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Objective: To explore the psychosocial effects of living with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through the experiences of young women diagnosed with this endocrine disorder. Design: A qualitative, phenomenological methodology was used. Data were obtained through personal, semistructured interviews. Setting: College campuses in New England. Participants: A purposive sample of 12 young women with PCOS age 18 to 23 years. Results: The following themes emerged from analysis of participants' responses: concerns for older self, feeling physically inferior, coping with symptoms, patient-provider relationship, seeking useable information and support, and coming to terms with a chronic condition. Conclusions: Participants in this study faced numerous physical, social, and emotional challenges on a daily basis. As these young women gathered information relevant to their needs, sought and received social support, and maintained their daily routines to improve their health and appearance, they came to terms with this chronic condition. Based on participants' relayed experiences, it became evident that a need exists for health care practitioners to include psychosocial support in a comprehensive holistic plan for the treatment of PCOS in adolescents and young women in their early twenties. JOGNN, 40, 709-718; 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01299.x

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the link between financing patterns, information asymmetry and legal traditions in 37 countries during the 1990-2004 period. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on three theories: the trade-off theory, pecking order hypothesis and market timing hypothesis. The authors test the predictions of these theories/hypotheses using regression analysis. The econometric method used is panel data with firm and country fixed effects. The authors develop a modified pecking order model which controls for short- and long-term debt level changes and simultaneously test the predictions of all theories. Findings – Consistent with studies for US firms, the results show that firms across all countries adjust toward the target leverage, but with significantly different rate. The long-term debt contribution in the rate of adjustment is 64 percent in common law countries and 51 percent in civil law countries. The ability of the model to explain changes in leverage ratios is higher in common law countries. The authors find support for market timing hypothesis but no support for pecking order of financing. These results support their conjecture that stronger investor protection, higher transparency and well-developed financial markets in common law countries reduce the cost of recapitalization. Research limitations/implications – The limitation of this study comes from lack of data availability to measure contract enforcement, transparency, and corporate governance variables. Future research can incorporate these variables to explain the differences in capital structure decisions across countries with different legal systems. Practical implications – The findings show that firms' capital structure decisions are not only a function of their own characteristics but also the result of legal and financial market development in which they operate. Originality/value – This is the first study that sheds light about rate of adjustment to optimal capital structure and pecking order of financing in 37 countries with different legal traditions and financial market developments. The authors are not aware of any other study that uses a modified pecking order model in an international context. © 2011, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

In March of 2010, the only full-service supermarket centrally located in New Haven, Connecticut closed, stranding many of the city's residents in a food desert. A food desert is an urban or rural area with significantly limited access to retail sources of healthy and affordable food, due to a combination of socioeconomic disadvantages and physical distance. This article considers the pivotal and causative role of the business model of supermarkets in the creation of new or exacerbation of current urban food deserts, as well as in the impact the loss of one market has on the resilience of the community's food system. Using the events of New Haven as a case study, the form and severity of the food desert in New Haven is analyzed by mapping 1/4 mile, 1/2 mile, and 1 mile road network service areas of the major supermarkets and grocery stores of the area. These are compared against Census block group data of the New Haven population's median household income, poverty level, and access to a personal vehicle. The results show certain parts of the city with low income, high poverty, and low vehicle access to exist in hardship outside the service areas of nearby stores. GIS methodology aids in illustrating the conclusion that the loss of just one supermarket has had significantly detrimental effects on the geographical food access of the city's residents. The ongoing lack of a full-service supermarket in the city not only raises concerns about the value of a new supermarket coming in, but also creates possibilities for seeking alternative food system solutions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Astana, Kazakhstan’s new capital city is being built to fit the future vision of the country’s leaders. Unique architectural styles, combined with creative morphological patterns give the city a distinctive look. It is being constructed to impress. It also represents a break from the past. As such, Astana embodies the meaning of a ‘Forward city.’ Forward cities are created for a variety of reasons; political, geopolitical, religious, economic or a combination of these. By relocating a capital city elsewhere, a country seeks to construct a fresh urban site that reflects a change from the traditional center of governmental activities to a new location that reveals a new direction for the country and its people. This chapter provides a brief background of the political context and conditions existing in the region, followed by an overview of the city’s geographic base, and scrutinize the unique methods of finance used to construct Astana. Also, the planning and design of the city will be examined, paying special attention to the ways in which architecture has been utilized to construct a futuristic vision of a public project for domestic and international consumption.

As Facebook becomes increasingly more popular as a communication tool for businesses and organizations, it is important that our students learn to transfer personal Facebook skills to professional settings. This article focuses on the lessons learned by two students who used Facebook as part of a social media internship, as well as what the author learned about its use through research and teaching a course on social media and professional writing. © 2011 Association for Business Communication.

The impact of increasing summer melt on the dynamics and stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet is not fully understood. Mounting evidence suggests seasonal evolution of subglacial drainage mitigates or counteracts the ability of surface runoff to increase basal sliding. Here, we compare subdaily ice velocity and uplift derived from nine Global Positioning System stations in the upper ablation zone in west Greenland to surface melt and supraglacial lake drainage during summer 2007. Starting around day 173, we observe speedups of 6-41% above spring velocity lasting ∼40 days accompanied by sustained surface uplift at most stations, followed by a late summer slowdown. After initial speedup, we see a spatially uniform velocity response across the ablation zone and strong diurnal velocity variations during periods of melting. Most lake drainages were undetectable in the velocity record, and those that were detected only perturbed velocities for ∼1 day, suggesting preexisting drainage systems could efficiently drain large volumes of water. The dynamic response to melt forcing appears to (1) be driven by changes in subglacial storage of water that is delivered in diurnal and episodic pulses, and (2) decrease over the course of the summer, presumably as the subglacial drainage system evolves to greater efficiency. The relationship between hydrology and ice dynamics observed is similar to that observed on mountain glaciers, suggesting that seasonally large water pressures under the ice sheet largely compensate for the greater ice thickness considered here. Thus, increases in summer melting may not guarantee faster seasonal ice flow. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.

