Psychotherapy and religion: The emmanuel movement. - Mccarthy, Katherine (Journal of Religion & Health, 1984)
This paper reconsiders the significance of the Emmanuel movement, a pre- Freudian psychotherapeutic system founded by Dr. Elwood Worcester as a method of church-sponsored healing. Its significance lies in three areas: (1) Historically, it was a popular effort by Protestant clergy to claim religious authority over psychological and psychosomatic ailments, a struggle that the medical profession eventually won almost completely. (2) The Emmanuel movement was an effort to combat the scientific materialism and medical somaticism of its time, including the excessive use of drugs. It aimed at greater individual control over emotional wellbeing through a self-help movement taught by religious leaders using some Christian ideas. Significant parallels can be found with present-day holistic health efforts. (3) Theoretically, Worcester's conception of the "person" is of interest as an effort to construct a nonreductionist view of the interactions of body, mind, and spirit. © 1984 Institutes of Religion and Health.
Keywords: dept.soc

Empowerment through collaboration in a state university system - Brower, Irene; Nancy Coleman; Ivry, Patricia; Leipzig, Barbara; Nemzer, Beatrice; Nilsson, Andrew; Sosnowitz, Barbara (Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 1989)
Historically, social workers have been aware of the power of group resources and the importance of networking for their clients and for themselves as professionals. This article is the outgrowth of a collaboration paper presented by the authors at the Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors Annual Conference on September 22, 1986 in San Antonio, Texas. Four separate social work education programs within a state university system formed an informal collaborative association to address common concerns, develop strategies to enhance resources and to foster mutual support. The context, developmental process, barriers, activities, issues, outcomes and benefits of the collaborative association are described. © 1989 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.swk

Suicide attempts and alcoholism - Hesselbrock, M.; Hesselbrock, V.; Syzmanski, K.; Weidenman, M. (Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1988)
This study examined the association among suicide attempts, parental alcoholism, psychopathology and drinking history in a sample of hospitalized alcoholics. Suicide attempters were found to have multiple psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., depression, antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse) and more severe psychiatric symptoms than nonattempters. Alcoholic suicide attempters also tended to have a parental history of alcoholism and began abusing alcohol at an early age. Alcohol abuse symptoms during the month before, and 6 month before, the current hospitalization were generally similar for suicide attempters and nonattempters. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Keywords: adult; age; alcoholism; dept.swk; epidemiology; female; human; male; mental disease; normal human; oral drug administration; preliminary communication; psychological aspect; suicide attempt

Impact of a geriatric consultation team on discharge placement and repeat hospitalization - Saltz, Constance C; Mcvey, Laura J; Becker, Peter M; Feussner, John R; Cohen, Harvey J (Gerontologist, 1988)
Keywords: age; consultation; dept.swk; hospitalization; human; major clinical study

Effects of retesting with the beck and zung depression scales in alcoholics - Choquette, Keith A; Hesselbrock, Michie N (Alcohol and Alcoholism, 1987)
The present study assessed the presence of testing effects arising from the repeated administration of both the Beck and Zung depression scales to a group of 60 inpatient alcoholics. Thirty-seven men and 23 women were randomly assigned to one of three groups and administered the depression scales on one, two or three occasions, in successive weeks of treatment. Although the between group comparisons of initial test administration did not indicate a true change in depression, a within group comparison of initial with subsequent test administrations indicated a clear improvement in depression scores on both scales. Apparently the result of the reactive effects of testing, the within group differences could easily mislead a researcher into believing depression was alleviated when in fact it was not. This sizeable testing effect has obvious implications for studies which repeatedly assess depression. © 1987 Medical Council on Alcoholism.
Keywords: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcoholism; Depressive Disorder; Emotions; Female; Hospitalization; Human; Male; Middle Age; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors; adult; aged; alcoholism; article; clinical trial; depression; dept.swk; emotion; female; hospitalization; human; male; randomized controlled trial; rating scale; time; ⛔ No DOI found

Sources of strain between physicians and social workers: Implications for social workers in health care settings - Mizrahi, T.; Abramson, J. (Social Work in Health Care, 1985)
This paper analyzes the sources of strain between the professions of medicine and social work. The two professions are compared in relation to (1) the organization and socialization process of professional training; (2) perspectives on patient care, illness and role of the health care professional; (3) attitudes toward knowledge and data; (4) attitudes toward and preparation for teamwork; (5) perspectives on the role of the patient; (6) perceptions of social work’s function. © 1985 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: Attitude of Health Personnel; Human; Internship and Residency; Interprofessional Relations; Medical Staff, Hospital; Patient Advocacy; Professional-Patient Relations; Role; Sick Role; Social Perception; Social Work; Socialization; dept.swk; human; organization and management; physician; psychological aspect; short survey; social aspect; social worker; training; united states

Parents' evaluations of genetic counselling. - Black, Rita Beck (Patient Counselling and Health Education, 1980)
Genetic counselling represents a new and important health service, but little is known about how the clients of genetic clinics actually experience and view the genetic counselling process. This paper reports on the evaluations made by clients of a genetics clinic and their recommendations for ways to improve and expand this service. In their comments, clients stressed the need for more time and individual attention from genetic counsellors, additional follow-up and supportive counselling, and increased efforts to educate the general public about birth defects. Their recommendations are discussed in terms of the implications for developing and improving genetic counselling services.
Keywords: anxiety; dept.swk; genetic counseling; heredity; medical education; medical examination; parent; prevention

Theories of probabilistic reinforcement. - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1989)
In three experiments, pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck at a red key led to a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. A peck at a green key led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over trials so as to estimate an indifference point, or a duration at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. In Experiments 1 and 2, the intertrial interval was varied across conditions, and these variations had no systematic effects on choice. In Experiment 3, the stimuli that followed a choice of the red key differed across conditions. In some conditions, a red houselight was presented for 5 s after each choice of the red key. In other conditions, the red houselight was present on reinforced trials but not on nonreinforced trials. Subjects exhibited greater preference for the red key in the latter case. The results were used to evaluate four different theories of probabilistic reinforcement. The results were most consistent with the view that the value or effectiveness of a probabilistic reinforcer is determined by the total time per reinforcer spent in the presence of stimuli associated with the probabilistic alternative. According to this view, probabilistic reinforcers are analogous to reinforcers that are delivered after variable delays. 1989 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Keywords: Animal; Color Perception; Conditioning, Operant; Mental Recall; Probability Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; adjusting schedule; animal; article; color vision; conditioned reinforcement; dept.psy; instrumental conditioning; intertrial interval; key peck; learning; pigeons; recall; reinforcement; reinforcer delay; reinforcer probability

Effect of lysine-8-vasopressin on retention and retrieval of a discrimination reward task in the rat. - Mulvey, Debra J; Watt, Jean M; Mcewen, Barbara B; Flannelly, Linda M (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1988)
The effect of vasopressin on memory of a brightness discrimination reward task was investigated in 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two measures of retention were used: resistance to extinction and savings scores on a reacquisition task given 45 days after the completion of extinction training. The effect of the peptide on both memory consolidation and retrieval was assessed. There were two major findings: (a) The peptide enhanced memory consolidation of the task whether measured after a short time interval (6 days) or after a long time interval (45 days after completion of extinction training) using a measure of trials to relearn the task, and (b) the peptide had no effect on memory retrieval. These results were compared to those of other studies designed to access memory consolidation and retrieval on appetitive tasks. The mechanisms of the peptide's effect on memory was briefly discussed with respect to three theories on the subject. This study extends the vasopressin research on memory consolidation by suggesting that it pertains to appetitive as well as to aversive tasks.
Keywords: Animal; Appetitive Behavior; Brain; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Extinction (Psychology); Lypressin; Male; Memory; Mental Recall; Motivation; Orientation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retention (Psychology); animal experiment; controlled study; dept.psy; lypressin; male; memory consolidation; memory retrieval; nonhuman; psychological aspect; psychophysiology; rat; reward

Premorbid competence, role orientation, and gender differences in DSM-II versus DSM-III schizophrenic patients. - Glick, Marion; Quinlan, Donald M; Zigler, Edward (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1987)
The study compared 71 patients diagnosed as schizophrenic or within the schizophrenia spectrum according to the second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) with 66 patients who received similar diagnoses according to the third edition of the same manual (DSM-III). On measures of premorbid competence and role orientation, DSM-II and DSM-III schizophrenic patients obtained comparable scores. The DSM-III patients with schizophrenic versus schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses also obtained comparable scores on these measures. The gender differences in premorbid competence and role orientation that have consistently characterized DSM-II schizophrenics continued to characterize DSM-III schizophrenic and schizophrenia spectrum patients. The results suggest that findings previously obtained with DSM-II schizophrenics concerning premorbid competence and role orientation can be generalized to DSM-III schizophrenics. © 1987 American Psychological Association.
Keywords: adult; classification; competence; dept.psy; gender; human; major clinical study; orientation; schizophrenia

Effectiveness of the Mini-Mult in detecting MMPI pathology in the blind - Needham, Walter E.; Ehmer, Marjy N.; Marchesseault, Linda; l'Aune, William R. De (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1986)
The Mini‐Mult and MMPI were administered in random order to 60 blind male veterans admitted to a residential rehabilitation program. Mini‐Mult scores predicted the presence or absence of MMPI pathology in 81.7% of the cases. Correlations between the individual Mini‐Mult and MMPI scales were significant at the p < .01 level, but not of sufficient magnitude to permit their interchangeability or to allow for profile diagnosis on the basis of Mini‐Mult scores. Analysis of the false negatives raises questions about the clinical significance of an abnormal MMPI in the population studied. The results support the value of the Mini‐Mult as a screening device, but not as a substitute for a detailed psychological assessment of the blind. Copyright © 1986 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Keywords: Blindness; Human; MMPI; Male; Mass Screening; Mental Disorders; Middle Age; adult; blindness; central nervous system; clinical article; dept.psy; human; priority journal; psychological aspect; rehabilitation; visual system

Premorbid social competence and psychiatric outcome in male and female nonschizophrenic patients - Glick, Marion; Zigler, Edward (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1986)
The relation between premorbid social competence and outcome was examined in 448 (228 male and 220 female) first-admission, nonschizophrenic, state-hospital patients. For both sexes, higher social competence was related to more favorable outcome as reflected in shorter initial hospitalizations and shorter rehospitalizations. Consistent with a developmental formulation, these results provide further evidence that the relation between premorbid competence and outcome is not unique to schizophrenia but can be found for patients of both sexes across a range of diagnoses. © 1986 American Psychological Association.
Keywords: adult; central nervous system; clinical article; competence; dept.psy; human; mental patient; psychological aspect; social aspect; social behavior; therapy

Developmental correlates of age at first hospitalization in nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients - Glick, M.; Zigler, E.; Zigler, B. (Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1985)
Age at first hospitalization, premorbid social competence, and developmental categorizations of symptomatology were examined in 228 male and 220 female patients in three diagnostic categories: Major affective disorder, neuroses, and personality disorder. High social competence patients were older at first hospitalization than low competence individuals. Younger first admission patients showed more symptoms in the action category and in the role orientation of turning against others. Older patients more frequently displayed symptoms of the thought variety and of turning against the self. Gender differences in age at first hospitalization were not found. With respect to all developmental variables examined, the results suggest that a broader view of prognosis proposed in research with schizophrenic patients is applicable to nonschizophrenic groups. © 1985 by The Williams & Wilkins Co.
Keywords: Adult; Age Factors; Female; Hospitalization; Human; Male; Marriage; Mental Disorders; Middle Age; Mood Disorders; Neurotic Disorders; Occupations; Personality Disorders; Prognosis; Role; Sex Factors; Social Adjustment; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; affective neurosis; age; central nervous system; clinical article; dept.psy; hospitalization; human; mental patient; neurosis; personality disorder; priority journal; psychological aspect; social aspect; sociology

Paranoid schizophrenia: An unorthodox view. - Zigler, Edward; Glick, Marion (American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1984)
Keywords: dept.psy

Premorbid social competence and the revolving door phenomenon in psychiatric hospitalization - Marsh, A.; Glick, M.; Zigler, E. (Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1981)
The relation between premorbid social competence and length of initial hospitalization was examined in 381 male state hospital patients in four diagnostic categories: Schizophrenic, affective reaction, psychoneurotic, and personality disorder. A significant relation was discovered between diagnosis and outcome, with schizophrenic patients having the longest and personality disorder patients the shortest lengths of initial hospitalization. Premorbid social competence was related to outcome, as assessed both by length of initial hospitalization, and by whether the patient was rehospitalized. These two outcome measures were found to be positively related, thus supporting the developmental formulation that premorbid social competence is indicative generally of prognosis. The findings were employed to generate the inference that patients at differing levels of premorbid social competence require different treatment modalities. © 1981 by The Williams & Wilkins Co.
Keywords: Adult; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Human; Length of Stay; Male; Mental Disorders; Mood Disorders; Neurotic Disorders; Personality Disorders; Recurrence; Schizophrenia; Social Adjustment; central nervous system; dept.psy; major clinical study; mental hospital; personality disorder; schizophrenia; sociology

Inter-relationships among hospitalization measures of psychiatric outcome - Glick, M.; Marsh, A.; Zigler, E. (Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1980)
In a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 381 first admission male state hospital patients, no consistent correlations appeared among three commonly employed hospitalization measures of outcome. The possibility that psychiatric hospitalization may be a multidimensional criterion is considered and the implications for outcome research are discussed. © 1980 by The Williams & Wilkins Co.
Keywords: Follow-Up Studies; Hospitalization; Human; Length of Stay; Male; Mental Disorders; Models, Theoretical; Patient Readmission; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; central nervous system; dept.psy; hospitalization; major clinical study; therapy

Premorbid Social Competence and Outcome among Schizophrenic and Nonschizophrenic Patients - Zigler, Edward; Glick, Marion; Marsh, Anna (The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1979)
The relation between premorbid social competence and outcome was examined with 381 male state hospital patients in four diagnostic categories: schizophrenia, affective reaction, psychoneurotic disorder, and personality disorder. Outcome was assessed using the measures of length of initial hospitaliz
Keywords: Affective Symptoms; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Human; Length of Stay; Male; Neurotic Disorders; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Personality Disorders; Prognosis; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Social Adjustment; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; affective neurosis; central nervous system; dept.psy; hospitalization; major clinical study; neurosis; personality disorder; schizophrenia; sociology; therapy

Normal development and psychopathological impairment of the concept of the object on the Rorschach. - Blatt, Sidney J.; Brenneis, C. Brooks; Schimek, Jean G.; Glick, Marion (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1976)
Keywords: dept.psy

Book Review: Prospects for Change in Socialist Systems: Challenges and Responses. Edited by Charles J. Bukowski and Mark A. Cichock. New York: Praeger, 1987. 151p. $34.95. - Best, Paul J. (American Political Science Review, 1989)
Keywords: book review; book.review; dept.psc

UN voting data - Rai, Kul B (Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1982)
Keywords: dept.psc

Foreign aid and voting in the UN general assembly, 1967—1976 - Rai, Kul B (Journal of Peace Research, 1980)
This paper examines the relationship between foreign (economic) aid and the General Assembly votes for the period 1967-76. The countries included in this study are the United States, the Soviet Union, and those of their aid recipients which are considered less developed. Two related hypotheses, one on the use of aid as an inducement and the other as a reward or a punishment, are tested. The methods used are Index of Agreement, devised by Arend Lijphart, and Pearson's r. The findings indicate that the American aid is more effective as an inducement and the Soviet aid is more effective as a reward or a punishment. The former has a closer association with the General Assembly votes from 1967-73 than in later years. Economic aid is increasingly used by the United States more to serve its security interests in the Middle East than for any other purpose, and it is possible that not so much of a return for the American aid is expected in the UN as was the case earlier. © 1980, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.psc

Lijphart's IA and pearson's r for studying un voting - Rai, Kul B (Comparative Political Studies, 1974)
Keywords: dept.psc

Foreign policy and voting in the UN general assembly - Rai, Kul B (International Organization, 1972)
Keywords: dept.psc

Creationism as science: what every teacher-scientist should know. - Gatzke, Ken W (Science Education, 1985)
Keywords: dept.phi

High-technology and hospice home care. Strange bedfellows - Hays, J.C. (Nursing Clinics of North America, 1988)
Technologic advances are changing hospice home care. A case study explores the clinical dilemmas and illustrates the educational and research agendas required to resolve them.
Keywords: Adult; Case Report; Female; Home Care Services; Hospices; Human; Patient Care Planning; Patient Care Team; Technology, High-Cost; Terminal Care; United States; computer analysis; dept.nur; home care; hospice; medical technology; organization and management; review; technical aid; united states; ⛔ No DOI found

