © 1992 IEEE.

Meeting students’ learning needs in acute care settings is challenging. The authors discuss dual assignment in the pediatric setting with beginning nursing students. © 1992 Lippincott-Raven Publishers.