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In this reflection, three social work colleagues discuss three different perspectives on one statement about racism. We detail our emotionally challenging conversations about racism, microaggressions, and the meaning of social justice in social work to build a different bond and sense of understanding. We delve into how we understand each other, our differing viewpoints on the murders of Black people in American society such as George Floyd, and our perspectives on social workers’ relationships to social justice, racism, and social change in the context of the 2020 turmoil.

Decolonizing Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Reader for an Anti-Oppressive Approach challenges the socialization of preservice social workers by examining the complex features of individuals, families, groups, and societies and how they present themselves within the context of the multiple and simultaneous influences on behavior, cognitions, and emotions.This text is divided into three distinct units. Unit I development at the individual level and the influences that shape human behavior, including adverse childhood experiences, identity development through social media, resilience, and chronic illness. Unit II focuses on interpersonal dynamics with articles that explore grief theories, the transgender experience, intergenerational trauma, privilege, and more. Unit III examines structural social systems such as institutional racism, religious-based prejudice, and structural violence.Written to help social work students and professionals begin the process of decolonizing their education and practice, Decolonizing Human Behavior in the Social Environment is an essential and timely reader for courses and programs in social work. It is also an exemplary resource for practitioners at all levels.

College graduates need to have specific leadership-related skills, behaviors, and traits when entering the workforce. Campus involvement is one way for students to develop such areas. Therefore, this qualitative study explored the self-reported leadership skills of first-generation college students who were actively participating in intramural sports. Twelve students from a 4-year public university in the Northeast were interviewed about the research-driven photographs they submitted depicting leadership skills they engaged in during intramural sports participation. Photograph captions and interviews were analyzed using Kouzes and Posner's (2014) leadership model. Findings revealed that students reported engaging in behaviors and actions aligned with the leadership practices described by Kouzes and Posner (2014). These findings can help inform the decisions campus recreation professionals make about the role leadership development plays in program offerings.

Background: Despite national and institutional policies, American colleges do not currently provide student-athletes with disabilities equal access to sports opportunities. Disabled youth who wish to pursue their academic and athletic dreams in college thus have prohibitively limited options, even with popular American sports such as basketball. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics and factors that may facilitate the development and perpetuation of collegiate wheelchair basketball programs in the United States. Methods: Five qualitative interviews were conducted with coaches and/or program administrators of established college wheelchair basketball programs. Interviews were coded and analyzed to explore common themes. Results: Thematic data analysis uncovered five common themes important to the development and maintenance of these programs: a) coach characteristics, b) actions to recognize and address equity, c) boosters, d) institutional barriers, and e) network effects. Conclusion: These common factors are important in the development, sustainability, and longevity of college wheelchair basketball programs and should be considered by those interested in starting similar programs. 

Play in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often atypical, yet consensus regarding effective occupational therapy strategies for improving play is not established. To examine the efficacy of strategies used in occupational therapy to improve play in ASD, authors completed a systematic review of papers from January 1980 through January 2019. Search terms included autism, Asperger’s, ASD, autistic in combination with play, playfulness, pretend, imagination, praxis, creativity, and generativity. Twenty papers met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Reviewed interventions included parent education, modified play materials or environments, imitation of the child, and modeling by an adult, a peer, or video. Moderate to strong support exists for the specific strategies of imitation of the child and modeling for the child, with lesser or mixed support for other strategies. Certain strategies commonly used in occupational therapy may be effective in improving the occupation of play in ASD.

This study assessed perspectives of NCAA D-II and D-III Athletics Directors (ADs) regarding the possible implementation of competitive e-Sports on college campuses. It examines if ADs view e-Sports as a legitimate sport in parallel with others that are traditionally offered by athletic departments, and their perspective regarding where on college campuses e-Sports should be housed. Results demonstrated that ADs view e-Sports differently than other sport programs (F = 13.439; p = .001), and this was key in determining where they thought e-Sports programs should be administered (F = 6.696; p = .013). However, some expressed a willingness to consider implementing e-Sports due to the opportunity it could present (F = 2.209; p = .021). These results suggest that an apparent conflict exists between ADs’ perceptions of e-Sports and of its potential as a growth opportunity. However, if colleges decide to implement e-Sports as an athletic program, consideration should be given to governance concerns, budgetary concerns, and the health and wellness of participants.

As the population of Aotearoa/New Zealand heads towards one-in-four being aged over 65-years-and-over by 2040, it is anticipated that family members will play an increasingly important role in caring for older relatives with chronic and age-related health issues. Multi-generational, and in particular three-generational living arrangements, combined with family care of older relatives are a growing trend; a trend already even evident among Māori communities. This paper reports on a study that explored the care experiences and expectations of 14 past and current Māori carers (aged 23 to 72-years) of older relatives. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded independently. The initial thematic analysis revealed nine themes and participants were invited to feedback on the summary in person or in writing. The feedback resulted in the original themes being collapsed into four (with subthemes): “Care is Normal”; “Collective Coordination of Care”; “Insider-Carer—Outsider Perspectives on Caring”; and “Societal Influences on Family Care/Carers”. Firstly, these themes highlight how Māori cultural norms infuse direct care, support, and coordination roles within family care of the older family member. Secondly, they reveal the challenges for family carers in talking about their work with others, especially (thirdly) in the face of negative attitudes towards care and carers of an older family member within wider society. These findings have implications for cultural and wider socio-political influences in socialising different groups to carer role expectations. If society is to better prepare future caregivers for their role, ongoing research is needed with the various cultural groups in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