Hospice policy and patterns of care - Hays, Judith C (Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 1986)
Hospice providers and policy makers are currently evaluating the emerging patterns of hospice care, especially regarding cost containment considerations. This study compared patterns of care for two groups of hospice homecare clients–one group, which received only homecare services for the duration of the hospice career; the other, which received both hospice homecare and inpatient services. The groups were significantly different on clinical parameters, number of homecare episodes, survival rate, and place of death. The impact of policy structures on continuity of care and service equity are discussed. Copyright © 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Keywords: Aged; Comparative Study; Connecticut; Cost Control; Female; Home Care Services; Hospices; Hospitalization; Human; Male; Middle Age; Public Policy; United States; adult; aged; article; comparative study; cost control; dept.nur; economics; female; home care; hospice; hospitalization; human; male; organization and management; policy; utilization review

Diagnosing race relations in management - Alderfer, Clayton P; Alderfer, Charleen; Tucker, L M; Tucker, Robert C (The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1980)
This paper reports the theory, process, results, and consequences of diagnosing the race relations among managers of a large industrial corporation. A four person diagnostic team consisting of a black female, black male, white female, and white male, aided by a 12-person advisory committee of similar race/sex composition, developed an organic questionnaire and administered it to more than 600 managers. Data were collected and analyzed on general race relations, management groups, hiring, advancement, firing, actions for change, and reactions to the study. Analysis showed that the state of race relations in the company was related to a variety of systemic conditions including the ideas and feelings of individuals, the perceptions and actions of key groups, and the structure of the whole organization. As a result of the diagnosis, management committed itself to an action plan that addressed all the problematic issues uncovered by the diagnosis. © 1980, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.mft

Business students' perceptions of women in management - Frank, Ellen J (Sex Roles, 1988)
This study surveyed 202 undergraduate business majors regarding their perceptions of women in management. Research focused on male and female students' acceptance of women managers, the extent students perceived women managers as being accepted by others, and a comparison of descriptions of the typical male and female manager. Male students were found to be less accepting of women's dual role. Men perceived women managers as being less knowledgeable and possessing poorer managerial skills than male managers. Women managers were perceived as having greater interpersonal skills. Female students showed a greater preference for a male boss. Their descriptions of women managers were more positive regarding competency, but emphasized an interpersonal rather than a task orientation. The conclusion is made that perceptual stereotypes have not radically changed when compared to research reported in the 1970s. © 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Keywords: dept.mgt

Myths, misconceptions and mistakes in collection development - Yesner, Bernice L. (Collection Management, 1985)
Keywords: dept.ils

Output measures and library space planning - Lushington, N. (Library Trends, 1987)
This article suggests that over the next decade library performance measures - such as output measures - can become the basis for library space planning programs that will determine the quantity and relative location of user hierarchies for each type of public service.
Keywords: dept.ils; ⛔ No DOI found

Book Review: Visions of Utopia: Nashoba, Rugby, Ruskin, and the “New Communities” in Tennessee's Past. By John Egerton. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, Tennessee Historical Commission, 1977. 95 pp. Maps, illustrations, more resources, and index. Paper, $3.50.) - Caruthers, J. Wade (Journal of American History, 1978)
J. Wade Caruthers; Visions of Utopia: Nashoba, Rugby, Ruskin, and the “New Communities” in Tennessee's Past. By John Egerton. (Knoxville: University of Tenness
Keywords: book.review; dept.his

The public shell: Vehicle for venture financing - Morgan, Alfred D (Journal of Business Venturing, 1988)
A public shell is generally defined as an inactive public corporation. It may or may not have assets or a publicly trading stock. However, for purposes here it must have valid SEC and domicile-State legal standing to permit its reactivation by merger with, or acquisition of, an operating company. After many years of clouded regard because of promoters' stock abuses, acceptance of using a shell to go public has considerably widened. This has been due to clarified and tighter SEC policies, rising costs of an IPO, and innovative financial uses of a shell by businessmen and investment bankers. Supply of shells probably still greatly exceeds demand for shells because of the mortality rate of the waves of new issues of recent years, the lack of cleanness of many of these shells and still lagging sophistication in their use. Nevertheless, advertising analysis indicates that in the past year alone companies "going public the back door" has at least trebled the number a decade ago. The greater part of this increase, also, appears to be accountable by ventures. For venture start-ups public access via merger with a shell can produce economies in legal/accounting costs and opportunity cost in time. It is also a means of becoming public when an initial public offering is not feasible due to market condition or nature of business. If the stock is trading it can encourage initial venture capital investment. The concept impact can vault the stock price even before earnings eventuate. Or exciting prospects can entice an exaggerated price/earnings ratio on tiny earnings. These events can even facilitate additional financing to prolong viability. But once the venture decides to use a shell for public access, the caveats of the route must be considered. In addition to valid registration and cleanness, such aspects as stockholder list, market sponsorship, control and dilution problems must be matched to the venture's financial aims. Cost of the shell can vary between $25,000-$100,000 depending on the outcome of these considerations, terms of payment, and general attractiveness of the venture entering the shell. Finally, speculative merits of shell stocks compared with the OTC Index of Industrial Stocks show that for equal holding periods, a market basket of revived-shell stocks bought soon after revival and sold around their highs, during the past decade would have produced multiple total returns compared to the less speculative index market basket. This optimum buy-sell period usually fell between 18 months and two years. But these returns presume not only sagacious timing, but that sales of stock of the typically small companies constituting shell-revivals could actually be made at the prices shown in the National Securities Dealers Pink Sheets. Beyond the optimum holding period, shell-descended companies become increasingly subject to valuation factors similar to those accorded to long established companies in related industries. © 1988.
Keywords: dept.fin

Geography in Peru - Yacher, Leon (The Professional Geographer, 1989)
Keywords: dept.egm

On whittlesey, bowman and harvard - Martin, Geoffrey J (Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 1988)
Keywords: dept.egm

Preston E. James, 1899–1986 - Martin, Geoffrey J (Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 1988)
Keywords: dept.egm

Against presentist histories: solot's view of sauer - Speth, William W (Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 1987)
Keywords: dept.egm

The ecologic tradition in american geography 1895–1925 - Martin, Geoffrey J (Canadian Geographer, 1987)
Keywords: dept.egm

On the discrimination of Anthropo‐Geocraphies - Speth, William W (Canadian Geographer, 1987)
Keywords: dept.egm

Paradigm change: a history of geography in the United States, 1892-1925. - Martin, G.J. (National Geographic Research, 1985)
The third of 5 paradigm periods posited for the history of American geography extends from the establishment of the Committee of Ten in 1892, to the publication of Carl Sauer's 'The Morphology of Landscape' in 1925. This period witnessed the emergence of discipline and profession - an inert physiography, energized by the discipline-forming Davisian cycle of erosion, preceded the causal notion. Determinisms that gave way to studies of control, adjustment, and the geographic factor, provided a framework for the geographic philosophies of such scholars as Albert Perry Brigham, Ellsworth Huntington, and Ellen Semple. Regional delimitations of physiographic provinces and variant forms of economic geography emerged as alternatives to causality. The geography of France, Germany, and Britain afforded little support for varieties of determinism in America, and was further questioned during the 1914-1918 war years. Meanwhile, Wellington D. Jones and Carl O. Sauer developed another viewpoint, adumbrated by Sauer in a series of papers culminating in 'The Morphology of Landscape'. The locus of American geography had been moved.-Author
Keywords: dept.egm; ⛔ No DOI found

Preservation of the history of geography - Martin, G.J. (Journal of Geography, 1985)
Keywords: dept.egm

New haven, connecticut, from the air - Richason, F Benjamin; Yacher, Leon (Journal of Geography, 1981)
Keywords: dept.egm

ON AAG history - James, Preston E; Martin, Geoffrey J (The Professional Geographer, 1979)
The seventy-fifth anniversary of the Association of American Geographers is a time to celebrate. To set the tone for the anniversary meetings in Philadelphia, I asked Geoffrey Martin, Marvin Mikesell, and John Adams to discuss significant events in the AAG's past, the Association’s present state, and prospects for the future. Their presentations were made in the initial session of the meetings on Sunday evening, April 22. We are pleased to reproduce for the members of the Association the transcripts of those verbal presentations. We are indebted to each of these colleagues for the excellent start they provided for our largest-ever professional meeting.—Brian J. L. Berry, President. © 1979 by the Association of American Geographers.
Keywords: dept.egm

The greek hyperinflation and stabilization of 1943-1946: A comment on makinen - Karatzas, George (The Journal of Economic History, 1988)
Keywords: dept.eco

Self-efficacy in university faculty. - Landino, Rita A; Owen, Steven V (Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1988)
This study tested a causal model of academic self-efficacy in faculty at a large New England research university, focusing specifically on gender as one of 12 antecedent variables. Academic self-efficacy was defined as an estimate of confidence in one's ability to perform various tasks classified as research, service, and teaching in a university setting. The variables were drawn from Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and from characteristics of the university work setting. Data was obtained by mail response to a researcher-designed instrument: the Measure of Self-Efficacy in Academic Tasks (MSEAT). The findings show that being female contributed to feeling less efficacious about research tasks indirectly through the mediating influence of intervening variables. Feeling nourished and rewarded by a department and being male contributed to service self-efficacy. Teaching self-efficacy was not explained by the causal model. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of campus socializing interventions, departmental research climate, and university incentives for female faculty. © 1988.
Keywords: dept.csp

Grief among healthcare workers: A comparative study - Lerea, L Eliezer; Limauro, Barbara F (The Journals of Gerontology, 1982)
This investigation examined the prevalence and nature of grief in response to patient suffering, loss, or death among healthcare workers employed at a general hospital and a skilled nursing facility. A questionnaire was constructed for this purpose. Approximately two-thirds of the skilled nursing facility personnel remembered experiencing bereavement as a reaction to the crises of their geriatric patients. Mourning occurred among virtually all of the general hospital personnel who usually serve younger patients. Healthcare personnel mourned most often for those persons who suffered or died of cancer. A selected sample of respondents recalled that psychological symptoms of grief were more evident than physical. Both symptom types often persisted for more than 1 month. Since grief is common among nurses and aides employed at the two medical settings, bereavement counseling is suggested for those healthcare personnel who require this service.
Keywords: United States; classification; dept.csp; geriatrics; grief; health care personnel; hospital; normal human; nursing home; psychological aspect; questionnaire; therapy

Enhancement of chest radiographs with gradient operators - DaPonte, J.S.; Fox, M.D. (IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 1988)
The use of gradient operators for image enhancement has been widely reported in the literature, but they have not been used routinely in the medical arena, particularly in the most common radiographic plain film procedure, chest radiographs. Gradient operators such as Sobel and Roberts operators, not only enhance image edges but also tend to enhance noise. Overall, the Sobel operator was found to be superior to the Roberts operator in edge enhancement. A theoretical explanation for the superior performance of the Sobel operator was developed based on the concept of analyzing the x and y Sobel masks as linear Alters. By applying pill box, Gaussian, or median filtering prior to applying a gradient operator, noise was reduced, but the pill box and Gaussian filters were much more computationally efficient than the median filter with approximately equal effectiveness in noise reduction. © 1988 IEEE
Keywords: ENHANCING CHEST RADIOGRAPHS; GRADIENT OPERATORS; IMAGE EDGES ENHANCEMENT; IMAGE PROCESSING - Enhancement; RADIOGRAPHY; RADIOGRAPHY - Medical Applications; dept.csc

Automatic techniques for extraction of geological fracture patterns**the work reported in this paper was performed under a nasa-asee summer faculty fellowship program at nasa/gsfc. - Parikh, Jo Ann (Pattern Recognition in Practice, 1986)
Keywords: dept.csc

Thorstein veblen and piero sraffa: A new level of economic theory - Griffin, Robert A (International Journal of Social Economics, 1987)
Keywords: dept.com

Perceived utility of a self-evaluation procedure by students in speech-language pathology - Mercaitis, Patricia A; Wener, Deena L (The Clinical Supervisor, 1988)
A 58-item Likert attitude scale was developed and administered to thirty Speech-Language Pathology graduate students in order to obtain their perceptions of a self-evaluation procedure used in a clinical training facility. Significant correlations were obtained between the clinicians’ perception of the overall usefulness of this self-evaluation procedure, and a majority (61%) of the items on the scale. Significant correlations were obtained for several pairs of demographic items. The implications of these results for the clinical supervision process are discussed, as well as the need for further research on this topic. © 1988 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.cmd

Speech considerations in prosthodontic rehabilitation of the glossectomy patient - Mckinstry, Robert E; Aramany, Mohamed A; Beery, Quinter C; Sansone, Frank (Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 1985)
A knowledge of normal articulation is needed before the prosthodontist can assess the compensatory articulation used by glossectomy patients. The amount and portion of tongue resected is directly correlated with speech intelligibility. The loss of the tip of the tongue is more critical to intelligibility than a hemiglossectomy. Partial glossectomy speakers can often use the residual tongue stump to perform adaptive movements that approximate normal movements and should be treated as an articulation problem. The compensatory articulation used by the total glossectomy patient was reviewed. The prosthodontic management of patients with partial tongue resection often includes lowering the palatal vault, while the management of the total glossectomy patient usually requires a mandibular tongue prosthesis. These prostheses can be refined with the use of multiview videofluoroscopy, videotaping, and spectrographic analysis. © 1985.
Keywords: Dentures; Glossectomy; Human; Mandible; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis Design; Speech Articulation Tests; Speech Disorders; Tongue; article; denture; dept.cmd; glossectomy; human; mandible; prostheses and orthoses; prosthesis; speech analysis; speech disorder; tongue

Instrumentation for monitoring lingual pressure in vibrotactile research - Kingsbury, Gary D; Sansone, E Frank; Kelly, Dan H (Review of Scientific Instruments, 1984)
In order to avoid obtaining variable measurement data it is critical to control pressure applied to the tongue by positioning clamps used in lingual vibrotactile research. A pressure sensing plate, associated electronics, and procedures are described which, when employed with positioning clamps in current use, will permit monitoring lingual pressure during vibrotactile investigations.
Keywords: dept.cmd

A comparison of the intelligibility of esophageal, electrolaryngeal, and normal speech in quiet and in noise. - Holley, Sandra Cavanaugh; Lerman, Jay W; Randolph, Kenneth (Journal of Communication Disorders, 1983)
The effect of different levels of a multiple-talker background noise on the intelligibility of normal, esophageal, and electrolaryngeal speech was investigated. A superior laryngectomized male speaker and a normal-age matched male speaker produced the speech stimuli used in the study. Audiotape recordings of the speakers were presented to panels of naive listeners. The data from the listeners' responses revealed significant differences in the intelligibility of normal, esophageal, and electrolaryngeal speech as a function of the background noise level. The data did not indicate a superiority of one form of alaryngeal speech over the other in adverse noise conditions. © 1983.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Comparative Study; Female; Human; Male; Noise; Phonetics; Speech Intelligibility; Speech, Alaryngeal; Speech, Esophageal; adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; dept.cmd; esophagus speech; female; human; male; methodology; noise; phonetics; speech intelligibility

Clinical estimation of fundamental frequency: The 3m plastiform magnetic tape viewer - Kelly, Dan H; Sansone, Frank (Journal of Communication Disorders, 1981)
A procedure and method is described to determine the frequency or pitch of tape-recorded voice samples, while keeping the cost of measurement within the reach of practicing clinicians. The method described reduces the uncertainty of pitch determination by comparison techniques and improves the accuracy of clinical estimation of fundamental vocal frequency and pitch. The accuracy, reliability, cost, and ease with which the method can be used makes it a viable tool to be used by the clinician. © 1981.
Keywords: Human; Methods; Pitch Perception; Tape Recording; Voice Disorders; article; dept.cmd; hearing; human; instrumentation; larynx disorder; tape recorder; technique

A self-instructional approach to environmental decision making: focus on land use - Haakonsen, Harry O; Schaefer, Lawrence M; Smith, Dwight G (The Journal of Environmental Education, 1977)
Keywords: dept.bio

