Your search

For more than a decade, since the US Supreme Court ruled in Citizen’s United (2010), individuals and groups interested in the outcome of elections have increasingly donated to outside groups that avoid the restrictions imposed on candidates and traditional political action committees (PACs). As a result, total election spending more than doubled in the first five years and has continued to increase since then. Although American political advocacy groups refrain from formal electioneering, much of the increase in spending since Citizen’s United has been directed toward election campaigns under the guise of issue-advocacy ads. This raises the question of whether voters perceive a difference between candidate-sponsored ads and campaign-focused issue-advocacy ads. Unexamined is the impact that advertising by outside groups has on voters and whether voters are even aware of the sponsors of the ads they view. This study addresses whether voters can differentiate between ads sponsored by candidates or outside groups. Using an experimental design, we find that viewers cannot determine the sponsor of campaign ads, despite federal requirements for sponsor disclaimers. © 2024 Common Ground Research Networks. All rights reserved.

An important reason for the success of the Venetian Paolo Sarpi’s ideas in England is found in the ‘Englishing’ of his printed works, that is, their adaptation and appropriation by printers and translators. During the Venetian interdict (c. 1606–1608), Sarpi’s tracts were treated as timely, informative, and politically useful news. Englishing consisted of re-writing titles by adding bombastic phrases, changing printers’ ornaments, and adding marginalia to help readers unfamiliar with Italy. In the History of the Council of Trent, published in 1619 (Italian) and 1620 (English), the Englishing became more substantive – adding lengthy prefaces, inserting words into Sarpi’s text, and including the translator’s name. The prefaces framed the book’s contents, while the translator’s name provided authority. The additional words made the English History even more partisan than the Italian Historia. Publishers and translators modified Sarpi’s works to produce aggressive readings that diverged from his own political and religious goals.

The 30 yr orbit of the Cepheid Polaris has been followed with observations by the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array from 2016 through 2021. An additional measurement has been made with speckle interferometry at the Apache Point Observatory. Detection of the companion is complicated by its comparative faintness—an extreme flux ratio. Angular diameter measurements appear to show some variation with pulsation phase. Astrometric positions of the companion were measured with a custom grid-based model-fitting procedure and confirmed with the CANDID software. These positions were combined with the extensive radial velocities (RVs) discussed by Torres to fit an orbit. Because of the imbalance of the sizes of the astrometry and RV data sets, several methods of weighting are discussed. The resulting mass of the Cepheid is 5.13 ± 0.28 M ⊙. Because of the comparatively large eccentricity of the orbit (0.63), the mass derived is sensitive to the value found for the eccentricity. The mass combined with the distance shows that the Cepheid is more luminous than predicted for this mass from evolutionary tracks. The identification of surface spots is discussed. This would give credence to the identification of a radial velocity variation with a period of approximately 120 days as a rotation period. Polaris has some unusual properties (rapid period change, a phase jump, variable amplitude, and unusual polarization). However, a pulsation scenario involving pulsation mode, orbital periastron passage, and low pulsation amplitude can explain these characteristics within the framework of pulsation seen in Cepheids.

Faculty of color are constantly experiencing trauma and racial inequities in inherently Eurocentric educational spaces where their histories, knowledge, and experiences are delegitimized and marginalized. Employing critical race feminism (CRF) and White racial identity development model, this article details ways in which two Chinese international women instructors grappled with tensions and trauma and celebrated (small) joys and successes within Predominantly White Institutions (PWI) in the United States. We drew on duoethnography, a dialogic methodological approach grounded in social justice, to make meaning of, (re)construct, and advance racial equity in pedagogy. We examined and analyzed four sources of data: our personal narratives, transcripts of eight Zoom meetings, reflection journals, and informal conversational exchanges. We identified three strategies for navigating dissonance and conflicts: 1) being vulnerable, 2) recognizing shared and differing marginalization or privileges, and 3) building allies intentionally and strategically. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Food insecurity is a detriment to the health and academic success of college students nationwide, increasing the need for innovative interventions. This cross-sectional study administered an online survey to 140 students attending a Northeastern public university to understand student interest in a student-sustained grocery program. The majority of students (53.6%) were food insecure (FI), measured with the USDA 6-item survey, as well as upperclassmen. Results identified that FI students may be most interested in a food pickup program that provides them with cooking classes, snack foods, and ingredients for 2–6 meals at a cost between $24.50 and $26.90 per week. © 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between product market competition and audit fees by using firm-level product market competition measures and mitigating the endogeneity issues. Design/methodology/approach This study uses 12,136 US firms from 2004 and 2019. To ensure the robustness of the main findings, this study uses three firm-level product market competition measures and import trade tariff rate reductions of the USA as a quasi-natural experiment. This study also performs three cross-sectional tests and validation tests. Findings This study demonstrates that there is a negative relation between product market competition and audit fees and establishes a causal relation. Moreover, it reveals that the findings become more pronounced when auditors possess industry-specific expertise, when client firms are younger, and when operating within more homogeneous industries. Additionally, a validation analysis supports the findings. Practical implications This study offers significant insights for regulators by highlighting how product market competition plays a constructive role in overseeing firm management. Originality/value The authors contribute to the existing literature by showing that there is a negative association between product market competition and audit fees after controlling external monitoring mechanisms. The authors also find the causal relation. These findings indicate that competitive pressures originating from product markets exert a significant influence on disciplining a client firm’s management.