1 2 1 1 2 1/15 Purpose: Inclusive recreation practices are one of the most recognized means of providing recreational sport opportunities for youth with disabilities. Municipal recreation departments are responsible for ensuring opportunities to partake in youth sport programs. This study evaluates the extent to which recreation departments are providing inclusive recreational sport opportunities to individuals with disabilities. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design mail survey to gather data from recreation directors across New England. The two dependent variables for this study are provision of inclusive services and perceived challenges to providing those services. The independent variables include director recreation/sport education, years as a director, and community size. Analysis included univariate, bivariate, and ANOVA for the quantitative data. Qualitative data were reviewed for commonalities. Results: There were 136 respondents for a response rate of 34.8%. Most (85%) directors noted their agency provided some inclusive recreation. Areas of success included accessible facilities and accommodations/modifications. Areas of needed improvement included staff training and providing transportation for individuals with disabilities. The only significant factor was years as a Director (F=4.315; p=0.016). The multiple comparison test found statistical significance between those with the fewest years of experience (x=22.14) and highest experience (x=19.57). The top challenges in providing inclusive recreational sport was additional expense, and the lack of training for the provision of these services. Conclusions: Without director support, inclusive recreation can be difficult to achieve. Director support, including making inclusion an agency priority, reflecting inclusion in the agency's mission, and hiring practices was imperative to facilitating an inclusive recreation environment and program. Financial concerns and need for staff training are the biggest obstacles to providing inclusive recreational sport programming. Applications in Sport: Training of recreation and youth sport staff members, including those that aspire to be directors, can have a great impact on opening opportunities for inclusive recreational sports. University academic recreation and sport management programs need to embed the principles and practices of inclusion into their curriculum. In-service training can be an important tool to increase inclusion offerings to the community, increasing the amount of staff members who can facilitate increased opportunities for inclusive recreational sport.

Book Reviews 125 All of the above and more are detailed by Claerbaut. He also covers Michigan State’s program as it went into decline in the late 1960s. Daugherty began to miss on the recruiting trail. At the same time, African American students and athletes on campuses across the nation more vocally joined the civil rights protest movement. It was a difficult period for Daugherty, who never sought credit for his progressive attitudes of providing black athletes equal opportunities. One of his responses was to break more barriers with black assistant coaches. Sherman Lewis, Daugherty’s first Underground Railroad All-American as a halfback from Louisville, Kentucky, joined the MSU staff in 1969. Raye was hired part time in 1971 and full time in 1972. Raye and Lewis went on to the National Football League as assistant coaches and offensive coordinators. A consequence of Daugherty doing what was right without seeking credit allowed myths surrounding a 1970 game matching USC and the University of Alabama to usurp his far more significant role. That is reason to link Daugherty with the words of David Maraniss, the Pulitzer Prizewinning biographer, who wrote, “History writes people out of the story. It’s our job to write them back in.” Thus, until that national trip-wire is no longer stepped over and subsequently triggered, the more the merrier to rightly place Daugherty’s story back into history. Tom Shanahan Author, Raye of Light Anna Clark. The Poisoned City: Flint's Water and the American Urban Tragedy. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2018. Pp. 305. Index. Notes. Cloth: $30.00. Journalist Anna Clark provides a gripping, thought-provoking, and comprehensive account of the people who caused, suffered from, and exposed the Flint water crisis. Clark’s brilliant story reminds us of the farreaching , devastating effects of lead exposure and that safe, high-quality drinking water is essential to good health. Clark meticulously details how corruption, recklessness, and arrogance of public officials, prejudice, and greed characterized the crisis in Flint. The Poisoned City is divided into three parts, each subdivided into several chapters. Part one reviews how water that blessed the indigenous Ojibwa people would eventually curse Flint residents. We learn how industrialization coincided with mistreatment and development of waterways. Vast, ferocious Lake Huron served as Flint’s freshwater 126 The Michigan Historical Review source for nearly 50 years. Amid financial distress, Flint switched to the Flint River water system in April 2014. The new water treatment program lacked corrosion control, breaking federal law. Adding to Flint’s woes were exorbitant water and sewer bills, an aging water infrastructure, and decreased federal funding. Clark also describes the federal government’s alarming apartheid approach to city building. Vicious, systematic tactics prolonged residential segregation and created multigenerational housing inequalities. Desegregation triggered a large-scale departure of whites. In 2014, General Motors (GM) workers noticed water-corroded engine parts. People wondered what it did to the inside of humans. Part two discusses the damaging health effects of and countless sources of exposure to lead. We meet longtime GM research director and leaded gasoline creator Charles Kettering. We gain insight into leaded gasoline’s profitability, Flint’s re-engineering to favor automobiles, fierce rebuttals to decries of lead hazards, ethical burdens of proving lead toxicity, the lead industry’s massive lobbying, and victim-blaming in response to residents’ concerns. Clark discusses loopholes in lead restriction policies, manipulation of lead testing, and a trend of childhood lead poisoning in shrinking cities. We learn how biochemist Marc Edwards, veteran journalist Curt Guyette, regulations manager Miguel Del Toral, pediatrician Mona Hanna-Attisha, and local residents rallied to spur a movement to urge governmental action. We also see effects of a very expansive law signed in 2011 that gave emergency managers unyielding power. Part three details the switch back to Detroit water in October 2015 and the flawed, hasty decision-making of untrustworthy leaders. Governor Rick Snyder declares a state of emergency in January 2016 and announces a two-year Legionnaire’s disease outbreak. Declaration of a federal emergency in Flint follows. A myriad of lawsuits, rebuttals, indictments, and pushbacks ensues. Apologies are offered, promises are made, and secrecy and injustices proliferate. Sadly, accountability...