Discounting health: The issue of subsistence and care in an undeveloped country - Messing, Simon D (Social Science & Medicine, 1973)
The concept "discounting health" is proposed as a heuristic model for analysis of differing perceptions concerning "cost-benefit", as these relate to systems of health care. This procedure became necessary during analysis of data gathered in rural Ethiopia to measure the effectiveness of new Health Centers. Ethnological research accompanying the quantitative study of health attitudes found that "subsistence anxiety" dominated all other concerns of the majority in the rural areas. The landless peasant sharecropper and his divorced wife represent the most prevalent social problem in Ethiopia. Holistic solutions should include some form of social security and safe wells, so that the population can stop "discounting health". © 1973.
Keywords: Absenteeism; Anxiety; Attitude to Health; Child; Community Health Services; Delivery of Health Care; Economics; Epidemiology; Ethiopia; Ethnic Groups; Health Education; Human; Income; Legislation, Medical; Life Style; Models, Theoretical; Preventive Health Services; Questionnaires; Rural Health; Sanitation; anxiety; dept.ant; developing country; finance; health center; health service; methodology; model; primary health care; public health service

Gifted: the end of a tail. - Falk, Carolyn R (Gifted Education International, 1990)
Special education in the United States services a diverse population, including those students whose academic performance falls at the ends of the normal distribution. This article challenges the assumption that a continuum of learning opportunities appropriate for exceptional persons is possible when the concept of the normal distribution is used. An alternate model, a bull's-eye, is suggested to accommodate the openended potential for the gifted population. © 1990 A B Academic Publishers Printed in Great Britain.
Keywords: dept.csp

Children's talk about conflict: an exploration of the voices and views of the `Experts': - Hale, Claudia L.; Tardy, Rebecca W.; Farley-Lucas, Bonnie (Discourse & Society, 1995)
The research reported in this paper is an exploration of children's understandings of the concept and experience of interpersonal conflict. Data were gathered at focus group discussions with 7- to 16-year-old children. The analysis which is presented focuses on the children's metaphors of conflict as a place, conflict as an explosion and conflict as betrayal. Children's own descriptions of their experiences and understandings are emphasized. Thus, to the extent possible, what is presented is an examination of children's perspectives/voices as opposed to adult-centered analyses of children's experiences.
Keywords: betrayal; children's discourse; conflict; dept.com; explosion; fighting; interpersonal conflict; metaphors; place

Noren discount stores: death of a family business - Goldberg, Steven D (Family Business Review, 1997)
This case is about a family-owned discount store chain that was unable to survive much beyond its founder. It tells the story of a first-generation American family and its struggle to grow and prosper in a family business during the early 1900s. The case takes the reader through the business' growth, maturity, decline, and, ultimately, its demise in 1991, which was brought about by issues such as organizational structure, the role of family in the family business, lack of succession planning, and myopic strategic planning. The author uses fictitious names, dates, and places to protect the surviving family members' privacy, and to ensure confidentiality.
Keywords: dept.mgt

Responses to carlotta regan tyler - Calvert, Linda Mcgee; Ramsey, V Jean; Alderfer, Charleen; Lynch, Barbara J (The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1995)
Keywords: dept.mft

Ghaylan Al-Dimashqi: The isolation of a heretic in Islamic historiography - Judd, SC (International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1999)
Keywords: dept.his

Still stuck at sevastopol: the depiction of russia during the russo-japanese war and the beginning of the first world war in the german press - Paddock, Troy (German History, 1998)
Keywords: dept.his

Book Review: Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775–1781. By W. J. Wood. (Chapel Hill: Algonquin, 1990. xxxii + 315 pp. $24.95.) - Mintz, Max M. (Journal of American History, 1991)
Max M. Mintz; Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775–1781. By W. J. Wood. (Chapel Hill: Algonquin, 1990. xxxii + 315 pp. $24.95.), Journal of American History,
Keywords: book.review; dept.his

Diphtheria and medical therapy in late 19th century New York City - Quiroga, V.A.M. (New York State Journal of Medicine, 1990)
Keywords: Diphtheria; History of Medicine, 19th Cent.; Human; Intubation, Intratracheal; New York City; Portraits; Tracheotomy; article; dept.his; diphtheria; history of medicine; human; priority journal; ⛔ No DOI found

Eves journey: feminine images in hebraic literary tradition. - Holloway, Sue (Anthropology of Consciousness, 1991)
Nehama Aschkenasy Eves Journey: Feminine Images in Hebraic Literary Tradition Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. ISBN 0‐8122‐8033‐4. Hardcover, $36.95. Pp. xv+269. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Keywords: dept.wms

Off Track: When Poor Readers Become "Learning Disabled" - Spear-Swerling, Louise; Sternberg, Robert J. (Renewing American schools, 1996)
Autorías: Louise Spear-Swerling, Robert J. Sternberg. Año de publicación: 1996. Libro en Dialnet.
Keywords: Reading disability; United States; United States; Learning disabilities; dept.sed; faculty_collection

Alternative spirituality and environmentalism - Bloch, JP (Review of Religious Research, 1998)
The relationship between religiosity and environmentalism has previously been examined by studying conservative versus liberal Christian affiliation. This study explores environmentalist attitudes amongst persons whose religiosity does not fit conventional patterns: the so-called “alternative” or “countercultural” spiritual community (e.g, New Age, Neo-Paganism). This network of individuals finds commonalty and solidarity not through organizational ties or a singular theology, but through an overriding ideology that challenges the alleged rigidity and dualistic dogma of mainstream society, and so suggests a new form of social movement. Central to this critique of the mainstream is the notion that the earth is just as sacred as the “heavens,” and so by preserving the earth, one is being “spiritual. “ Excerpts from in-depth interviews with 22 alternative spiritualists feature numerous key environmental/spiritual themes. These excerpts indicate that issues such as religiosity, “liberal” versus “conservative” affiliation, and environmental politics can take on different meanings when explored outside of mainline Christianity.
Keywords: dept.soc

Gauging the strength of evidence prior to plea bargaining: the interpretive procedures of court-appointed defense attorneys - Emmelman, Debra S (Law and Social Inquiry-journal of The American Bar Foundation, 1997)
An important debate among court observers is whether plea bargaining undermines the ideals of justice. This article presents findings that may reconcile some inconsistent research conclusions. It describes how, prior to plea bargaining, one group of court-appointed defense attorneys gauges the strength of evidence through a tacit, taken-for-granted process that emulates trial proceedings: based on their understanding of evidence in the legal community, defenders imagine a courtroom dialogue wherein the prosecution and defense take turns presenting their cases in front of a judge and jury. At issue throughout the dialogue is whether or to what extent information is sufficient, legal, and persuasive enough to convict the defendant. Because the process is part of the defenders' ongoing and unspoken daily routines, it may elude unsuspecting investigators. Ironically, this means not only that some analysts may inappropriately conclude that legal ideals play no role in plea bargaining but also that: others may ingenuously assume that such behavior is more ethical than it actually is.
Keywords: dept.soc

Trial by plea bargain: Case settlement as a product of recursive decisionmaking - Emmelman, DS (Law & Society Review, 1996)
Through presentation of ethnographic research findings on court-appointed defense attorneys, this article examines plea bargaining as a component of a recursive process for deciding whether a case should be settled immediately or proceed further. The decisionmaking process has three types of activities: assessing the offer for a guilty plea, negotiating the terms of a plea bargain, and counseling the defendant and deciding on a course of action. Until a criminal case is actually settled either through a final plea agreement or a jury trial, this decisionmaking process occurs over and over again. Viewed as a component of this recursive process, plea bargaining encompasses multiple episodes of negotiating behavior as well as a wide range of formal litigation proceedings. Perhaps more important, plea bargaining and trial procedures can actually be seen to converge. I conclude that this mode of plea bargaining is not merely an effective method for representing defendants but perhaps equally or more effective than trial. Some important limitations of the findings are also discussed.
Keywords: dept.soc

Self-help for grandmothers parenting again - Winston, Carole A (Journal of Social Distress and The Homeless, 1999)
Increasingly, grandmothers are parenting grandchildren in homes where parental presence is sporadic or nonexistent. A disproportionate percentage of African American grandparents fall in this category. The author reviews the literature on the African American grandmother in the context of the African American family and describes a practice model for service provision to those women who seek support as they “parent again.”
Keywords: African American; Empowerment model; Parenting grandparents; Support group; dept.swk

Alcohol Use Among Latino Males - Colon, Edgar (Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 1998)
This paper examines the factors surrounding the use of alcohol among Latino males. Prevention and treatment strategies for the provision of culturally competent treatment services are proposed, based on an analysis of the literature.
Keywords: alcoholism; article; dept.swk; ethnic group; health care delivery; health care planning; human; incidence; preventive health service; united states

Distance learning in social work education - Siegel, Elbert; Jennings, Joanne G; Conklin, Jack; Flynn, Shelly A Napoletano (Journal of Social Work Education, 1998)
This article reports data collected from a national survey of all accredited social work programs conducted between December 1995 and February 1996. The purpose was to assess current usage of distance learning in social work education. The findings suggest that the use of distance learning has increased, and that the most prevalent issues reported by educators involve adapting instructional material for course presentation and faculty preparation. Implications of the study findings for social work education are also discussed.
Keywords: dept.swk

Normalizing acute care: A day hospital/crisis residence alternative to inpatient hospitalization - Rakfeldt, J.; Tebes, J.K.; Steiner, J.; Walker, P.L.; Davidson, L.; Sledge, W.H. (Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1997)
Normalization is the use of culturally valued means to enable people with disabilities to live culturally valued lives. In this article, the authors describe an effort to bring normalization practices to acute psychiatric care. They describe a day hospital/crisis respite diversion program that serves as an alternative to acute inpatient hospitalization and sketch the research project that fostered it. The authors argue that a day hospital/crisis respite provides effective clinical care comparable to inpatient hospitalization but achieves greater potential for recovery through a normalizing philosophy and practice. An implication of this finding is that such programs based on the principle of normalization may be both cost effective as well as more empowering for patients.
Keywords: Acute Disease; Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Community Mental Health Centers; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Crisis Intervention; Day Care; Female; Group Homes; Health Care Costs; Health Services Research; Hospitalization; Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychotic Disorders; adult; article; case report; crisis intervention; day hospital; dept.swk; female; human

Program design and planning strategies in the delivery of culturally competent health and mental health prevention and treatment services to latino communities - Colon, Edgar (Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1997)
It is important that the delivery of health and mental health prevention and treatment services within Latino communities be culturally sensitive. This article outlines several ways in which agencies can develop programs that can meet the needs of Latino communities. The most important aspect of the provision of health prevention and treatment services is that the organization integrates itself into the community through outreach, recruitment, and inclusion in decision-making. In addition, the organization needs to be structured so communication and participation from the community and health professionals are open and mixed. Otherwise, the likelihood of success of the provision of services in the community will be diminished. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.swk

Working memory, attention, and communication disturbances in schizophrenia. - Docherty, Nancy M; Hawkins, Keith A; Hoffman, Ralph E; Quinlan, Donald M; Rakfeldt, Jaak; Sledge, William H (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1996)
The authors hypothesized that schizophrenic communication disturbances reflect specific cognitive deficits in the areas of working memory and attention. They examined the cognitive correlates of communication disturbances, as measured by linguistic reference performance, in schizophrenic (n = 48), bipolar (n = 24), and nonpsychiatric control (n = 23) individuals. Reference performance ratings in the schizophrenic patients were associated with scores on tests of working memory and attention and were not related to performance on concept formation or verbal fluency tests. In contrast, in the bipolar and nonpsychiatric individuals, reference performance was associated with concept formation and verbal fluency test scores but was not related to performance on tests of working memory. Implications with respect to the processes underlying schizophrenic communication disturbances are discussed.
Keywords: adult; article; attention; bipolar depression; cognitive defect; controlled study; dept.swk; female; human; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; memory; rating scale; schizophrenia; task performance; verbal communication

Persistence by 2-Year college graduates to 4-Year colleges and universities. - Dworkin, Stephen L (Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 1996)
Most community college graduates do not continue on for study in 4-year colleges and universities. Fewer than 20% do so within the first few years after receiving their associate's degrees. Concerns have been expressed about the extent to which older students (e.g., students who received their degrees at age 25 and above) persist (go on) to 4-year colleges and universities and about the correlates of persistence for this group. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between a selected number of academic, social, and personal variables in the context of predicting persistence to a 4-year public university among older graduates of a New England state’s public 2-year institutions. Data were collected in 1988 and 1989 from a random sample of 3,762 older associate's degree students from the 12 community colleges in Connecticut. These data were then subjected to a two-group, single-function discriminant function analysis to determine the predictive power of the dependent measures used in the study. The results indicated that the higher the perceptions of social and institutional support in community colleges and the higher the age of the graduates, the more apt they were to persist to a 4-year institution. Further analysis, however, revealed that the average persister was 38 years old, whereas the average attritor was 34 years old, suggesting the need for further research among 2-year college populations among the over-30 age group as well as replication of the study in states with both similar and dissimilar demographic shifts in college populations. © 1996 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.swk

Chapter 1: AIDS and Homophobia/Heterosexism - Appleby, George Alan (Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 1995)
Homophobia and heterosexism are complementary social processes that shaped the social construction and the public health response to AIDS. Both concepts view gay and lesbian oppression from different vantage points. Homophobia is a weapon of sexism and is manifested in fear and hatred. Heterosexism is an ideological system that denigrates non-heterosexual behavior. Both processes are well served by the social institutions of family, religion, law, and the ideologies of sexuality and gender. The consequences have been societal and personal: inadequate HIV medical and social services; lack of a national AIDS policy; widespread discrimination and prejudice against gay men, lesbians, and persons living with AIDS; stress, violence, and suicide; substance abuse; and HIV risk behavior and relapse. Mental health and social services, social supports, education and prevention programs, community development, and social action to broaden civil rights and to challenge institutional oppression are required to counter the ravages of hate and discrimination. © 1995 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.swk

Training gerontological social workers for nursing home practice - Gesino, Jack Paul; Siegel, Elbert (Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 1995)
An escalating elderly population has necessitated a corresponding need for social workers trained in gerontology and who can practice in nursing homes. In order to enhance professional knowledge and skills, the authors present a teaching model that uses an apprenticeship framework to help students develop social work skills in working with elderly residents in long term care facilities. Responses to student reaction worksheets were analyzed in order to assess student experiences, the progress of skill development and the amelioration of bias as a relationship develops develops between client and social worker. The authors propose the use of a "reflective practicum" enhanced by group processes as a way to enhance training. © 1995 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.swk

No place like home: A study of two homeless shelters - Friedman, Bruce David (Journal of Social Distress and The Homeless, 1994)
Homelessness is one of the most pressing social problems today. Society has responded to the problem with the creation of homeless shelters. Yet, the nature of the operation of the shelter is not defined. This study explored the operations of two single adult homeless shelters to understand how they operate in addressing the problem of homelessness. The study identified two different types of services, one called `'house” and the other `'home”. House services provided basic food, shelter, and linkage to social services, which fulfilled the basic definition of the problem of homelessness as defined by the Institute of Medicine. Home services provided the basic services of house but also went one step beyond by providing these services within the context of a supportive environment, thus creating informal social supports. The study discusses the implications of each of these modalities in addressing the problems associated with people who are homeless as well as the differences in policies and structures which contribute to one shelter providing house and the other home services.
Keywords: dept.swk

Children’s Acquisition and Retention of Word Spellings - Dreyer, Lois G.; Luke, Stephen D.; Melican, Eileen K. (The Varieties of Orthographic Knowledge: II: Relationships to Phonology, Reading, and Writing, 1995)
Spelling is one of several important operations involved in the act of writing but until recently has received attention primarily in the applied domain. Orthographic abilities, because of their strong association with reading (e.g. Perfetti, 1985), are now of increasing interest to those who study the cognitive bases of literacy development. It is generally acknowledged that phonological processes underlie essential aspects of word recognition (Adams, 1990; Dreyer, 1989; Liberman, Shankweiler & Liberman, 1989; Stanovich, 1986; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Williams, 1986). An expanding body of research suggests that orthographic factors can account for a significant amount of variance in word recognition over and above phonological abilities (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1990; 1993; Dreyer, 1994; Stanovich & West, 1989; Stanovich, West & Cunningham, 1991).
Keywords: Orthographic Knowledge; Phonological Awareness; Receptive Vocabulary; Target Word; Word Reading; dept.rdg

