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Three studies draw from evolutionary theory to assess whether sleepiness increases interpretive biases in workplace social judgments. Study 1 established a relationship between sleepiness and interpretive bias using ambiguous interpersonal scenarios from a measure commonly used in personnel selection (N = 148). Study 2 explored the boundary conditions of the sleepiness–interpretive bias link via an experimental online field survey of U.S. adults (N = 433). Sleepiness increased interpretive bias when social threats were clearly present (unfair workplace) but did not affect bias in the absence of threat (fair workplace). Study 3 replicated and extended findings from the previous two studies using objective measures of sleep loss and a quasi-experimental manipulation of minor sleep loss (N = 175). Negative affect, ego depletion, or personality variables did not influence the observed relationships. Overall, results suggest that a self-protection/evolutionary perspective best explains the effects of sleepiness on workplace interpretive biases. These studies advance the current research on sleep in organizations by adding a cognitive “threat interpretation” bias approach to past work examining the emotional reaction/behavioral side of sleep disruption. Interpretive biases due to sleepiness may have significant implications for employee health and counterproductive behavior. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sleep loss and daytime sleepiness are common experiences for employees across many occupations. Although researchers commonly focus on the detrimental effects of sleep issues for attention and vigilance during task performance, we review research that examines how sleep issues influence interpretations of, and interactions in, the work environment. This review begins by differentiating between sleep loss and sleepiness. We then highlight how sleep issues can negatively bias the interpretation of environmental information and result in aggressive responding. We also examine how sleep issues impair self-regulatory ability and contribute to workplace deviance. After each section, we discuss the implications of these findings for the work environment. A closer examination of sleep’s influence on workplace interactions can spur a beneficial discussion for researchers across a variety of disciplines and employees across all organizational levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The present article is a review of the American Political Development literature dealing with the issue of national administrative politics and development in late nineteenth century American history. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which historical institutionalists discount the importance of elite republican ideology as an explanation of national administrative growth. Attention is also paid to the ways in which sociological institutionalists view republicanism as a viable ideological alternative only for far flung and marginalized social interest groups. The article argues for studying the ideology also in terms of its elitist tradition and the tradition’s application to national administrative politics and development in the American context, emphasizing categories of hierarchy, deference and paternalism. As a review of seminal works related to the research program of American Political Development, this article is of particular use to those studying American development at the turn of the twentieth century.

This work examines expressions of personal hostility and animosity toward presidents―even beloved ones―throughout American history and their impact on policymaking, politics, and culture.People involved or simply interested in politics often ask whether today's political environment is more toxic than ever before. Hatred of America's Presidents: Personal Attacks on the White House from Washington to Trump presents an impartial and authoritative history of invective toward the White House so readers can determine the answer for themselves.The book focuses on the most representative and commonplace attacks of a vitriolic and personal nature, detailing who instigated and trafficked in the attacks and how presidents, administrations, and political parties defended themselves. It also illustrates how honest disagreements about policy―such as FDR's New Deal, Ronald Reagan's Central America policies, George W. Bush's invasion of Iraq, and Barack Obama's Affordable Care Act―fueled expressions of hatred and condemnation. Finally, the book includes perspectives from both the right and the left on the legitimacy of these attacks and the victims' defenses as well as their impact on American politics and policy.

This work examines expressions of personal hostility and animosity toward presidents―even beloved ones―throughout American history and their impact on policymaking, politics, and culture.People involved or simply interested in politics often ask whether today's political environment is more toxic than ever before. Hatred of America's Presidents: Personal Attacks on the White House from Washington to Trump presents an impartial and authoritative history of invective toward the White House so readers can determine the answer for themselves.The book focuses on the most representative and commonplace attacks of a vitriolic and personal nature, detailing who instigated and trafficked in the attacks and how presidents, administrations, and political parties defended themselves. It also illustrates how honest disagreements about policy―such as FDR's New Deal, Ronald Reagan's Central America policies, George W. Bush's invasion of Iraq, and Barack Obama's Affordable Care Act―fueled expressions of hatred and condemnation. Finally, the book includes perspectives from both the right and the left on the legitimacy of these attacks and the victims' defenses as well as their impact on American politics and policy.

The most up-to-date reference of its kind, Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Third Edition is the definitive guide to the role of the president from the American Revolution through the present day.

The most up-to-date reference of its kind, Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Third Edition is the definitive guide to the role of the president from the American Revolution through the present day.

The most up-to-date reference of its kind, Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Third Edition is the definitive guide to the role of the president from the American Revolution through the present day.

The most up-to-date reference of its kind, Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Third Edition is the definitive guide to the role of the president from the American Revolution through the present day.

Are U.S. ambassadors qualified to lead America’s diplomatic missions abroad? This age-old question—often raised but seldom seriously considered by diplomacy scholars— is the focus of this study, which examined the professional credentials of American ambassadors appointed by former U.S. President George W. Bush. The article explores the relationship between the professional status of U.S. ambassadors and the power status and economic importance of host countries. The results showed that preferred destinations for amateur ambassadors were mostly Western European countries and countries with which the United States has large economic exchanges. Professional ambassadors were mostly appointed to African and Asian countries and to countries that have lower trade with the United States. The vast majority of semiprofessional diplomats were appointed to the most powerful countries.