How physical education teachers approach standards-based assessment of the new National Physical Education Standards is yet to be determined. But the use of technology for assessments may be one way to support and empower students in the education process toward physical literacy. This article focuses on the ways in which educators have adopted a particular technology, called Plickers, and how its use as an assessment tool can move physical education teachers’ practice forward. © 2024 SHAPE America.

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged lives globally in unprecedented ways. While numerous studies have discussed the impact of this pandemic on human lives, this descriptive study examined how this pandemic affected personal well-being (PW) for members of Indian higher education in the early phase of the pandemic in 2020 when there were no vaccines and remedies available. Research participants (n = 551) were faculty members, graduate students, and non-teaching staff in Indian higher education. At the time of data collection, when all campuses were closed, all participants were functioning in their roles in the academic communities via virtual platforms. This descriptive study, based on a mixed-methods research design with concurrent triangulation strategies, collected data from all regions of India. Resulting data identified and discussed the impact of the pandemic on six domains of PW in the life of participants: (a) self-care; (b) professional growth; (c) quality of interrelationship within the family; (d) relationships with significant others outside of the family; (e) process of experiencing/facing and addressing challenges; and, (f) relationship with spirituality/transcendental dimensions. The relevance of the last domain may be unique to Indian participants’ socio-cultural context and ethos. The findings and discussion explain how PW is a composite of all these six domains, and the pandemic expanded the notion of PW for the members of Indian higher education. Further, the findings also provided a general orientation on how educational leadership teams and institutions can enhance at least three specific dimensions of their community members and thus increase the likelihood of improving the quality of their professional and personal life. The findings may also have relevance for academic communities worldwide and inform clinicians working with members of academic communities, educational institutions, and policymakers. © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2024.

Measurements of exclusive J/ψ, ψ(2s), and electron-positron (e+e-) pair photoproduction in Au+Au ultraperipheral collisions are reported by the STAR experiment at sNN=200GeV. We report several first measurements at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, which are (i) J/ψ photoproduction with large momentum transfer up to 2.2(GeV/c)2, (ii) coherent J/ψ photoproduction associated with neutron emissions from nuclear breakup, (iii) the rapidity dependence of incoherent J/ψ photoproduction, (iv) the ψ(2s) photoproduction cross section at midrapidity, and (v) e+e- pair photoproduction up to high invariant mass of 6GeV/c2. For measurement (ii), the coherent J/ψ total cross section of γ+Au→J/ψ+Au as a function of the center-of-mass energy WγN has been obtained without photon energy ambiguities. The data are quantitatively compared with the Monte Carlo models STARlight, Sartre, BeAGLE, and theoretical calculations of gluon saturation with color glass condensate, nuclear shadowing with leading twist approximation, quantum electrodynamics, and the next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD. At the photon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 25.0 GeV, the coherent and incoherent J/ψ cross sections of Au nuclei are found to be 71%±10% and 36%±7%, respectively, of that of free protons. These data provide an important experimental constraint for nuclear parton distribution functions and a unique opportunity to advance the understanding of the nuclear modification effect at the top RHIC energy. © 2024 American Physical Society.