Cognitive profiles of reading-disabled children: comparison of language skills in phonology, morphology, and syntax: - Shankweiler, Donald; Crain, Stephen; Katz, Leonard; Fowler, Anne E; Liberman, Alvin M; Brady, Susan; Thornton, Rosalind; Lundquist, Eric; Dreyer, Lois G; Fletcher, Jack M; Stuebing, Karla K; Shaywitz, Sally E; et al. (Psychological Science, 1995)
A comprehensive cognitive appraisal of elementary school children with learning disabilities showed that within the language sphere, deficits associated with reading disability are selective: Phonological deficits consistently accompany reading problems whether they occur in relatively pure form or in the presence of coexisting attention deficit or arithmetic disability. Although reading-disabled children were also deficient in production of morphologically related forms, this difficulty stemmed in large part from the same weakness in the phonological component that underlies reading disability. In contrast, tests of syntactic knowledge did not distinguish reading-disabled children from those with other cognitive disabilities, nor from normal children after covarying for intelligence.
Keywords: dept.rdg

Correlates of sexual satisfaction in marriage - Young, M; Denny, George; Luquis, Raffy; Young, Tamera (Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 1998)
Hypotheses concerning possible correlates of sexual satisfaction in marriage were tested using the replies of 797 married women and men of diverse ages to a 70-item mailed questionnaire that contained seven Likert-type sub-scales measuring different sexual and non-sexual variables. Multiple regression analysis, using sexual satisfaction as the dependent variable, yielded a five-variable model that accounted for a significant portion of the variation in sexual satisfaction (Adjusted R Squared = .602). The variable 'overall satisfaction with marriage' had the highest correlation with sexual satisfaction (r = .622), followed by 'satisfaction with non-sexual aspects of the relationship' (r = .609), frequency of spouse/partner orgasm per sexual encounter (r = .529), frequency of sexual activity (r = .370), and 'sexual uninhibitedness' (r = .230). None of three measures of religiosity made a significant contribution to explaining the variation on self reported sexual satisfaction. Men and women did not differ in level of sexual satisfaction, and adding gender to the regression model did not increase the level of explained variation. The results indicate that sexual satisfaction in these married respondents could not be compartmentalized to their sexual interactions, but was strongly associated with non-sexual aspects of the overall marital relationship as well.
Keywords: Marital satisfaction; Relationship satisfaction; Religiosity; Sexual satisfaction; Spouse-partner orgasm consistency; aged; article; dept.pch; female; human; male; marriage; multiple regression; normal human; orgasm; questionnaire; religion; satisfaction; sexual behavior; ⛔ No DOI found

Recruitment of minority students to U.S. epidemiology degree programs - George, Diane Marie M.St.; Schoenbach, Victor J.; Reynolds, Gladys H.; Nwangwu, John; Adams-Campbell, Lucile L. (Annals of Epidemiology, 1997)
PURPOSE: African-, Hispanic-, and Native Americans are underrepresented in the field of epidemiology including degree programs. As part of the assessment component of its mandate, the American College of Epidemiology Committee on Minority Affairs conducted a survey of minority recruitment activities of U.S. epidemiology degree programs. METHODS: The survey, containing questions related to marketing activities, institutional infrastructure, financial support, academic offerings, and receptive/supportive environment, was mailed to all programs identified in Episource as offering epidemiology degrees. Separate responses were requested concerning activities at the department and school levels. RESULTS: Fifty- two completed questionnaires were received (response rate of 79%). All but two institutions had at least one activity conducted by either the department or the school. However, all activities were more common at the school- than at the department-level. Indeed, some activities [a written minority student recruitment plan (6% of departments and 52% of schools), personnel with minority recruitment responsibilities (4% of departments and 73% of schools] were almost exclusively school-sponsored. Although marketing-type activities were the most common minority recruitment tool used by departments, only 21% made visits to minority schools, 17% visited other colleges specifically to recruit minorities, and 12% produced materials targeted to ethnic/racial minorities. Six percent of the departments and 19% of the schools offered financial support (grants, fellowships, scholarships) to almost all underrepresented minority students. CONCLUSIONS: Even though individual epidemiology degree programs may not see a need for general recruitment activities in order to maintain the size of their applicant pool, minority- specific recruitment activities should be undertaken to enhance and diversify that pool. We recommend that epidemiology departments develop, adopt, and implement comprehensive written plans for the recruitment of underrepresented minority students into their programs.
Keywords: Adult; Career Choice; Educational Measurement; Epidemiology; Fellowships and Scholarships; Female; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Minority groups; Minority health; School Admission Criteria; Schools, Public Health; Schools- veterinary; Schools-public health; Student recruitment; United States; article; dept.pch; education program; epidemiology; human; minority group; priority journal; questionnaire; student; united states

The impact of the Yale faculty development program: Clinical alcohol and drug research and education (cadre) on medical student teaching about substance abuse - O'Connor, Patrick G.; Pearsall, H. Rowland; Ball, Samuel A.; Forsyth, Brian W. C.; Faraclas, William G.; Schottenfeld, Richard S. (Substance Abuse, 1997)
Increasing emphasis on the need for medical student education about substance abuse has led to the development of a variety of training efforts through faculty development. The Yale University School of Medicine Faculty Development Program or CADRE (Clinical Alcohol and Drug Research and Education) was instituted in 1992 for the purpose of enhancing substance abuse teaching in the Yale medical student curriculum. CADRE faculty were identify in internal medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatry. Prior to the program, there was limited formal teaching about substance abuse in the Yale curriculum and no coordinated effort across disciplines. The enhancement of teaching activities occurred primarily within four required “core”; clinical clerkships for third‐and fourth‐year medical students. Student evaluations of this new teaching activity were positive. The CADRE program was successful at developing a multidisciplinary core faculty group with expertise in substance abuse teaching and resulted in the development of a coordinated, multidisciplinary substance abuse curriculum for Yale medical students.
Keywords: Faculty development; Medical education; Substance abuse; article; clinical research; curriculum; dept.pch; education program; faculty development; medical education; medical student; substance abuse; teaching

New admission measure needed - Williams, AL; Gallup, P (Academic Medicine, 1997)
Keywords: Humans; School Admission Criteria; Schools, Medical; United States; dept.pch; education; human; letter; medical school

Homeless mentally ill veterans: race, service use, and treatment outcomes. - Rosenheck, Robert A; Leda, Catherine; Frisman, Linda K; Gallup, Peggy (American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1997)
Comparisons of service use and treatment outcomes for 145 black and 236 white homeless veterans with mental disorders showed few differences. A greater improvement in psychiatric symptoms and alcohol problems among white than black veterans did not hold true when black veterans had participated in the residential treatment component of the program. The implications of the findings for the successful treatment of homeless black veterans are discussed.
Keywords: Adult; African Americans; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Residential Treatment; Veterans; article; cost effectiveness analysis; dept.pch; homelessness; mental disease; mental health service; outcomes research; race difference; residential care; soldier; treatment outcome

Measurement of the proportion of free to total prostate-specific antigen improves diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen in the diagnostic gray zone of total prostate-specific antigen - Luderer, Albert A.; Chen, Ya-Ting; Soriano, Thomas F.; Kramp, William J.; Carlson, Grant D.; Cuny, Carol; Sharp, Thomas; Smith, William; Petteway, Jason; Brawer, Michael K.; Thiel, Robert (Urology, 1995)
Objectives: This study examined the clinical significance of non-complexed (free) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer with an emphasis on patients with total PSA values between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL (the diagnostic gray zone). Methods: Serum samples were obtained from three specimen banks. Patient samples consisted of 55 untreated historically confirmed primary cancer, 62 men with untreated benign prostatic disease histologically confirmed by 6 negative sextant biopsies, and 64 asymptomatic healthy male controls with normal digital rectal examinations and PSA values less than 4.0 ng/mL. All patients were between the ages of 50 and 75 years. Total PSA levels were determined using the PA immunoassay performed on the TOSOH AIA-1200 automated immunoassay instrument. Free PSA levels were determined using a monoclonal-polyclonal antibody sandwich radioimmunoassay. The proportion of free to total PSA was calculated by dividing the patient's free PSA value by the total PSA value. Results: When all subjects were included, both total PSA and the proportion of free to total PSA significantly differentiated between patients with prostate cancer and patients with benign histologic conditions (P< 0.0001). However, in men with total PSA values between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL, the proportion of free to total PSA significantly differentiated between patients with benign and malignant histologic conditions (P = 0.0004), whereas the total PSA did not (P = 0.13). Among this subgroup of patients, the analysis of sensitivity and specificity showed that the proportion of free to total PSA had a clearly higher specificity compared with that of the total PSA at the same level of sensitivity. Conclusions: Measurement of the free PSA level in a patient's serum and calculation of the proportion of free to total PSA enhances the ability to distinguish benign histologic conditions from cancer while retaining high sensitivity for detecting cancer in men who present with total PSA levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL. A large-scale population-based study is currently in progress to confirm this preliminary finding. © 1995.
Keywords: Aged; Case-Control Studies; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comparative Study; Diagnosis, Differential; Human; Immunoassay; Male; Middle Age; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; ROC Curve; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; adult; article; cancer diagnosis; controlled study; dept.pch; diagnostic accuracy; differential diagnosis; early diagnosis; human; immunoassay; major clinical study; male; monoclonal antibody; polyclonal antibody; priority journal; prostate cancer; prostate specific antigen; tumor marker

Preferences for and against stimuli paired with food - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1999)
Pigeons were presented with a concurrent-chains schedule in which terminal-link entries were assigned to two response keys on a percentage basis. The terminal links were fixed delays that sometimes ended with food and sometimes did not. In most conditions, 80% of the terminal links were assigned to one key, but a smaller percentage of the terminal links ended with food for this key, so the number of food reinforcers delivered by the two alternatives was equal. When the same terminal-link stimuli (orange houselights) were used for both alternatives, the pigeons showed a preference for whichever alternative delivered more frequent terminal links. When different terminal-link stimuli (green vs. red houselights) were used for the two alternatives, the pigeons showed a preference for whichever alternative delivered fewer terminal links when terminal-link durations were long, and no systematic preferences when terminal-link durations were short. This pattern of results was consistent with the predictions of Grace's (1994) contextual choice model. Preference for the alternative that delivered more frequent terminal links was usually stronger in the first few sessions of a condition than at the end of a condition, suggesting that the conditioned reinforcing effect of the additional terminal-link presentations was, in part, transitory.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior/ph [Physiology]; *Feeding Behavior/px [Psychology]; *Food Preferences; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Behavior, Animal/ph [Physiology]; Choice; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Concurrent chains; Conditioned reinforcement; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Psychological; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Key peck; Pigeons; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement probability; Reinforcement, Psychology; animal; animal behavior; article; conditioning; decision making; dept.psy; feeding behavior; food preference; physiology; pigeons and doves; psychological aspect; reinforcement

Compliance, noncompliance strategies, and the correlates of compliance in 5-year-old japanese and american children - Abe, Jo Ann A; Izard, Carroll E (Social Development, 1999)
The present study compared compliance, noncompliance strategies, and the correlates in 5-year old Japanese and American children were observed during three standardized laboratory procedures. Compliance, noncompliance strategies, and negative affect were coded during Toy Pick Up procedure. Maternal directiveness and mother-directed behaviors were coded during Mother-Child play and Free-play procedures, respectively. A baseline level of play was also obtained during the Free Play procedures to ensure that the children's willingness to engage in the Toy Pick Up procedure would not be confounded with their level of involvement with the toys. Consistent with predictions derived from a review of cross-cultural research on socialization practices, Japanese children showed longer latencies to begin picking up toys in response to maternal requests and were also more likely to engage in the `less skilled' noncompliance strategies of direct defiance and passive noncompliance than American children. The two groups of children did not, however, differ in their level of negative affect during the Toy Pick Up procedure. Contrary to expectations, maternal directiveness was not associated with compliance in either group of children. However, approach behavior to mother during Free Play was inversely correlated with compliance in Japanese, but not American children.
Keywords: Compliance; Cross-cultural; Preschool children; Self-regulation; dept.psy

A comparative study of quiet sleep, active sleep, and waking on the first 2 days of life - Carroll, D.A.; Denenberg, V.H.; Thoman, E.B. (Developmental Psychobiology, 1999)
Direct behavioral observation and motility monitoring procedures provide reliable data, and both are appropriate for sleep/wake state measurements starting immediately after birth. Using these procedures, newborn rats, rabbits, and humans were found to have a greater amount of quiet sleep on the day of birth rather than 24 hr later. Changes in active sleep and wake were inconsistent across the 2 days. The quiet sleep findings are contrary to the developmental course which increases with age. The findings are interpreted as a temporary adaptive response to the stress of the birth process.
Keywords: Animalia; Animals; Animals and human infants; Animals, Newborn; Cross-species sleep; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Motor Activity; Newborn sleep; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Rats; Sleep Stages; Sleep in neonates; Sleep, REM; Sleep/wake states in neonates; Species Specificity; Wakefulness; adaptive behavior; animal behavior; animal experiment; article; breathing rate; child behavior; dept.psy; human; human experiment; infant; nonhuman; normal human; rabbit; rat; sleep pattern; sleep time; sleep waking cycle; stress

Choice with delayed and probabilistic reinforcers: Effects of prereinforcer and postreinforcer stimuli - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1998)
In Experiment 1, pigeons' pecks on a green key led to a 5-s delay with green houselights, and then food was delivered on 20% (or, in other conditions, 50%) of the trials. Pecks on a red key led to an adjusting delay with red houselights, and then food was delivered on every trial. The adjusting delay was used to estimate indifference points: delays at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Varying the presence or absence of green houselights during the delays that preceded possible food deliveries had large effects on choice. In contrast, varying the presence of the gr een or red houselights in the intertrial intervals had no effects on choice. In Experiment 2, pecks on the green key led to delays of either 5 s or 30 s with green houselights, and then food was delivered on 20% of the trials. Varying the duration of the green houselights on nonreinforced trials had no effect on choice. The results suggest that the green houselights served as a conditioned reinforcer at some rimes but not at others, depending on whether or nor there was a possibility that a primary reinforcer might be delivered. Given this interpretation of what constitutes a conditioned reinforcer, most of the results were consistent with the view that the strength of a conditioned reinforcer is inversely related to its duration.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior/ph [Physiology]; *Conditioning, Psychological/ph [Physiology]; *Reinforcement, Psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Behavior, Animal/ph [Physiology]; Choice; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioned reinforcement; Conditioning (Psychology); Delay; Key peck; Pigeons; Probability; Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors; animal; animal behavior; article; comparative study; conditioning; decision making; dept.psy; physiology; pigeons and doves; reinforcement; time

Procrastination by pigeons with fixed-interval response requirements - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1998)
Two experiments studied the phenomenon of procrastination, in which pigeons chose a larger, more delayed response requirement over a smaller, more immediate response requirement. The response requirements were fixed-interval schedules that did not lead to an immediate food reinforcer, but that interrupted a 55-s period in which food was delivered at random times. The experiments used an adjusting-delay procedure in which the delay to the start of one fixed-interval requirement was varied over trials to estimate an indifference point-a delay at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Experiment 1 found that as the delay to a shorter fixed-interval requirement was increased, the adjusting delay to a longer fixed-interval requirement also increased, and the rate of increase depended on the duration of the longer fixed-interval requirement. Experiment 2 found a strong preference for a fixed delay of 10 s to the start of a fixed-interval requirement compared to a mixed delay of either 0 or 20 s. The results help to distinguish among different equations that might describe the decreasing effectiveness of a response requirement with increasing delay, and they suggest that delayed reinforcers and delayed response requirements have symmetrical but opposite effects on choice.
Keywords: *Behavior, Animal/ph [Physiology]; *Choice Behavior; *Feeding Behavior/px [Psychology]; *Reinforcement Schedule; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Delay; Feeding Behavior; Fixed-interval schedules; Key peck; Models, Psychological; Pigeons; Procrastination; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; Reinforcement, Psychology; Time Factors; animal; animal behavior; article; comparative study; decision making; dept.psy; feeding behavior; physiology; pigeons and doves; psychological aspect; psychological model; reinforcement; time

Choice and Self-Control - Mazur, James E. (Handbook of Research Methods in Human Operant Behavior, 1998)
For several decades, choice has been the focus of considerable research by those who study operant behavior. This is not surprising, because the topics of choice and operant behavior are intimately intertwined. In everyday life, people can choose among a large, almost infinite set of operant behaviors, and they can choose not only which behaviors to perform, but under what conditions, at what rate, and for how long. Because choice is an essential part of human (and animal) life, it has been studied with great interest not only by behavioral psychologists, but also by decision theorists, economists, political scientists, biologists, and others. The research methods used in these different disciplines vary widely, and a review of all of the different methods for studying choice is well beyond the scope and purpose of this chapter. Instead, the chapter will focus on the techniques most frequently used in operant research—techniques that involve single-subject designs, that allow precise control of the reinforcement contingencies, and that produce (in most cases) large and clear effects on each subject’s behavior.
Keywords: Conditioned Reinforcer; Discriminative Stimulus; Indifference Point; Reinforcement Schedule; Terminal Link; dept.psy