This edited volume features academic experts using leading policy frameworks to analyze the prominent U.S. public policy issues of the twenty-first century. Readers will learn about the similariti...

A precise measurement of the proton flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1 GV to 1.8 TV is presented based on 300 million events. Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the proton flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. We present the detailed variation with rigidity of the flux spectral index for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at high rigidities.

We report a new measurement of the midrapidity inclusive jet longitudinal double-spin asymmetry, 𝐴𝐿⁢𝐿, in polarized 𝑝⁢𝑝 collisions at center-of-mass energy √𝑠=200 GeV. The STAR data place stringent constraints on polarized parton distribution functions extracted at next-to-leading order from global analyses of inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS), semi-inclusive DIS, and RHIC 𝑝⁢𝑝 data. The measured asymmetries provide evidence at the 3⁢𝜎 level for positive gluon polarization in the Bjorken-𝑥 region 𝑥>0.05.

We present results of analyses of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at √𝑠𝑁𝑁=7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV measured in the STAR detector as part of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Beam Energy Scan program. The extracted correlation lengths (Hanbury-Brown–Twiss radii) are studied as a function of beam energy, azimuthal angle relative to the reaction plane, centrality, and transverse mass (𝑚𝑇) of the particles. The azimuthal analysis allows extraction of the eccentricity of the entire fireball at kinetic freeze-out. The energy dependence of this observable is expected to be sensitive to changes in the equation of state. A new global fit method is studied as an alternate method to directly measure the parameters in the azimuthal analysis. The eccentricity shows a monotonic decrease with beam energy that is qualitatively consistent with the trend from all model predictions and quantitatively consistent with a hadronic transport model.

Knowledge of the precise rigidity dependence of the helium flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. A precise measurement of the helium flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1.9 GV to 3 TV based on 50 million events is presented and compared to the proton flux. The detailed variation with rigidity of the helium flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at rigidities larger than 100 GV. The rigidity dependence of the helium flux spectral index is similar to that of the proton spectral index though the magnitudes are different. Remarkably, the spectral index of the proton to helium flux ratio increases with rigidity up to 45 GV and then becomes constant; the flux ratio above 45 GV is well described by a single power law.

A precision measurement by AMS of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in primary cosmic rays in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV is presented based on 3.49×1⁢05 antiproton events and 2.42×1⁢09 proton events. The fluxes and flux ratios of charged elementary particles in cosmic rays are also presented. In the absolute rigidity range ∼60 to ∼500 GV, the antiproton ¯𝑝, proton 𝑝, and positron 𝑒+ fluxes are found to have nearly identical rigidity dependence and the electron 𝑒− flux exhibits a different rigidity dependence. Below 60 GV, the (¯𝑝/𝑝), (¯𝑝/𝑒+), and (𝑝/𝑒+) flux ratios each reaches a maximum. From ∼60 to ∼500 GV, the (¯𝑝/𝑝), (¯𝑝/𝑒+), and (𝑝/𝑒+) flux ratios show no rigidity dependence. These are new observations of the properties of elementary particles in the cosmos.

Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law 𝑅Δ with index Δ=−0.333±0.014⁢(fit)±0.005⁢(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=−1/3 asymptotically.

Abstract Despite the prominent argument for equal educational opportunity for women in Republic V, commentators frequently question Plato’s sincerity, the quality of the case made, or its significance. Undermining confidence in Plato’s advocacy of female equality are derogatory remarks about women in this and other dialogues. Since we take Plato to be sincere in the argument in Republic V, we reconcile his conclusions there about the equal educational opportunity for women with these seemingly problematic remarks by suggesting that the remarks reflect the interlocutors involved in the dialogue and conventional Athenian prejudices of that time rather than ideas that Plato held to be true. We take seriously the observation of Levin 1996, 14, “in none of those passages in which Plato makes derogatory remarks about women does he use phusis to explain why they behave in the ways of which he is critical.” Hence Plato never suggested that women were by nature limited to the position they occupied socially and politically in 5th or 4th century Athens; he understood the difference between the way they were by convention and the way that they could be, in accordance with their nature, were they to develop their natural capacities through education. We examine carefully Plato’s argument for the equal nature of women in Republic V to defend its viability. The provocation is our not finding in the extensive secondary literature a really detailed treatment of the actual argument and appreciation that it is intended as a sound philosophical argument. We then turn to the devolution schemes in Timaeus 41e–44d and 86b–92c, which again touch on the nature of women and appear to counter the position we attribute to Plato, to show that they are really supportive of our account. Both the Republic and Timaeus limit the natural differences between males and females to body-type. Therefore, even relative physical weakness of women’s bodies does not much problematize for Plato that their natural abilities are equal to those of men, where nature in these contexts means suitability to perform certain functions.