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This paper estimates the demand for money (M2) in Ghana for the period 1960 to 1996. The hypothesis is that the different macroeconomic adjustment policies (privatization, removal of foreign exchange controls etc.) which began in the mid 1980s would alter the demand for money function. The results of the study clearly show a structural break in the demand for money function in 1983.
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The author developed a simple computer program for the in-class simulation of the repeated prisoner's dilemma game with student-designed strategies. He describes the basic features of the software and presents two examples for the use of the program in teaching the problems of cooperation among profit-maximizing agents.
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This paper develops a model of exchange rate determination in partially liberalized post-socialist economy that operates under soft budget constraints in nontradable sectors. The model captures the factors that determine the evolution of a country's external balance during the initial phase of economic liberalization. Three types of disturbances are the center of analysis: liberalization of trade and foreign exchange regime, devaluation, and price liberalization. We show that the real exchange rate appreciation may either improve or worsen the trade balance depending on the sources of this appreciation. Thus, we argue that the real exchange rate cannot reflect true country's competitiveness unless all sectors are equally exposed to hard budget constraints. The model implications are further analyzed through the empirical evidence on the relationship between the real exchange rate and trade balance in three selected East European countries.
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In 1993, during the removal of a diesel and a gasoline underground storage tank at the municipal garage of the Village of Kohler, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, soil testing revealed environmental contamination at the site. A site investigation revealed the possibility of a second on-site source of petroleum contamination. Limited historical data and the present usage of structures within the suspected source area precluded the use of most invasive sampling methods and most geophysical techniques. A fluxgate magnetometer survey, followed by confirmatory excavation, was conducted at the site. The fluxgate magnetometer survey identified nine possible magnetic anomalies within the 18 × 25 m area. The subsequent excavation near the anomalies revealed the presence of five paired and two individual 2000 L underground storage tanks. The fluxgate magnetometer survey, although affected by the proximity of buildings, was able to detect the buried tanks within 3 m of the brick structures, using a 1.5 × 1.5 m sampling array.
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Children in today's society face many stresses from a variety of sources that have a major impact on thier psychosocial adjustment and academic performance in school. These stressful events and thier consequences on the quality of life and academic success are particularly significant among low-income and ethnic minority students in American society. Many schools have adopted strategies to help students who are impacted by stressful life events to deal affectively with their problems in an attempt to reduce school failure and school dropout rates among these students. Most notable among these strategies are school-based mental health programs including the establishment of school-based mental health teams which seek to proactively address individual student concerns while improving the general climate of schools. The evidence seems to support the claim that these school-based services have a positive impact on students' social and emotional well-being as well as on their academic achievements. However, with more careful monitoring and much more consistent support from administrators and policy makers, these school-based approaches can more fully realize their potential to enhance the quality of life and to positively impact the future of many poor and ethnic minority students.
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We have isolated a 1.6 kb clone from a cDNA library made from the olfactory rosettes of th Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The clone contains a 1200 bp, open reading frame (name OSC) which codes for a protein with 400 amino-acid residues (Oscp). The mRNA corresponding to OSC is strongly expressed in the olfactory rosettes and weakly expressed in gills but is expressed in only these two tissues. This suggests that Oscp may have a specific and important role in olfaction. The sequence of Oscp suggests that it is not globular. Predictions show only a small fraction of alpha-helix. Oscp is hydrophilic but with the number of positively charged residues equal to the number of negatively charged residues. No closely similar protein can be found on the basis of homology searches or hydrophobicity comparisons. However, a 44 residue segment (G300 through K343) is significantly homologous to a segment of alpha-lactalbumin (G51 through K94). The similarities include the 19 residues of the "alpha-lactalbumin-lysozyme C signature," the ten residues of the Ca2+ binding elbow and the four cysteine residues which provide two key disulfide links in alphalactalbumin and lysozyme C. Two more Cys residues are also very similarly placed. We conclude that the gene OSC codes for a unique protein which most likely contains a specific site for binding Ca2+ and plays a unique role in the signal pathway of olfaction in salmon.
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Larval stages have been associated for all of the known species of Eurylophella in eastern North America except for E. coxalis. The larva of E. coxalis is described herein from a reared series of specimens. Adults are redescribed and eggs are described for the 1st time, as are notes on larval habitat and behavior. Association of E. coxalis completes our knowledge of the life stages of a presumed different species, Dentatella bartoni, which was previously known only from the larval stage. This larva is now determined to be the larval stage of E. coxalis. Further, characters used to diagnose Dentatella danutae have shown that this taxon is not different from what has been called D. bartoni. Thus, Dentatella bartoni (Allen) and D. danutae McCafferty are now placed as subjective junior synonyms of E. coxalis. A conservative criterion requiring that apomorphic characters be discernable in both larval and adult life stages is proposed for recognizing mayfly genera when knowledge of life stages and/or the phylogenetic nature of diagnostic characters is incomplete. Field and laboratory observations of live E. coxalis larvae show this species to be associated with cold, swift, alkaline streams containing coarse inorganic substrates with well-developed periphyton.
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