Effects of Rate of Reinforcement and Rate of Change on Choice Behaviour in Transition - Mazur, J.E. (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1997)
In two experiments with pigeons, a single variable-interval schedule assigned reinforcers to two response keys on a percentage basis. The percentage of reinforcers assigned to each key was changed every few sessions, and subjects' choice responses were recorded before and after each change. In Experiment 1, the overall rate of reinforcement was varied across conditions The pigeons' choice responses adapted more quickly to a change in the reinforcement percentages when the overall reinforcement rates were higher, but acquisition rates varied by only about a factor of 3, whereas reinforcement rates were varied by about a factor of 9. In Experiment 2, the reinforcement percentages changed about every 8 sessions in Phases 1 and 3, but every 1 or 2 sessions in Phase 2. Pigeons' choice responses adapted to a change in reinforcement percentages more quickly in Phase 2 than in Phases 1 and 3. The results from both experiments pose difficulties for several prominent models of transitional choice behaviour. The results suggest that each successive reinforcer has more impact on a subject's subsequent choice behaviour when the overall rate of reinforcement is lower and when the reinforcement contingencies have changed frequently in the recent past.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior; *Reinforcement, Psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Reinforcement (Psychology); animal; animal behavior; article; comparative study; decision making; dept.psy; pigeons and doves; reinforcement; ⛔ No DOI found

The affective nature of Mother–Adolescent communication concerning sexuality and conflict - Kahlbaugh, Patricia E; Lefkowitz, Eva S; Valdez, Patricia; Sigman, Marian (Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1997)
This 2-year longitudinal study examined the affective nature of communication between mothers and adolescents from early to mid-adolescence. Eleven-to 16-year-old adolescents and their mothers were videotaped while engaging in conversations about everyday topics, dating and sexuality, and conflicts. Nonverbal displays of affiliation, embarrassment, and contempt were found to be fairly stable across conversations, across members of the same dyad, and across time for the mothers. However, there were some effects of conversational topic in that adolescents displayed less affiliation in the conflict conversation than in the other conversations during the 1st session. In addition, boys displayed more contempt when talking about dating and sexuality than about conflicts. Over the 2-year period, the level of affiliation decreased for adolescents, and maternal conversational dominance increased. In all conversations and at both time periods, adolescents displayed more embarrassment and contempt and less affiliation than did mothers. Both maternal and adolescent levels of affiliation during the conversations in the 1st session predicted degree of satisfaction with certain family characteristics expressed in the 2nd session. Copyright © 1997, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Keywords: dept.psy

Choice, delay, probability, and conditioned reinforcement - Mazur, James E (Animal Learning & Behavior, 1997)
The hyperbolic-decay model is a mathematical expression of the relation between delay and reinforcer value. The model has been used to predict choices in discrete-trial experiments on delay-amount tradeoffs, on preference for variable over fixed delays, and on probabilistic reinforcement. Experiments manipulating the presence or absence of conditioned reinforcers on trials that end without primary reinforcement have provided evidence that the hyperbolic-decay model actually predicts the strength of conditioned reinforcers rather than the strength of delayed primary reinforcers. The model states that the strength of a conditioned reinforcer is inversely related to the time spent in its presence before a primary reinforcer is delivered. A possible way to integrate the model with Grace's (1994) contextual-choice model for concurrent-chain schedules is presented. Also discussed are unresolved difficulties in determining exactly when a stimulus will or will not serve as a conditioned reinforcer.
Keywords: article; behavior; conditioning; decision making; dept.psy; model; nonhuman; reinforcement; theory

Choice with certain and uncertain reinforcers in an adjusting-delay procedure - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1996)
A discrete-trials adjusting-delay procedure was used to investigate the conditions under which pigeons might show a preference for partial reinforcement over 100% reinforcement, an effect reported in a number of previous experiments. A peck on a red key always led to a delay with red houselights and then food. In each condition, the duration of the red-houselight delay was adjusted to estimate an indifference point. In 100% reinforcement conditions, a peck on a green key always led to a delay with green houselights and then food. In partial-reinforcement conditions, a peck on the green key led either to the green houselights and food or to white houselights and no food. In some phases of the experiment, statistically significant preference for partial reinforcement over 100% reinforcement was found, but this effect was observed in only about half of the pigeons. The effect was largely eliminated when variability in the delay stimulus colors was equated for 50% reinforcement conditions and 100% reinforcement conditions. Idiosyncratic preferences for certain colors or for stimulus variability may be at least partially responsible for the effect.
Keywords: *Appetitive Behavior; *Choice Behavior; *Motivation; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Choice; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioned reinforcers; Key peck; Motivation; Pigeons; Reinforcement Schedule; Reinforcement delay; Reinforcement probability; animal; appetite; article; color vision; decision making; dept.psy; motivation; pigeons and doves; reinforcement; ❓ Multiple DOI

Turn-taking in mother-adolescent conversations about sexuality and conflict - Lefkowitz, Eva S; Kahlbaugh, Patricia E; Sigman, Marian (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1996)
The current study examined the nature and style of mother-adolescent conversations, how these conversations differ by subject matter and dyadic and individual differences. Thirty-one mother-adolescent dyads (17 boys, 14 girls) with a child between the ages of 11 and 14 had a nonstructured conversation and conversations about conflict and sexuality They also completed questionnaires on beliefs about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Conversations were measured for turn taking, total number of words, and conversational dominance, as well as nonverbal measures of affiliation, shame, and contempt Conversations about sexuality involved less turn taking, fewer words, and more mother dominance than nonstructured conversations. Conversations about conflicts involved less turn taking but more words than nonstructured conversations Some gender and age differences were found. Move interactive conflict conversations contained higher levels of affiliation, and lower levels of child shame than conversations with fewer turns or higher mother dominance. In addition, children in move interactive dyads possessed a larger percentage of their mother's AIDS knowledge, and worried about AIDS a moderate amount.
Keywords: dept.psy

To forget or not to forget: The effect of probability of test on directed forgetting - Golding, JM; Roper, KL; Hauselt, J (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section a-Human Experimental Psychology, 1996)
Two experiments investigated how individuals use explicit memory cues that designate different probabilities of test. As in typical directed forgetting studies, subjects received words explicitly cued as having either a 0% or a 100% chance of being on a subsequent memory test (i.e. forget and remember cues, respectively). In addition, some words were explicitly cued as having the potential to be either forgotten or remembered (i.e. a 50% cue). Recall of 50% words was between that of 0% and 100% words. In addition, the presence of 50% words lowered recall of the 100% words compared to that of a control group that did not receive the 50% words, but received the same number of 100% words. A think-aloud task indicated that these results were due to the 50% words being treated like either 100% or 0% words at encoding. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of different probabilities of test on the strategic processing and representation of information.
Keywords: Adult; Attention; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Probability Learning; Verbal Learning; adult; article; attention; dept.psy; female; human; learning; male; recall

Past experience, recency, and spontaneous recovery in choice behavior - Mazur, James E (Learning & Behavior, 1996)
Pigeons' responses on two keys were recorded before and after the percentage of reinforcers delivered by each key was changed. In each condition of Experiment 1, the reinforcement percentage for one key was 50% for several sessions, then either 70% or 90% for one, two, or three sessions, and then 50% for another few sessions. At the start of the second and third sessions after a change in reinforcement percentages, choice percentages often exhibited spontaneous recovery-a reversion to the response percentages of earlier sessions. The spontaneous recovery consisted of a shift toward a more extreme response percentage in some cases and toward a less extreme response percentage in other cases, depending on what reinforcement percentages were previously in effect. In Experiment 2, some conditions included a 3-day rest period before a change in reinforcement percentages, and other conditions included no such rest days. Slightly less spontaneous recovery was observed in conditions with the rest periods, suggesting that the influence of prior sessions diminished with the passage of time. The results are consistent with the view that choice behavior at the start of a new session is based on a weighted average of the events of the past several sessions.
Keywords: Animalia; Columba; animal behavior; animal experiment; article; computer simulation; conditioning; decision making; dept.psy; experience; feeding; model; nonhuman; pigeon; reinforcement; reliability

STIR Success Through Individual Recreation: Working with the low-functioning resident with dementia or Alzheimer's disease: - Russen-Rondinone, Tonya; DesRoberts, Anne-Marie M. (American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 1996)
STIR, Success Through Individual Recreation is examined to determine the benefits of individualized recreational activities geared towards the lower functioning...
Keywords: dept.psy

Procrastination by pigeons: Preference for larger, more delayed work requirements - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1996)
In three experiments, pigeons chose between alternatives that required the completion of a small ratio schedule early in the trial or a larger ratio schedule later in the trial. Completion of the ratio requirement did not lead to an immediate reinforcer, but simply allowed the events of the trial to continue. In Experiment 1, the ratio requirements interrupted periods in which food was delivered on a variable-time schedule. In Experiments 2 and 3, each ratio requirement was preceded and followed by a delay, and only one reinforcer was delivered, at the end of each trial. Two of the experiments used an adjusting-ratio procedure in which the ratio requirement was increased and decreased over trials so as to estimate an indifference point-a ratio size at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. These experiments found clear evidence for `'procrastination”-the choice of a larger but more delayed response requirement. In some cases, subjects chose the more delayed ratio schedule even when it was larger than the more immediate alternative by a factor of four or more. The results suggest that as the delay to the start of a ratio requirement is increased, it has progressively less effect on choice behavior, in much the same way that delaying a positive reinforcer reduces it effect on choice.
Keywords: *Appetitive Behavior; *Conditioning, Operant; *Motivation; *Reinforcement Schedule; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Choice; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Delay; Inhibition (Psychology); Inhibition, Psychological; Key peck; Motivation; Pigeons; Problem Solving; Procrastination; Ratio schedules; Reinforcement Schedule; animal; appetite; article; attention; decision making; dept.psy; inhibition (psychology); instrumental conditioning; motivation; pigeons and doves; problem solving; reinforcement

The process of answering direction‐giving questions when someone is lost on a university campus: The role of pragmatics - Golding, Jonathan M; Graesser, Arthur C; Hauselt, Jerry (Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1996)
Two experiments investigated how college students answered direction-giving questions when a confederate asked for directions to a destination on a university campus. The experiments applied the QUEST model (Graesser and Franklin, 1990) to direction giving, emphasizing the pragmatic component of the model that focuses on establishing common ground and dealing with the questioner's goals. The two experiments had different articulations of the direction-giving question (i.e.'How do you get to destination X?' versus `Where is destination X?'), and a different destination. The answers generated by subjects supported both aspects of the pragmatic component.
Keywords: dept.psy

Conditioned reinforcement and choice with delayed and uncertain primary reinforcers - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1995)
In an adjusting-delay choice procedure, pigeons could peck on either a red key or a green key. A peck on the red key always led to a delay associated with red houselights and then food. The delay was adjusted over trials to estimate an indifference point-a delay at which the two keys were chosen about equally often. In some conditions, a peck on the green key led to food on all trials after delays of either 10 a or 30 s, and green houselights were lit during the delays. In other conditions, food was presented on only half of the green-key trials. If the green houselights continued to occur on both reinforcement and nonreinforcement trials, preference for the green key always decreased. Preference for the green key also decreased if half of the trials had 30-s houselights followed by food and the other half had no green houselights and no food. However, preference for the green key actually increased if half of the trials had 10-s green houselights followed by food and the other half had no green houselights followed by no food. The latter condition therefore demonstrated a case in which preference for an alternative increased when food was removed from half of the trials. The results suggest that the red and green houselights served as conditioned reinforcers. A hyperbolic decay model (Mazur, 1989) provided good predictions for all conditions by assuming that the strength of a conditioned reinforcer is inversely related to the total time spent in its presence before food is delivered.
Keywords: Animal; Association Learning; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Motivation; Pigeons; Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology); Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; animal; article; choice; color vision; conditioned reinforcement; decision making; delay of reinforcement; dept.psy; discrimination learning; instrumental conditioning; key peck; learning; long term memory; motivation; pigeon; pigeons; probability of reinforcement; recall; reinforcement

Development of preference and spontaneous recovery in choice behavior with concurrent variable-interval schedules - Mazur, James E (Animal Learning & Behavior, 1995)
Pigeons pecked on two response keys that delivered reinforcers on a variable-interval schedule. The proportion of reinforcers delivered by one key was constant for a few sessions and then changed, and subjects' choice responses were recorded during these periods of transition. In Experiment 1, response proportions approached a new asymptote slightly more slowly when the switch in reinforcement proportions was more extreme. In Experiment 2, slightly faster transitions were found with higher overall rates of reinforcement. The results from the first session, after a switch in the reinforcement proportions, were generally consistent with a mathematical model that assumes that the strength of each response is increased by reinforcement and decreased by nonreinforcement. However, neither this model nor other similar models; predicted the `'spontaneous recovery” observed in later sessions: At the start of these sessions, response proportions reverted toward their preswitch levels. Computer simulations could mimic the spontaneous recovery by assuming that subjects store separate representations of response strength for each session, which are averaged at the start of each new session.
Keywords: animal behavior; article; decision making; dept.psy; mathematical model; nonhuman; pigeon; reinforcement

Effects of intertrial reinforcers on self-control choice. - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1994)
In three experiments, pigeons chose between a small amount of food delivered after a short delay and a larger amount delivered after a longer delay. A discrete-trial adjusting-delay procedure was used to estimate indifference points-pairs of delay-amount combinations that were chosen about equally often. In Experiment 1, when additional reinforcers were available during intertrial intervals on a variable-interval schedule, preference for the smaller, more immediate reinforcer increased. Experiment 2 found that this shift in preference occurred partly because the variable-interval schedule started sooner after the smaller, more immediate reinforcer, but there was still a small shift in preference when the durations and temporal locations of the variable-interval schedules were identical for both alternatives. Experiment 3 found greater increases in preference for the smaller, more immediate reinforcer with a variable-interval 15-s schedule than with a variable-interval 90-s schedule. The results were generally consistent with a model that states that the impact of any event that follows a choice response declines according to a hyperbolic function with increasing time since the moment of choice.
Keywords: Animal; Appetitive Behavior; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Conditioning, Operant; Mental Recall; Motivation; Pigeons; Reinforcement Schedule; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; animal; appetite; article; color vision; decision making; dept.psy; instrumental conditioning; intertrial reinforcers; key peck; motivation; pigeon; pigeons; recall; reinforcement; reinforcer amount; reinforcer delay; self‐control

Anhedonia and premorbid competence in young, nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients. - Garnet, Kathleen E; Glick, Marion; Edell, William S (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1993)
Earlier studies have demonstrated a significant relation between scores on the Physical Anhedonia Scale-but not on the Perceptual Aberration Scale-and premorbid social adjustment in schizophrenics (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976, 1978; Schuck, Leventhal, Rothstein, & Irizarry, 1984). A similar relation between scores on these 2 scales and interpersonal competence in college students has also been noted (Beckfield, 1985; Haberman, Chapman, Numbers, & McFall, 1979; Numbers & Chapman, 1982). The present study extends this work by examining the relation of premorbid adjustment to scores on these 2 scales among young, nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients. Consistent with the earlier findings, anhedonic Ss had poorer premorbid social competence when compared with nonanhedonic Ss, whereas no relation was found between scores on perceptual aberration and premorbid social competence.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Affective Symptoms; Female; Hospitalization; Human; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Perceptual Distortion; Personality Inventory; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Social Adjustment; adolescent; adult; article; competence; dept.psy; female; human; major clinical study; male; mental patient; neurosis; perception disorder; schizophrenia; social adaptation

Predicting the strength of a conditioned reinforcer: effects of delay and uncertainty: - Mazur, James E (Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1993)
Keywords: dept.psy