Teacher education must prepare teacher candidates for diverse contexts and diverse learners. Such preparation involves teacher candidates unearthing their assumptions about diverse populations and understanding the roles candidates' own backgrounds play in these assumptions. Queer theory can facilitate this process through attention to culturally constructed notions of “normal” and “deviant.” This chapter investigates a strategy intended to identify teachers' cultural expectations through disrupting candidates' perceptions of “normal” students. Data sources include responses to a specific learning activity, interviews, and demographic surveys. Findings indicate that teacher candidates are reluctant to discuss certain demographic descriptors, such as race/ethnicity and sexual orientation, preferring to focus on students' interests and social behaviors. candidates' conceptions of a “normal” student mirror their own experiences. Interview responses suggest that the learning activity disrupted these conceptions. Implications point to the importance of discussing diversity in teacher education courses and the necessity of fieldwork in diverse contexts. © 2011, Copyright Association of Teacher Educators.

In a recent article in The New York Times, therapy using Sexual Orientation Management was highlighted, with the focus on therapists assisting clients to live a heterosexual life because of their religious beliefs.The primary reasons for such an approach are to allow for client choice and respect on an equally important area of diversity, their religious affiliation and values.Although research has been performed on the intersection of religion and sexual orientation, there has not been an extensive analysis or criticism of this management technique.In this article, the authors explore the experience of religious clients struggling with their sexual orientation, discuss the potential counselor responses to sexual orientation religious issues, and the impact of each on the counseling field using ethical principles, existing research, and logical outcomes.© 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Out-of-class communication between faculty and students is linked to student learning, engagement, and success. As the source for mentoring, advising, and supplemental instruction, out-of-class communication and its barriers require explicit attention. Using a faculty-student collaborative research approach, we interviewed a diverse group of thirty-three undergraduates regarding behaviors, statements, and practices that contributed to or discouraged out-of-class communication. We found that in-class communication sets the stage for whether students approach faculty outside class and that faculty misbehaviors and disconfirming communication in class almost inevitably lead to out-of-class avoidance.

Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS; OMIM 610883) is a genomic syndrome that arises as a result of a duplication of 17p11.2. Although numerous cases of individuals with PTLS have been presented in the literature, its behavioral characterization is still ambiguous. We present a male child with a de novo dup(17)(p11.2p11.2) and he does not possess any autistic features, but is characterized by severe speech and language impairment. In the context of the analyses of this patient and other cases of PTLS, we argue that the central feature of the syndrome appears to be related to diminished speech and language capacity, rather than the specific social deficits central to autism. © 2011.

Purpose: To explore whether subgroups of children with residual speech sound disorders (R-SSDs) can be identified through multiple measures of token-to-token phonetic variability (changes in one spoken production to the next). Method: Children with R-SSDs were recorded during a rapid multisyllabic picture naming task and an oral diadochokinetic task. Transcription-based and acoustic measures of token-to-token variability were derived. Articulation accuracy and general indices of language skills were measured as well. Results: Low correlations were observed between transcription-based and acoustic measures of phonetic variability, and among the acoustic measures themselves. Children who were the most variable on one measure were not necessarily highly variable on other measures. Transcription-based measures of variability were associated with language skills. Conclusions: Measures of phonetic variability did not identify children in the sample as consistently high or low. Data do not support the notion that clear subgroups based on phonetic variability can be reliably identified in children with R-SSDs. The link between highly variable phonetic output (quantified by transcription-based measures) and lower language skills requires further exploration.

Purpose: To describe (a) the assessment of residual speech sound disorders (SSDs) in bilinguals by distinguishing speech patterns associated with second language acquisition from patterns associated with misarticulations and (b) how assessment of domains such as speech motor control and phonological awareness can provide a more complete understanding of SSDs in bilinguals. Method: A review of Japanese phonology is provided to offer a context for understanding the transfer of Japanese to English productions. A case study of an 11-year-old is presented, demonstrating parallel speech assessments in English and Japanese. Speech motor and phonological awareness tasks were conducted in both languages. Results: Several patterns were observed in the participant's English that could be plausibly explained by the influence of Japanese phonology. However, errors indicating a residual SSD were observed in both Japanese and English. A speech motor assessment suggested possible speech motor control problems, and phonological awareness was judged to be within the typical range of performance in both languages. Conclusion: Understanding the phonological characteristics of the native language can help clinicians recognize speech patterns in the second language associated with transfer. Once these differences are understood, patterns associated with a residual SSD can be identified. Supplementing a relational speech analysis with measures of speech motor control and phonological awareness can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a client's strengths and needs.

In the complete-basis-set (CBS) model chemistries, an interference correction is added to the total energy. It is added because the CBS-type extrapolation to the basis-set limit of second-order Møller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory usually overestimates the magnitude of the basis-set truncation error at higher levels of electron-correlation treatment. In this Letter, the question is pursued whether the CBS-type interference correction could also improve the computational results when the MP2 basis set limit is approached by means of explicitly-correlated MP2 theory using Slater-type geminals.