Purpose: This research used a temporal approach to operationalize employee engagement, capturing subjective/objective time of the day and day of the week to analyze the dynamic patterns of employees’ daily/weekly well-being, basic needs satisfaction, and situational work motivation under the integrated framework of self-determination theory. Design/methodology/approach: Multi-level data was collected using the survey structure outlined under the day reconstruction methodology (DRM) with samples of Canadian part-time working undergraduate students and full-time US corporate employees (1980 work episodes reported by 321 participants). Findings: Multi-level confirmatory factorial analysis results supported the measurement invariance for within-person variables in all the working episodes across the US and Canada samples. Structural equation modeling path analysis results, using the within-person variables, captured the daily temporal patterns that employees’ well-being (vitality and positive affect), basic psychological needs (autonomy and relatedness), and situational autonomous motivation started at a high level and decreased with both subjective and objective time of the day. Negative affect showed asymmetric daily and weekly temporal patterns compared to positive affect. A few indirect paths were found, including one from the subjective time of the day to employee well-being (vitality and affect) via situational autonomous motivation and another one from the day of the week to vitality and positive affect via relatedness needs satisfaction and situational autonomous motivation. Research limitations/implications: The socio-cultural and business impacts of work scheduling practices and implications for theory-driven, evidence-based organizational development practices were discussed together with the research limitations. Practical implications: Results on how the variations in self-regulation during the performance of different work tasks in a single work event help practitioners to connect repeated situational motivational change patterns to effective supervision. HR business partner can also utilize such findings to shape evidence-based practice to improve employee engagement. Originality/value: This research is one of the few pioneer studies to look into how temporal factors, such as work scheduling, affect employees' well-being through the dynamic understanding of the mediated path model from time to employee well-being via psychological engagement conditions such as motivation and needs satisfaction. © 2024, Emerald Publishing Limited.

While students of color’s experiences of academic bullying from their advisors have been documented in the literature (e.g., Moss & Mahmoudi, 2021), little is known regarding the role that race plays in the normalization and perpetuation of academic bullying within higher education. Utilizing Asian critical theory (AsianCrit) as both the theoretical and analytical lens, this phenomenological study centers five STEM Asian international doctoral students’ experiences of academic bullying through semi-structured interviews. It is found that racialized academic bullying is operationalized by a) legitimizing exploitation through racializing discourses; b) maintaining White supremacy across transnational contexts; and c) intersecting systems of oppression. Implications and recommendations are offered as to what stakeholders can do collectively to address racialized academic bullying towards minoritized students and to combat systemic inequities and oppression.

Parents and caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are faced with unique challenges and stressors from the early stages of their children’s development, through subsequent diagnosis, navigating the educational and therapeutic landscapes, and into adulthood. Whether their child requires Level 1, 2, or 3 supports according to their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis, parents will be faced with many different types of stressors. Given their experiences and knowledge of their children, they can offer valuable insights to educators and service providers that inform interventions and lead to optimal outcomes for individuals with ASD. This chapter explores the common challenges encountered by parents and caregivers and offers suggestions for ways that professional educators can best engage with them so as to establish optimal supports for individuals with autism. © 2024 Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

This chapter addresses the definition of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A distinction is made between a clinical (medical) definition of ASD as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and an educational eligibility classification of autism found in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA). The increase of prevalence of ASD is discussed with an opportunity to ponder the reason for this phenomenon. Several theories of causation of ASD are presented, offering an opportunity for thoughtful consideration of these theories found in current literature. General characteristics of ASD are described in the three domains of social interaction, communication, and behavior and are further illustrated by specific behaviors commonly seen in today’s classrooms. Characteristics focus not only on the variety of challenges individuals on the spectrum face but also the strengths many individuals with ASD bring to the classroom and community at large. Finally, a discussion of the future for individuals on the spectrum is emphasized through the wide range of possible outcomes for these individuals. Future opportunities seem to be improving for this population, although there remains a dearth of research on outcomes for adults with ASD. © 2024 Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

This chapter introduces the evolution of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. Beginning with the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria and ending with the current fifth edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria, readers will gain an in-depth perspective on changes in ASD diagnostic criteria over time and changes in classification of the disorder. Readers will be provided with an in-depth understanding of the current DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, as well as clinical specifiers and identification of level of support. Discussion is presented on some of the concerns and controversy surrounding the latest diagnostic changes and how those may impact school or support services. © 2024 Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Understanding behavior is paramount to educating and supporting individuals on the autism spectrum. This chapter provides an overview of applied behavior analysis including dispelling common misconceptions of the science, the ethics of behavior change, the process of completing a functional behavior assessment, including discussion on positive and negative reinforcement and the four functions of behavior, and using information gathered in a functional behavior assessment to plan supports for students. The chapter ends with an introduction to the evidence-based practice of antecedent-based interventions. © 2024 Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

This chapter briefly explores the history and development of teaming in education. The three most common models of educational teaming are defined and discussed in detail. The primary focus of the chapter is on the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act-mandated multidisciplinary team and how it can be transformed into a transdisciplinary teaming model in a school setting that serves individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This transdisciplinary teaming model is student centric and stresses the importance of considering the whole child, specifically as it relates to the team’s systematic communication, goal sharing, knowledge of objectives and agenda items, and the need for ongoing clarification of knowledge among the team. The emphasis is on shared knowledge that leads to greater success of the team in meeting the needs of the student under discussion. This transdisciplinary teaming model also serves as a means to troubleshoot student challenges through a group problem-solving process. The six elements in the development of a transdisciplinary teaming model are discussed in detail. © 2024 Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.