Choice with delayed and probabilistic reinforcers: effects of variability, time between trials, and conditioned reinforcers - Mazur, James E; Romano, Angela (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1992)
In a discrete-trials procedure with pigeons, a response on a green key led to a 4-s delay (during which green houselights were lit) and then a reinforcer might or might not be delivered. A response on a red key led to a delay of adjustable duration (during which red houselights were lit) and then a certain reinforcer. The delay was adjusted so as to estimate an indifference point-a duration for which the two alternatives were equally preferred. Once the green key was chosen, a subject had to continue to respond on the green key until a reinforcer was delivered. Each response on the green key, plus the 4-s delay that followed every response, was called one “link” of the green-key schedule. Subjects showed much greater preference for the green key when the number of links before reinforcement was variable (averaging four) than when it was fixed (always exactly four). These findings are consistent with the view that probabilistic reinforcers are analogous to reinforcers delivered after variable delays. When successive links were separated by 4-s or 8-s “interlink intervals” with white houselights, preference for the probabilistic alternative decreased somewhat for 2 subjects but was unaffected for the other 2 subjects. When the interlink intervals had the same green houselights that were present during the 4-s delays, preference for the green key decreased substantially for all subjects. These results provided mixed support for the view that preference for a probabilistic reinforcer is inversely related to the duration of conditioned reinforcers that precede the delivery of food.
Keywords: Animal; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Competitive Behavior; Conditioning, Operant; Female; Instinct; Male; Models, Psychological; Pigeons; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; Spatial Behavior; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; animal; animal behavior; article; behavior; choice; competitive behavior; conditioned reinforcement; decision making; delay of reinforcement; dept.psy; drive; female; instrumental conditioning; key peck; male; model; pigeon; pigeons; probability of reinforcement; reinforcement

Choice behavior in transition: Development of preference in a free-operant procedure - Mazur, James E; Ratti, Theresa A (Learning & Behavior, 1991)
Twenty acquisition curves were obtained from each of 8 pigeons in a free-operant choice procedure. Every condition began with a phase in which two response keys had equal probabilities of reinforcement, and, as a result, subjects' responses were divided fairly evenly between the two keys. This was followed by a phase in which one key had a higher probability of reinforcement than the other, and the development of preference was observed. In all but a few cases, response proportions increased for the key with the higher probability of reinforcement. In most conditions, the two probabilities differed by .06, but the actual probabilities varied (from .16 and .10 in one condition to .07 and .01 in another). Development of preference for the key with the higher probability of reinforcement was slower when the ratio of the two reinforcement probabilities was small (.16/.10) than when it was large (.07/.01). This finding is inconsistent with the predictions of several different quantitative models of acquisition, including the kinetic model (Myerson & Miezin, 1980) and the ratio-invariance model (Horner & Staddon, 1987). However, the finding is consistent with a hypothesis based on Weber's law, which states that the two alternatives are more discriminable when the ratio of their reinforcement probabilities is larger, and, as a result, the acquisition of preference is faster.
Keywords: animal experiment; article; behavior; conditioned reflex; dept.psy; discrimination learning; instrumental conditioning; kinetics; model; nonhuman; pigeon; probability; reinforcement

Choice with probabilistic reinforcement: effects of delay and conditioned reinforcers. - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1991)
Two experiments measured pigeons' choices between probabilistic reinforcers and certain but delayed reinforcers. In Experiment 1, a peck on a red key led to a 5-s delay and then a possible reinforcer (with a probability of .2). A peck on a green key led to a certain reinforcer after an adjusting delay. This delay was adjusted over trials so as to estimate an indifference point, or a duration at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. In all conditions, red houselights were present during the 5-s delay on reinforced trials with the probabilistic alternative, but the houselight colors on nonreinforced trials differed across conditions. Subjects showed a stronger preference for the probabilistic alternative when the houselights were a different color (white or blue) during the delay on nonreinforced trials than when they were red on both reinforced and nonreinforced trials. These results supported the hypothesis that the value or effectiveness of a probabilistic reinforcer is inversely related to the cumulative time per reinforcer spent in the presence of stimuli associated with the probabilistic alternative. Experiment 2 tested some quantitative versions of this hypothesis by varying the delay for the probabilistic alternative (either 0 s or 2 s) and the probability of reinforcement (from .1 to 1.0). The results were best described by an equation that took into account both the cumulative durations of stimuli associated with the probabilistic reinforcer and the variability in these durations from one reinforcer to the next.
Keywords: Animal; Attention; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Conditioning, Operant; Mental Recall; Pigeons; Probability Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Perception; adjusting schedule; animal; article; attention; color vision; conditioned reinforcement; decision making; dept.psy; instrumental conditioning; key peck; learning; pigeon; pigeons; recall; reinforcement; reinforcer delay; reinforcer probability; time perception

Choice behavior in transition: development of preference for the higher probability of reinforcement - Bailey, John T.; Mazur, James E. (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1990)
Ten acquisition curves were obtained from each of 4 pigeons in a two‐choice discrete‐trial procedure. In each of these 10 conditions, the two response keys initially had equal probabilities of reinforcement, and subjects' choice responses were about equally divided between the two keys. Then the reinforcement probabilities were changed so that one key had a higher probability of reinforcement (the left key in half of the conditions and the right key in the other half), and in nearly every case the subjects developed a preference for this key. The rate of acquisition of preference for this key was faster when the ratio of the two reinforcement probabilities was higher. For instance, acquisition of preference was faster in conditions with reinforcement probabilities of .12 and .02 than in conditions with reinforcement probabilities of .40 and .30, even though the pairs of probabilities differed by .10 in both cases. These results were used to evaluate the predictions of some theories of transitional behavior in choice situations. A trial‐by‐trial analysis of individual responses and reinforcers suggested that reinforcement had both short‐term and long‐term effects on choice. The short‐term effect was an increased probability of returning to the same key on the one or two trials following a reinforcer. The long‐term effect was a gradual increase in the proportion of responses on the key with the higher probability of reinforcement, an increase that usually continued for several hundred trials. 1990 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Keywords: Animal; Attention; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Motivation; Orientation; Pigeons; Probability Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; acquisition; animal; article; attention; choice; color vision; decision making; dept.psy; discrimination learning; key peck; learning; motivation; orientation; pigeon; pigeons; probability of reinforcement; reinforcement

Differences across gender, grade level, and academic track in the content of the ideal self-image - Bybee, Jane; Glick, Marion; Zigler, Edward (Sex Roles, 1990)
Students from the 5th, 8th, and 11th grades (55 male and 53 female) were asked to describe their ideal self-image. Analyses revealed a number of gender and developmental differences not found with other self-image measures. A greater proportion of females than males mentioned two of the categories related to family life: marriage and improving relations with their family of origin. Mentions of categories surrounding athletics were more prevalent among males. Grade level differences in the content of the ideal self-image reflected cognitive-developmental shifts away from concrete descriptors, changes in physical maturity and the heightened importance of peer relationships around adolescence, and the approach of developmental milestones. Fewer students mentioned physical appearance at higher grade levels. Mentions of athletic abilities and social acceptance peaked at the 8th grade, while mentions of college, marriage, and having children rose at higher grade levels. Differences in the content areas mentioned by average versus advanced track students appeared to reflect differences in both cognitive-developmental level and socialization experiences. © 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Keywords: dept.psy

Choice between delayed reinforcers and fixed‐ratio schedules requiring forceful responding - Mazur, James E; Kralik, J D (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1990)
This experiment measured pigeons' choices between delayed reinforcers and fixed‐ratio schedules in which a force of approximately 0.48 N was needed to operate the response key. In ratio‐delay conditions, subjects chose between a fixed‐ratio schedule and an adjusting delay. The delay was increased or decreased several times a session in order to estimate an indifference point—a delay duration at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Each ratio‐delay condition was followed by a delay‐delay condition in which subjects chose between the adjusting delay and a variable‐time schedule, with the components of this schedule selected to match the ratio completion times of the preceding ratio‐delay condition. The adjusting delays at the indifference point were longer when the alternative was a fixed‐ratio schedule than when it was a matched variable‐time schedule, which indicated a preference for the matched variable‐time schedules over the fixed‐ratio schedules. This preference increased in a nonlinear manner with increasing ratio size. This nonlinearity was inconsistent with a theory that states that indifference points for both time and ratio schedules can be predicted by multiplying the choice response‐reinforcer intervals of the two types of schedules by different multiplicative constants. Two other theories, which predict nonlinear increases in preference for the matched variable‐time schedules, are discussed. 1990 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Keywords: Animal; Choice Behavior; Conditioning, Classical; Exertion; Memory; Mental Recall; Motivation; Pigeons; Psychomotor Performance; Reinforcement Schedule; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; adjusting procedure; animal; article; conditioned reflex; decision making; dept.psy; exercise; fixed ratio; key peck; memory; motivation; pigeon; pigeons; psychomotor performance; recall; reinforcement; reinforcer delay; response effort; variable time

Blacks and women in public higher education: Political and socioeconomic factors underlying diversity at the state level - Critzer, John W.; Rai, Kul B. (Women & Politics, 1998)
In this paper, we analyze the political and socioeconomic factors that may be associated with black and female employment in American public higher education. We develop representation ratios for black females, black males, white females, and white males who serve as full-time faculty members in public higher education institutions in the American states. Our analysis shows that region, in this case the South, provides the best indicator for black female and black male faculty employment in public higher education. The percentage of black state legislators is also associated with black faculty employment. For white women, we found that although they are well represented on faculties, their numbers do not reach their share of the population. None of the variables examined explained their employment as faculty members. Women as a group had a particularly weak presence in state legislatures and continue to have less political power than blacks and white males. We suggest a number of possible avenues for future research to clarify these findings.
Keywords: dept.psc; ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Racial and gender income inequality in the American states - Critzer, John W (Race and Society, 1998)
The purpose of this article is to uncover the political factors associated with greater income parity for black men, black women, and white women relative to white men in the American states. Variables are constructed for federal, state, and local government employment, state electoral competition, federal procurement, black state legislators, and women state legislators along with a number of socioeconomic factors. It is discovered that the political variables carry less weight than the socioeconomic ones. These findings raise questions about the future prospects for increased earnings parity for minorities and women as previous federal efforts to eliminate racial and gender discrimination appear to have been weakened and state political factors have little relationship with greater income equality.
Keywords: dept.psc

Poland's Journalists: Professionalism and Politics. By Jane Leftwich Curry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 302p. $54.50. - Best, Paul J. (American Political Science Review, 1991)
Keywords: dept.psc

A technique for measuring the 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional conductivity change of YBCO superconductors at the normal-to-superconducting phase change - Hmurcik, Lawrence V; Bidarian, A; Ibarra, B; Matthews, L D (Journal of Materials Science, 1998)
It is well known that conduction in YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) is by means of copper "planes" and "chains," where planes and chains describe the degree of bonding between copper and oxygen. Changes of conductivity versus temperature have been used to show that conduction in YBCO in the normal state is 3-dimensional, while conduction approaching the onset of the superconducting state is first 2-dimensional and then 3-dimensional. We have found another method to monitor this 2-to-3 transition. Using square samples, and measuring the voltage at each corner caused by a current applied to the opposite corners, one can find the conductivities along the x-axis and the y-axis. The ratio of these conductivities is unity for homogeneous samples in the normal state. However, in transition to the superconducting state, the ratio of conductivities changes. We examine this change as a function of sample purity, sample history, and exposure to an external magnetic field. Our data are consistent with data reported in the literature, and they suggest the existence of another state change deep in the superconducting state, which is only observable with the application of a magnetic field., Measurements were also carried out to correlate the anisotropy with sample porosity. Measurements of normal state resistivity, critical temperature, and critical current characterize the sample's porosity, and these data affect the anisotropy in the superconducting state in a manner directly proportional to the porosity., (C)1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keywords: Anisotropy; Critical temperature; Electric conductivity measurement; Electric current measurement; High temperature superconductors; Magnetic field effects; Oxide superconductors; Phase transitions; Porosity; Temperature measurement; Voltage measurement; Yttrium barium copper oxides; dept.phy

Symposium on computer ethics - Bynum, Terrell Ward (Metaphilosophy, 1997)
Keywords: dept.phi

The computer revolution and the problem of global ethics - Gorniak-Kocikowska, Krystyna (Science and Engineering Ethics, 1996)
The author agrees with James Moor that computer technology, because it is 'logically malleable', is bringing about a genuine social revolution. Moor compares the computer revolution to the 'industrial revolution' of the late 18th and the 19th centuries; but it is argued here that a better comparison is with the 'printing press revolution' that occurred two centuries before that. Just as the major ethical theories of Bentham and Kant were developed in response to the printing press revolution, so a new ethical theory is likely to emerge from computer ethics in response to the computer revolution. The newly emerging field of information ethics, therefore, is much more important than even its founders and advocates believe.
Keywords: Computer ethics; Computer revolution; Global ethics; Industrial revolution; Printing revolution; Professional ethics; dept.phi

Critical thinking skills of baccalaureate nursing students at program entry and exit - Thompson, C; Rebeschi, LM (Nursing and Health Care Perspectives, 1999)
Most nurse educators would agree that critical thinking is an essential competency for the professional nurse in today's ever-changing health care environment. In fact, critical thinking has been identified as an integral component of professional nursing practice and has been incorporated in accreditation guidelines (1-3). As a result of this imperative, professional programs of nursing must explicate a clear definition of critical thinking, identify specific learning outcomes reflective of critical thinking abilities, and select appropriate ways to measure the achievement of these outcomes in graduating students. Although much has been written about the need for critical thinking skills, the concept and measurement of critical thinking within the context of nursing education has not yet been clearly defined (4-6). As a result, nursing programs are developing their own conceptual definitions of critical thinking and using a variety of methods to measure outcomes (5). The authors caution that to ensure validity of findings, the instruments used must reflect the individual program's definition of the concept. In most cases, outcomes have been assessed using a cross-sectional design that compares students at different levels or types of programs or are measured as an end-of-program outcome. While such designs can provide educators with knowledge of students' critical thinking abilities at a particular point in the educational process, longitudinal data are needed to assess the effects of the educational program.
Keywords: *Clinical Competence/st [Standards]; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/og [Organization & Administration]; *Educational Measurement/mt [Methods]; *Nursing Process; *Program Evaluation/mt [Methods]; *Students, Nursing/px [Psychology]; *Thinking; Accreditation; Clinical Competence; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; Educational Measurement; Humans; Nursing Education Research; Nursing Process; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Program Evaluation; Research Design; Students, Nursing; Thinking; accreditation; article; clinical competence; dept.nur; education; health care quality; human; methodology; nursing education; nursing process; nursing student; organization and management; outcome assessment; psychological aspect; standard; thinking; ⛔ No DOI found

Outcomes assessment: implications for nursing education. - Thompson, Cesarina; Bartels, Jean E (Journal of Professional Nursing, 1999)
In response to public criticisms about the outcomes of higher education, colleges and universities have implemented comprehensive assessment programs. In nursing education, outcomes assessment has become a criteria for accreditation. Yet, currently no guidelines exist describing “best practices” in nursing education outcomes assessment. Experts in educational assessment provide helpful guidelines for nurse educators as they establish comprehensive assessment plans. The authors provide a review of the literature in the field of assessment and offer strategies for developing successful assessment programs in nursing education.
Keywords: *Benchmarking/og [Organization & Administration]; *Education, Nursing/st [Standards]; *Guidelines as Topic; *Outcome Assessment, Health Care/og [Organization & Administration]; *Program Evaluation/mt [Methods]; Accreditation; Accreditation/og [Organization & Administration]; Benchmarking; Curriculum; Education, Nursing; Guidelines; Humans; Nursing education; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Outcomes assessment; Program Evaluation; Program evaluation; accreditation; curriculum; dept.nur; health care quality; human; methodology; nursing education; organization and management; outcome assessment; practice guideline; quality control; review; standard

Focus on community: directions for nursing knowledge development - Kulbok, Pamela A; Gates, Marie F; Vicenzi, Angela E; Schultz, Phyllis R (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1999)
Nurses are challenged to advance the theoretical foundations of community practice. This paper offers ideas on what-has been done and what needs to be done to meet this challenge. Within a community health nursing perspective, the paper defines community, proposes an integrated knowledge development framework that focuses on community, analyses contemporary theoretical and philosophical foundations of community in nursing, considers three worldviews in which nursing can be framed, and examines parameters for knowledge development for the future.
Keywords: Community; Community Health Nursing; Community health nursing; Humans; Knowledge; Knowledge development; Nursing; Nursing Theory; Nursing theory; Philosophy; Post-modernism; Professional Practice; World-view; article; community health nursing; dept.nur; human; knowledge; nursing; nursing theory; professional practice

