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Male–male competition is a well-known driver of reproductive success and sexually selected traits in many species. However, in some species, males work together to court females or defend territories against male competitors. Dominant (nesting) males sire most offspring, but subordinate (satellite) males are better able to obtain fertilizations relative to unpartnered males. Because satellites only gain reproductive success by sneaking, there has been much interest in identifying the mechanisms enforcing satellite cooperation (defense) and reducing satellite sneaking. One such potential mechanism is outside competition: unpartnered satellites can destabilize established male partnerships and may force partnered satellites to restrain from cheating to prevent the dominant male from replacing them with an unpartnered satellite. Here, we manipulated perceived competition in the Mediterranean fish Symphodus ocellatus by presenting an “intruding” satellite male to established nesting and satellite male pairs. Focal satellite aggression to the intruder was higher when focal satellites were less cooperative, suggesting that satellites increase aggression to outside competitors when their social position is less stable. In contrast, nesting male aggression to the intruder satellite increased as spawning activity increased, suggesting that nesting males increase their defense toward outside competitors when their current relationship is productive. We found no evidence of altered spawning activity or nesting/satellite male interactions before and after the presentation. These results collectively suggest that response to outside competition is directly linked to behavioral dynamics between unrelated male partners and may be linked to conflict and cooperation in ways that are similar to group-living species.
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Little Crocodile, Little Monkey, and all their friends may not like to try new foods or know what to do …
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Little Crocodile, Little Monkey, and all their friends have siblings—siblings who take their things, make a mess, or just get …
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How exciting! Mr. Lion has been invited to a party! But what will he wear? A handsome suit . . …
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All aboard! Chock-full of fascinating facts, Ultimate SpotlightTM Trains offers young readers a closer look into the marvelous world of …
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The fluffy feathers of an owl, the bumpy skin of a toad, and the thick fur of a river otter—there’s …
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Splish-splash! Miki’s taking a bath! Bathtime couldn’t be more fun with Miki showing how it’s done in this delightful pop-up …
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Horses are amazing creatures! The Ultimate Book of Horses provides hours of hands-on discovery and includes age-appropriate information on the …
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Take a ride—whether it’s on a boat, plane, or on a rocket ship! Kids can use the 45 magnetic pieces included to fill 5 oversized scenes in this Magnetology™ title. The all-in-one play set features fascinating information, just right for its audience, about all types of vehicles: those that travel on the road, on a farm
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Who gathers honey? Who designs clothes? Who makes lunch for students? So many jobs can be found in this delightful and satisfying sliding panel format for preschoolers. The 36 panels feature jobs in various settings: in the orchestra, at the market, at school, and more! Each new spread offers clues to the right respon
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Mr. Bear is having a birthday party, and everyone is welcome! It doesn’t matter if you’re big, small, don’t have teeth, or are afraid of the dark . . . you’re invited! In this wonderfully illustrated oversize book that celebrates inclusion as well as a special day, Mr. Bear’s Birthday also includes lots of gifts—with f
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Waiting is not easy, whether it’s waiting to play with a toy or to eat a snack. And Little Kangaroo, Little Cat, and their friends are just not sure that they can be patient. But as their grown-ups show them, being patient doesn’t have to be boring or unbearable. There are many fun things they can do while they wait! C
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From New York City to Tokyo and Berlin to Sydney, the streets of the 15 cities included in this book are filled with a fascinating showcase of local landmarks and awesome attractions. How will you get from the Brooklyn Bridge to Central Park in New York City? Or find your way to Topkapi Palace in Istanbul? Each spread
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The pandemic of respiratory disease spreading from person-to-person, named “coronavirus disease 2019” (abbreviated “COVID-19”), presents a public health emergency of international concern. This pandemic is occurring during renewed attention to the persistent issue of police brutality against Blacks in the United States. Protests have ensued to highlight perceived and observed injustice against minorities, particularly Black people. Concerns arise that these protests may complicate efforts to adhere to social distancing and increase risks of COVID-19 exposure among Black persons, who are already disproportionality affected by COVID-19 outcomes due to systemic barriers within the healthcare system and society. This article discusses police brutality against Blacks in the United States and subsequent protests, considerations for social distancing and racial disparities in health during COVID-19, and the need for policies to ensure fair and equitable enforcement of social distancing mandates. We also discuss the need for policies to improve access to COVID-19 testing, diagnosis, and management among underserved and minority communities. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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Roads should always be in a reliable con-dition and maintained regularly. One of the problems that should be maintained well is the pavement cracks problem. This a challenging problem that faces road engineers, since maintaining roads in a stable condition is needed for both drivers and pedestrians. Many meth-ods have been proposed to handle this problem to save time and cost. In this paper, we proposed a two-stage method to detect pavement cracks based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to solve this classification problem. We employed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to extract the most significant features with a di˙erent number of PCA components. The proposed approach was trained using a Mendeley Asphalt Crack dataset, which contains 400 images of road cracks with a 480×480 resolution. The obtained results show how PCA helped in speeding up the learning process of CNN.
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