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This study investigates the state of school education for digital libraries. For this study, a web survey was conducted of syllabi of courses on the subject of digital libraries. Similarities and differences on such subjects as teaching emphases, course outlines, textbooks and assignments were compared. The majority of classes now contain a "hands-on" element, a practical component of the course that requires that the students interact with digital libraries. Those students who have received practical experience with digital libraries, like those provided in the "hands-on" courses, are best served for future practice in the field of librarianship. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003.
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Historians have generally agreed that the United States has always been an extremely violent nation; however, since the 1950s they have been myopic in their treatment of violence in America and have not provided the American people with essential information about their society and culture. Those historians who focused on violence in America, until the 1990s, have focused on only one form of violence—collective social violence. Largely overlooked, and equally significant, are interpersonal violence (including criminal and domestic violence) and the effect of war. This deficiency helps explain why Americans seem genuinely at a loss to understand the nature, character, and frequency of violence in America's past and present, especially when a high-profile violent incident occurs. This article surveys the historiography of violence in America through the 1990s and examines the contributions of historians and legal scholars who have focused on interpersonal and criminal violence. © 2003, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.
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Currency substitution represents a shift from domestic currency to foreign currency and is often related to times of high and variable inflation. In this paper, we investigate the extent of currency substitution in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico using a vector error correction (VEC) model. We empirically test this hypothesis by introducing artificial shocks to the system of equations and find that M1 response to a one standard deviation increase in that country's interest rate is negative and significant for Argentina and Brazil but not for Mexico. An artificially introduced one standard deviation increase in nominal exchange rate results in a statistically significant increase in M1 in Argentina and Brazil but again not for Mexico. Based on the patterns of the impulse response functions (IRFs) and the magnitude of the coefficients, we conclude that currency substitution occurs to a greater extent in Argentina and Brazil than Mexico. This is reflective of the implementation of relatively more credible macroeconomic policies in Mexico after the December 1994 crisis. Thus from a policymaking perspective, it is important to consider that the greater the degree of currency substitution, the more sensitive a country's monetary aggregates are to sudden movements in exchange rates, productivity and interest rates. (C) 2003 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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We present a genetic algorithm for heuristically solving a cost minimization problem applied to communication networks with threshold based discounting. The network model assumes that every two nodes can communicate and offers incentives to combine flow from different sources. Namely, there is a prescribed threshold on every link, and if the total flow on a link is greater than the threshold, the cost of this flow is discounted by a factor α. A heuristic algorithm based on genetic strategy is developed and applied to a benchmark set of problems. The results are compared with former branch and bound results using the CPLEX® solver. For larger data instances we were able to obtain improved solutions using less CPU time, confirming the effectiveness of our heuristic approach. Copyright© 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
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This article reviews a range of social communication interventions that have been developed for students with autism at the preschool, school age, and adolescent level. Adult-mediated and peer-mediated methods that use highly structured, child-centered, and hybrid methods are examined. Programs that provide information on generalization and maintenance are identified. A set of recommendations for programs that would seem to be most appropriate for students with Asperger syndrome is presented.
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The management of children with auditory processing disorders requires a multifaceted approach involving audiologists, speech-language pathologists, and educators. We are still at the genesis of our understanding of APDs.
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This paper examines the entry of the Big Six international accounting firms, into emerging foreign markets and explores marketing resource considerations once established in those markets. The study is based on survey data (supplied by the Big Six) regarding their penetration of the People's Republic of China, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Central Europe. The paper presents a marketing resource-based model based upon relevant research. The model focuses on firm specific resource capabilities interacting with the foreign business environment and the foreign intrafirm structure as a determinant of foreign market entry choice and eventual market expansion. The research findings broaden our understanding of factors that influence professional services firms' development of marketing resource strategies when expanding globally. While all firms surveyed offered a full range of services, their marketing resource strategy differed from domestic approaches because of various local constraints on marketing mix elements. © 2003 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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