Differences in Classroom Teaching Preferences between Traditional and Adult BSN Students - Thompson, C.; Sheckley, B.G. (Journal of Nursing Education, 1997)
The primary purposes of this study were to identify the best teaching practices for adult baccalaureate (BSN) nursing students and to examine if adult students' teaching preferences differed from those of traditional BSN students. The sample consisted of 206 adult and traditional students in four BSN programs. The adult nursing student sample was further subdivided into two groups: adults with no prior nursing education (adult non-nurses) and adults with prior nursing education (RN'S). Using a two-part, self-administered questionnaire, respondents were asked to rate the frequency with which 41 teaching strategies were used in their best and in their worst classroom learning experiences in nursing. In most cases, adult non-nurses' teaching preferences did not vary significantly from the preferences of traditional students. However, adults with no prior nursing education did show a preference for knowledgeable and organized instructors. In contrast RNs' preferred classroom situations were where time on task was emphasized, cooperative learning was encouraged, and expectations for learning were high. Results indicate that classroom teaching preferences vary as a function of prior experience with the subject matter and are not attributable to age itself. Findings suggest that prior experience with course content is a more important consideration in planning programs than generalized adult experience.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior; *Education, Nursing, Associate; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; *Education, Professional, Retraining; *Students, Nursing/px [Psychology]; *Teaching/st [Standards]; Adolescent; Adult; Choice Behavior; Education, Nursing, Associate; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; Education, Professional, Retraining; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Humans; Middle Aged; Nursing Education Research; Questionnaires; Students, Nursing; Surveys and Questionnaires; Teaching; adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; continuing education; decision making; dept.nur; factorial analysis; human; middle aged; nursing education; nursing student; psychological aspect; questionnaire; standard; teaching

Chaos theory and some nursing considerations - Vicenzi, Angela E (Nursing Science Quarterly, 1994)
The alleged synthesis of nursing and public health has not produced the expected community-as-client emphasis. Public health is characterized as disease-focused, with masculine domination, using a causal model. The explanatory model of chaos challenges nurses to reexamine nursing's theoretical base by questioning assumptions associated with linear thinking. The selected chaotic concepts of aperiodicity, attractors, sensitive dependence on initial conditions, phase space, and fractals are discussed here. Each concept's connection to physics and mathematics is cited and considerations for nursing science are outlined. Conclusions include redefining health, nursing, and community in chaotic terms and renaming nursing practice, which has this aperiodic and holistic paradigm, as ecologic health nursing.
Keywords: Chaos Theory; Community Health Nursing; Fractals; Human; Models, Nursing; Nonlinear Dynamics; Rogers; Thinking; article; dept.nur; fractal analysis; human; model; nonlinear system; nurse; thinking

Chaos Theory and Nursing Revisited: Commentary and Response - Zbilut, J.P.; Staffileno, B.; Vicenzi, A.E. (Nursing Science Quarterly, 1994)
Keywords: Human; Nonlinear Dynamics; Nursing Theory; dept.nur; human; nonlinear system; note; nursing; ⛔ No DOI found

Social support systems in elder homebound clients - Zink, Margo R (Home Health Care Management & Practice, 1994)
An individual's social support system comprises multiple networks. A lack in one system may cause an increased need for support in another. Social support has been found to be of vital impor tance to the health of the older adult client and caregiver. It has been found to have a significant influence on health outcomes, acting as a buffer and altering recovery patterns. This article de scribes the concept of social support and relates how the home health care nurse can assess this dimension and use the findings to better plan patient care in the home setting. Key words: social support, home care, older adult. © 1994, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.nur

Case commentary: Bass v. Barksdale: implications for public health and home care nurses - Killion, Susan Westrick (Public Health Nursing, 1993)
A recent malpractice case involved public health nurses. Given the legal issues based on this case, recommendations can be made to help ensure legal accountability, improve practice, and minimize liability risk. Areas of concern include doctor's orders and communication relating to telephone orders, the nurse's accountability to the client, documentation and patient teaching, the physician's duty to supervise the nurse, and corporate negligence. The court's analysis of the facts in finding areas of liability can guide nurses in avoiding malpractice litigation.
Keywords: Community Health Nursing; Ethambutol; Female; Human; Liability, Legal; Malpractice; Nursing Records; Patient Education; Public Health Nursing; Tennessee; United States; Vision Disorders; article; dept.nur; ethambutol; female; human; iatrogenic disease; legal aspect; legal liability; malpractice; medical record; nurse; patient education; public health service; visual disorder

Collaborative project to examine social support in elder homebound diabetics - Zink, Margo R; Gadomski, Mary; Oconnell, Patricia Buckley; Nizziherzog, Marie (Home Health Care Management & Practice, 1992)
Social support has a significant effect on the response to illness and treatment. The au thors present some of the findings and practical applications originating from a collaborative study, including a clinical indicator tool for the diabetic patient. This information gives the home health care professional an expanded knowledgebase to use in developing individualized care plans for the elder home care diabetic. © 1992, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.nur

Nurse Manners' Guide to Politically Correct Behavior - Vicenzi, Angela E (Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 1991)
Keywords: Human; Nurses; Social Behavior; Wit and Humor; article; dept.nur; human; humor; nurse; psychological aspect; social behavior

Statistics for special q, t-kostka polynomials - Fishel, Susanna (Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 1995)
Kirillov and Reshetikhin introduced rigged configurations as a new way to calculate the entries of the Kostka matrix. Macdonald defined the two-parameter Kostka matrix whose entries generalize. We use rigged configurations and a formula of Stembridge to provide a combinatorial interpretation of in the case where is a partition with no more than two columns. In particular, we show that in this case, has nonnegative coefficients. © 1995 American Mathematical Society.
Keywords: dept.mat

Applications über alles: mathematics for the liberal arts - Aboufadel, Edward F (Primus, 1994)
This paper presents a fresh approach to a general education mathematics course. The basic idea is to turn the customary mathematics class on its head by focusing on applications first, through a reading of articles from magazines and newspapers, and then turning to the technical mathematical details. A description of the topics that were covered in my course, along with references to various publications, is given. A course such as this one is important because it conveys how mathematics is serving the goals of society. © 1994 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: Applied mathematics; Coding theory; Discrete mathematics; General education courses; Geometry; Mathematics in government; Mathematics in industry; Probability; Statistics; dept.mat

Color spreading algorithm for the retail industry - Pelosi, Marilyn K; Sandifer, Theresa M; Sandifer, C Edward (Annual Conference on Computers, 1992)
One of the problems which many companies face is the distribution of inventory from one or more centrally located distribution centers. The retail, industry, and in particular the women's clothing industry, faces the additional problem that not only does the merchandise have to be distributed but it must be distributed in such a way that every store gets a reasonable spread of colors and sizes. This research attempts to optimize the multi-criteria allocation objective by developing a computer algorithm. In order to be implemented any algorithm developed must be computationally efficient due to the size of the industry and other system related programming constraints. The algorithm which was developed not only provided a solution which was a marked improvement regarding the color spread of the merchandise but was also efficient enough to be immediately implemented on a national basis. © 1992.
Keywords: Algorithms; Garment manufacture; Multi-criteria allocation objective; Retail industry color spreading algorithm; Retail stores; Women's clothing industry; dept.mat

Catastrophic conditions in couple systems - Lynch, Barbara J (Journal of Couples Therapy, 1999)
A presentation of case studies forms the focus for an exploration of the discovery of an abortion or adoption used as the management of an unwelcome pregnancy which occurred in the context of the marital system. Managing an impasse in the middle phase of therapy in each case led to the emergence of information which then allowed the therapist to work with the couple system to alleviate the core situation out of which presenting problems emanated. In these cases the unwelcome pregnancy had the potential to be cataclysmic to the couple system. Therefore, the possibility that a couple is concealing an abortion or an adoption should be considered by couples' therapists when there is little or no response to usual strategies for change. The reason for concealment is immaterial. What is paramount is that the therapist bring the event to the fore of treatment and work with a couple to put closure on what is generally an unresolved issue. © 1999, by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Abortion; Adoption; Grief; Pregnancy; dept.mft

Current status of family-based outcome and process research - Diamond, GS; Serrano, AC; Dickey, M; Sonis, WA (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1996)
Objective: To review family-based treatment research. A growing body of research and several meta-analytic reviews demonstrate that family-based treatments are effective for a variety of child and adolescent disorders. In addition, an emerging tradition of family-based process research has begun to identify important ingredients of effective family psychotherapy. This article reviews these advances and their implications for future research. Method: Selected studies on the treatment of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, attention deficit, conduct disorder, and substance abuse are reviewed, as well as several process research and meta-analytic studies. Results: Family-based therapies have been shown to be effective for treating schizophrenia, conduct disorder, and substance abuse. Some data support their effectiveness in the treatment of eating disorders. Few studies have targeted internalizing disorders. A process research tradition is emerging, but it is in need of methodological advances, Meta-analytic studies suggest that family-based therapies are as effective as other models. Conclusions: More well-designed studies with diverse populations are needed to assess accurately the effectiveness of this increasingly popular treatment approach.
Keywords: anxiety; attention deficit disorder; child parent relation; depression; dept.mft; family therapy; feeding disorder; medical research; mental disease; outcome research; priority journal; process research; psychotherapy; review; risk factor; schizophrenia; substance abuse

Admissions criteria as predictors of performance in a family therapy doctoral program. - Piercy, Fred P; Dickey, Mitchell H; Case, Brian; Sprenkle, Douglas H; Beer, Jim; Nelson, Thorana S; Mccollum, Eric E (American Journal of Family Therapy, 1995)
This nine-year study examined the extent to which selected admissions criteria of 34 family therapy doctoral students predicted their future performance on clinical, academic, research, and other job-related criteria. Age and clinical background were positively related to clinical ratings after three years. Letters of recommendation and student autobiographies were positively related to qualify and quantity of publications. Graduate Record Examination scores and interview ratings were not predictive of any of the criterion variables at three or six years. Additional findings are presented and discussed.
Keywords: dept.mft

A structural family therapist responds to "A feminist critique of organizational humanism": - Lynch, Barbara J (The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1994)
Keywords: dept.mft

The race relations competence workshop: theory and results - Alderfer, Clayton P; Alderfer, Charleen; Bell, Ella Louise; Jones, Jimmy (Human Relations, 1992)
This paper presents the theoretical basis and the associated perceptions of race relations that characterized a race relations competence workshop which served as the educational component of an overall program to improve race relations among managers within the fictitiously named XYZ Corporation. Workshop activities combined didactic and experiential methods and focused on group and individual levels of learning based on embedded intergroup relations theory. An assessment of the race relations competence workshop was carried out as part of an overall effort to evaluate the race relations improvement program in the company. Employing measures of both global evaluation and perceptions of race relations among managers, the study showed that Blacks evaluated the workshop more favorably than Whites, that reports of having information about the workshop were positively associated with favorable evaluations of the workshop, that workshop participants more than nonparticipants were likely to perceive Whites as hurting Blacks and less likely to perceive Blacks as hurting Whites. Additional analyses showed that, while the workshop generally had favorable effects for participants, the groups most likely to show unfavorable consequences were White male first level managers younger than 41 years and White female first level managers older than 40 years.
Keywords: dept.mft; race relations competence workshop

A biography of Edith Whitfield seashore - Alderfer, Charleen (The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1992)
Keywords: dept.mft

An anatomy of bonding in the dyadic system - Lynch, Barbara J. (Journal of Couples Therapy, 1991)
Bonding is an essential factor in the establishment and maintenance of an intimate committed relationship. Dissecting elements of bonding leads to an understanding of the internal structure of the marriage. Attraction and bonding are different and equally vital in turning initial romance into enduring intimacy. The process of attraction based on projections developing into an enduring bond between peers merges relationship purpose and a rationale for emotional involvement. This occurs when attention is accorded to each of the factors of bonding; ego-equality, respect, interdependence and reality grounding. In therapy, a couple’s bonding can be assessed through the isomorphic qualities actualized in the therapeutic joining process. Discussions includes over bonded and under bonded couples, their presenting problems, and a treatment focus for each condition. © 1991 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.mft

Examining the longevity of new agency accounts: A comparative study of U.S. And U.K. Advertising experiences - Davies, M.; Prince, M. (Journal of Advertising, 1999)
Since the typical account longevity is short, agencies should anticipate their likelihood of loss, seek to forestall and invest in their client relationships. A model is proposed for examining account lifetimes, which can offer guidance on the likely retention of future accounts. The impact of agency structural characteristics on longevity is also examined, and compared for both U.S. and U.K. markets. Results for both markets indicate that cumulative account dissolution increases at a decreasing rate over time. Greater account longevity is associated with larger agency size (both in terms of agency billings and employees), and agency age but not with stability of billings growth. Evidence suggests that several structural characteristics of agencies reflect the motivation and/or ability to maintain accounts. © 1999 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.mkt

How consumers select life insurance policies: A protocol analysis - Kuusela, Hannu; Spence, Mark T (Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 1998)
To gain insight into how people select life insurance policies, we conducted a controlled experiment to see how consumers with varying levels of expertise make choices among life insurance policies when provided relevant information presented in an easy-to-use format. We found that those with greater product class knowledge engage in qualitatively and quantitatively different decision processes than those with less knowledge, and therefore are likely to reach different decisions. Specifically, experts are statistically more likely to engage in pairwise/multiple comparisons and to evoke a greater number of choice criteria. There is directional support that they search for more information as well. For all participants, the number of information searches far exceeded the number of elimination and choice criteria evoked. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: dept.mkt

The moderating effects of problem characteristics on experts' and novices' judgments - Spence, Mark T; Brucks, Merrie (Journal of Marketing Research, 1997)
A growing body of literature suggests that experts are little if at all better than novices in terms of the quality of decision outputs, To explain this counter-intuitive finding, the authors propose a conceptual framework that focuses on initial problem structure as a key moderator of the effect of expertise on performance, Specifically, they argue that the expert-novice performance differential should be greatest at moderate levels of problem structure and weakest at both extremes. To examine this central hypothesis, the authors conduct a controlled experiment that compares experts with novices when solving a complex problem that had characteristics of a moderately ill-structured problem, Relative to novices, the authors find that experts select fewer, but more diagnostic, information inputs and are more consistent when evaluating nonquantified inputs, As a result, they make more accurate and tightly clustered judgments than do novices, and. also are more confident in their decisions. To examine the moderating influence of problem characteristics, certain task variables are manipulated to increase or decrease initial problem structure. As hypothesized, the benefits of expertise are less pronounced when solving a problem with increased initial structure.
Keywords: dept.mkt

Problem problem solver characteristics affecting the calibration of judgments - Spence, Mark T (Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1996)
The purpose df this paper is to examine factors that affect the calibration of judgments by systematically comparing experts' judgments to novices' when solving a complex, real-world problem that varies in its initial characteristics. Calibration in this context refers to the proportion of times decision makers provide a range about their best estimates that includes the actual outcome. We found that experts specify a narrower range and provide more accurate best estimates than novices. But their tighter ranges are not justified by their greater accuracy: they are less likely to encompass the actual outcome than are novices. However, this effect is attenuated when solving more complex problems. Novices apparently underestimate the complexity of difficult problems, hence the accuracy of their best estimates decreases as does the width of their ranges, resulting in worse calibration. The performance of experts was not significantly different across problem solving conditions. Both groups provided asymmetrical ranges about their best estimates, which suggests they account for the effect of subproblem dependencies. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
Keywords: dept.mkt

Predicting corporate social responsiveness: A model drawn from three perspectives - Beliveau, Barbara; Cottrill, Melville; O'Neill, Hugh M. (Journal of Business Ethics, 1994)
Most studies of corporate social responsiveness (CSR) focus on the relationship between CSR and profit. Here, we use three perspectives (institutional theory, economic theory and agency theory) to explain CSR. Industry norms, market share and indicators of management reputation predict variance in CSR. The combined perspectives improve understanding of both CSR and the CSR-profit relationship in two ways. First, they suggest that CSR levels and their relationship with profit will vary by industry. Second, they suggest that stock market measures and accounting measures will respond differently to CSR measures. Stock market measures lead, while accounting measures lag, CSR.
Keywords: Agency Theory; Economic Growth; Economic Theory; Market Share; Stock Market; dept.mgt

Using simulations to investigate management decision making - Prohaska, Charles R; Frank, Ellen J (Simulation & Gaming, 1990)
Management researchers are always in search for new controlled environments from which they can gather data. This article proposes the use of total enterprise simulations as a research setting for studying management decision making. Using INTOP, the authors present examples of analyses that were conducted from a data base generated from the responses of executive MBA participants. Using a multiple regression, policy-capture approach, differences in the decision making strategies between groups are examined. Also discussed is an approach to developing a performance criterion that may be used when testing hypotheses regarding managerial decision-making effectiveness. The authorsconclude that total enterprise simulations represent a research setting that warrants further exploration. © 1990, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: decision making; dept.mgt; management performance; policy capture; research methodology; simulation

A longitudinal study of emotion expression and personality relations in early development - Abe, J.A.A.; Izard, C.E. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999)
To investigate emotion expression and personality relations, the authors coded infants' full-face and component positive and negative expressions during Episodes 4 through 8 of the strange situation procedure at age 18 months and obtained maternal ratings of the 5-factor model of personality when children were 3.5 years old. Full-face negative expression was directly related to Neuroticism and inversely related to Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. By contrast, component positive expression showed the exact opposite pattern of relations. Full-face positive expression was positively correlated with Extraversion and Openness to Experience. These findings indicate that full-face and component expressions may index different intensities of emotions. Emotion expression and personality relations were not mediated by the security of attachment continuum or the emotional reactivity dichotomy derived from the attachment subclassifications.
Keywords: *Emotions; *Personality; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Emotions; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Personality; age; article; dept.ils; dept.psy; emotion; female; human; longitudinal study; male; personality; preschool child

The developmental functions of emotions: An analysis in terms of differential emotions theory - Abe, J.A.A.; Izard, C.E. (Cognition and Emotion, 1999)
A substantial body of theoretical literature testifies to the evolutionary functions of emotions. Relatively little has been written about their developmental functions. This article discusses the developmental functions of emotions from the perspective of differential emotions theory (DET; Izard, 1977, 1991). According to DET, although all the emotions retain their adaptive and motivational functions across the lifespan, different sets of emotions may become relatively more prominent in the different stages of life as they serve stage-related developmental processes. In the first section, we present a brief overview of relevant aspects of the theory. In the second section, we discuss how emotions play a central role in helping the individual achieve developmental milestones and tasks during four major periods of life: Infancy, toddler through preschool years, middle to late childhood, and adolescence. The underlying thesis of this article is that emotions play a central role in stimulating social cognitive attainments at each stage of development. © 1999 Psychology Press Ltd.
Keywords: dept.ils

Book Review: Electronic publishing and libraries. Planning for the impact and growth to 2003 - Brown,DJ - Brown, Mary E (Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1997)
Keywords: book.review; dept.ils

By any other name: Accounting for failure in the naming of subject categories - Brown, Mary E (Library & Information Science Research, 1995)
Research shows 65-80% of subject search terms fail to match the appropriate subject heading and one-third to one-half of subject searches result in no references being retrieved. In a cross-sectional study, 82 students (3rd grade through college) were presented complex concepts in a naming task. Concreteness, complexity, and syndeticity contributed significantly in explaining match-failure and predicting match-success. The likelihood of match-success following an initial failure is improved by manipulating the values of these three properties. Developmental trends which worked against match-success were observed. It is suggested that match-failure is a consequence of developmental naming patterns and that these patterns can be overcome through the use of metacognitive naming skills.
Keywords: dept.ils

A decision model for technical journal deselection with an experiment in biomedical communications - Triolo, Victor A; Bao, Dachun (Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1993)
This report proposes a paradigm for technical journal deselection based on the Bradford Law of distribution, with a demonstration in biomedical communications illustrating various statistical derivations. The model employs the following operational prescriptives: (1) identification of fractional productivities in journal collections; (2) probability predictions for making successful retrievals of relevant items in any given productive fraction; (3) utilization by journal source language and origin; and (4) estimates of cost-efficiencies of searches made in print and machine-readable versions of serial publications. The results suggest that in approximately two out of three trials successful searches ('hits') are likely to be made in a `critical' core of any technical subject collection. The highest probability for retention resides in this portion, about 20% of the publications. We infer that substantial amounts of the remaining publications are candidates for deselection since their information content, as needed, may be captured more cost-effectively through electronic retrieval and document delivery access.
Keywords: dept.ils

Sport/leisure skill learning by adolescents with mild mental retardation: A four-step strategy - Yang, J.-J.; Porretta, D.L. (Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1999)
Based on Singer's (1986) method, we investigated the effects of a four- step strategy (ready, look, do, score) on training, maintenance, and generalization of three closed skills (basketball free throw, overhand softball throw, and dart throw) by adolescents (M age = 17.2) with mild mental retardation (MR). A multiple baseline across skills design was used. Performances of 3 males and 3 females across these three skills were examined. Participants averaged a total of 46 sessions for the duration of the study. Results indicated that participants increased performance 18-56% across all three closed skills during the training phase. A total of 4 participants maintained performance on all three skills when reminders were present, and 2 decreased performance when the reminders were removed. All participants exhibited improved performance when a reinforcer was introduced. Moreover, 5 participants were able to generalize the four-step strategy to a different setting.
Keywords: adolescent; article; clinical article; coping behavior; dept.hms; female; human; learning; leisure; male; mental deficiency; physical performance; skill; sport

A study of breast cancer detection practices and beliefs in black women attending public health clinics - Duke, Suzanne S; Gordonsosby, Karen; Reynolds, Kim D; Gram, Inger T (Health Education Research, 1994)
In this study, breast cancer knowledge, beliefs and practices in low income black women were examined. First, focus groups were held with a total of 33 participants. Information gathered from the focus groups was used to develop a telephone survey which was partially based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and administered to 92 subjects. Utilization rates of mammography and breast self-examination (BSE) were quite high; 66.3% of survey participants reported having at least one mammogram and 72.5% performed BSE. Because low-cost mammograms were available to the survey participants, these results suggest that women in this target population will utilize accessible and affordable mammograms. Several knowledge deficiencies that need to be addressed were also identified. Most of the health beliefs were not significantly associated with mammography or BSE utilization. Because the HBM has never been extensively tested on this population, its appropriateness as a behavior model for low-income women is examined. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.
Keywords: *African Americans/px [Psychology]; *Breast Neoplasms/pc [Prevention & Control]; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Adult; Aged; Alabama; Blacks; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms/eh [Ethnology]; Breast Neoplasms/px [Psychology]; Breast Self-Examination; Breast Self-Examination/px [Psychology]; Cohort Studies; Female; Human; Humans; Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Mammography; Mammography/px [Psychology]; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; adult; article; breast cancer; breast examination; cancer diagnosis; dept.hms; female; health survey; human; lowest income group; major clinical study; mammography; negro; outpatient department; priority journal; public health

Prognostic indicators for poor risk epithelial ovarian carcinoma - Rosman, Martin; Hayden, Cheryl L.; Thiel, Robert P.; Chambers, Joseph T.; Kohorn, Ernest I.; Chambers, Setsuko K.; Schwartz, Peter E. (Cancer, 1994)
Background. The objective of this study was to identify factors that categorize patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma into favorable and unfavorable prognostic groups at the time of initial treatment. Methods. Data were analyzed from 51 women who were treated at Yale University, had an evaluable CA 125 half-life (t 0.5), and were followed for disease recurrence for at least 2 years. Results. Grade, maximum level of CA 125, and histology did not provide useful prognostic information. Stage, residual disease, minimum CA 125, and CA 125 t 0.5 individually were predictive of persistent disease or recurrence within 3 years of diagnosis with sensitivities of 97, 70, 34, and 49%, respectively, and specificities of 33, 83, 100, and 83%, respectively. When these factors are combined, defining an unfavorable prognostic group as those patients having residual disease greater than 1 cm, CA 125 t 0.5 greater than 12 days, or minimum CA 125 never falling below 35 U/ml, sensitivity and specificity were 96 and 65%, respectively, at 1 year of follow-up and 91 and 75%, respectively, at 3 years of follow-up. Conclusions. In those patients in whom residual small volume disease after primary surgery indicates a good prognosis, minimum CA 125 and CA 125 t 0.5 during chemotherapy can further categorize patients into favorable and unfavorable prognostic groups.
Keywords: Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; CA 125 half-life tumor markers; CA 125 half‐life tumor markers; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Endometrioid; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Forecasting; Half-Life; Human; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Survival Rate; article; ca 125 antigen; cancer grading; cancer recurrence; cancer size; cancer staging; dept.hms; diagnostic accuracy; disease course; epithelial ovarian cancer; female; half life time; histopathology; human; human tissue; major clinical study; ovary carcinoma; priority journal; prognosis; prognostic indicators; retrospective study

The emergence and development of geographic thought in new england - Martin, Geoffrey J (Economic Geography, 1998)
Some of the early settlers of New England brought with them the works and thought of European geographers, notably Ptolemy, Munster, Cluver, Carpenter, and Varenius. Beginning in the 1600s the work of British geographers Gordon and Salmon and Guthrie and Pinkerton was acknowledged, preceding that of Jedidiah Morse, “Father of American Geography.” Morse led the way for a large number of geography texts written by Americans, emphasizing North America and characterized by Varenius's special geography. Early collegiate developments in New England geography were led by Harvard and Yale universities, the College of Rhode Island (later renamed Brown University), and Dartmouth College. The 20 or so normal schools throughout New England, introduced in the middle 1800s, constituted a nursery for geographic education. Also noted are more recent college and university geography departments established throughout the region, including notably Clark University. The founding of societies and associations in New England also furthered the cause of geography.
Keywords: Geography; Harvard; History; Morse; USA, New England; Varenius; Yale; dept.egm; geographical thought; geography education; history of geography

Resolving the problems of land‐lockedness - Glassner, Martin Ira (Geopolitics, 1997)
The professional literature on land-locked states has increased substantially in the past two decades. There is now a considerable body of writings by people in many countries around the world reporting on, inquiring into or carefully analysing most aspects of land-lockedness from various disciplinai and national viewpoints. In addition, there is a roughly equally large body of material related to land-lockedness produced by the United Nations and its organs and affiliates; by other intergovernmental organisations, including many regional and subregional groups; and by private consultants and consulting firms, chiefly in the fields of economics and engineering. © 1998 Frank Cass.
Keywords: dept.egm

A response to dimitri ioannides, “Strengthening the ties between tourism and economic geography: A theoretical agenda.” - d'Hauteserre, Anne-Marie (The Professional Geographer, 1996)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book review: France's overseas frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer: Robet Aldrich and John Connell, Cambridge University Press, 1992 - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography, 1995)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book Review: Nauru: Environmental damage under international trusteeship: Christopher Weeramantry, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1992 - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography, 1995)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book Review: The Dutch Caribbean: Prospects for democracy: Betty Sedoc-Dahlberg, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1990 - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography, 1995)
Keywords: dept.egm

Tagging and migration of the American lobster Homarus americanus - Haakonsen, H. O.; Anoruo, A. O. (Reviews in Fisheries Science, 1994)
Three types of tags, external, internal, and sonic, have been used to study migration of the American lobster Homarus americanus. Tag loss and interpretation of returned tag data are serious problems associated with internal and external tags. Lobster tracking using sonic tags is still in the pilot stage. Lobster migration is redefined to include horizontal and vertical displacements. Depth of displacement is a more reasonable measurement of lobster migration than horizontal distance traveled. Two distinct lobster populations are discernable based on their ecological habitation and migratory behavior. Evidence in this review suggests that the deep-sea lobster migrates, whereas the coastal lobster may move within a limited range. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Homarus americanus; coastal lobster; deep-sea lobster; dept.egm; migration

Recent contributions of the United Nations to political geography - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography, 1994)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book Review: Review essay: Recent books on marine affairs - Glassner, Martin Ira (Ocean Development and International Law, 1993)
Keywords: book.review; dept.egm

Management of marine resources as a binding force in the Eastern Caribbean - Glassner, Martin Ira (Ocean & Coastal Management, 1993)
The history of the Commonwealth Caribbean is replete with failed attempts at various degrees of economic and political integration. The Caribbean Sea itself is rather poor in both living and non-living resources, and the entire region-land and water-is suffering from varying degrees of environmental degradation. This article suggests that regional co-operation in the management of marine resources, particularly in the Anglophone islands of the Eastern Caribbean, could serve as an 'engine of integration'-something previous attempts lacked. There is no assurance that such an effort would be successful, however, despite good intentions, co-operation in many areas at present and some real cultural affinities. The centrifugal forces at work here are still very powerful, including parochialism and the scarcity of resources other than sun, sand and sea. © 1993.
Keywords: Anglophone islands; Caribbean; Caribbean, (East); Centrifugal forces; Coastal engineering; Commonwealth Caribbean; Eastern caribbean; Engine of integration; Environmental degradation; Environmental impact; Laws and legislation; Management; Management of marine resources; Scarcity of resources; dept.egm; developing country; economic and political integration; economic association; environmental degradation; environmental resource management; marine resource management; marine resources; regional cooperation; resources management

Enhancing teaching excellence through a scientist-science teacher collaborative process. - Haakonsen, Harry O; Stone, A Harris; Tomala, Gail; Hageman, Susan (Journal of Science Teacher Education, 1993)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book Review: The exclusive economic zone - regime and legal nature under international-law - vicuna,fo - Glassner, Martin Ira (Marine Policy, 1991)
Keywords: dept.egm

The Age of the Arctic: Hot Conflicts and Cold Realities. By Gail Osherenko and Oran R. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 316p. $59.50. - Glassner, Martin Ira (American Political Science Review, 1991)
Keywords: dept.egm

The law of the sea and international shipping: AngloSoviet post-UNCLOS. W.E. Butler (ed). New York, London and Rome: Oceana Publication, 1985 - Glassner, M.I. (Political Geography Quarterly, 1991)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book Review: Die seerechtliche verteilung von nutzungsrechten; rechte der binnenstaaten in der ausshliesslichen wirtschaftszone: Gerhard Hafner, Vienna and New York: Springer Verlag, 1987 - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography Quarterly, 1991)
Keywords: book.review; dept.egm

The frontiers of earth — and of political geography: The sea, Antarctica and outer space - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography Quarterly, 1991)
Keywords: dept.egm; ⛔ No DOI found

Book Reivew: Maritime boundaries and ocean resources: Gerald Blake (ed.), Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent, 1987, xiii + 284 pp., £27.50 - Glassner, Martin I. (Political Geography Quarterly, 1989)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book review: International and United States documents on oceans law and policy: John Norton Moore (ed.), William S. Hein, Buffalo, NY, 1986, 5 vols., $195.00 - Glassner, Martin I. (Political Geography Quarterly, 1989)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book Review: The refugee problem on universal, regional and national level: Thesaurus Acroasium, Vol. XIII, Institute of International Public Law and International Relations of Thessaloniki, 1987, xvi + 1022pp., $150.00 - Glassner, Martin I. (Political Geography Quarterly, 1989)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book review: Geopolitics of the Caribbean: Ministates in a wider world: T.D. Anderson, Praeger, New York, 1984, xiii + 175 pp., $26.95 - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography Quarterly, 1986)
Keywords: dept.egm

Book review: National interests and the military use of space: W.J. Durch (ed.), Ballinger, Cambridge, Mass, 1984, xiv + 304 pp., $28.00 - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography Quarterly, 1986)
Keywords: dept.egm

The new political geography of the sea - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography Quarterly, 1986)
The political geography of the sea may be defined as that portion of the Law of the Sea which has a spatial or territorial component, including such matters as the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, international straits, the regimes of islands and archipelagos, freedom of transit for land-locked states, deep seabed mining and protection and preservation of the marine environment. It also includes larger issues not formally part of the Law of the Sea, such as the links between the Law of the Sea and Antarctica, and military uses of the sea. The new Law of the Sea (hence the new political geography of the sea) is the latest stage in a long evolution traceable to the ancient Greeks and Romans but accelerating since the 17th century. The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea produced in 1958 four conventions essentially codifying the existing Law of the Sea, including the new continental shelf doctrine. They were followed by the 1965 UN Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States. All soon proved inadequate, unacceptable or obsolescent. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1973-1982) produced a new single, comprehensive convention embodying nearly all old and new aspects of the Law of the Sea. This and related matters deserve much greater attention from political geographers than they have received thus far. © 1986.
Keywords: dept.egm

Political geography of contemporary events VII: The view from the near north— South Americans view Antarctica and the Southern Ocean geopolitically - Glassner, Martin Ira (Political Geography Quarterly, 1985)
Keywords: dept.egm

Mary Johnson of Wethersfield, Connecticut, hanged for witchcraft, 1648 (poem) - Shipley, Vivian (Connecticut Literary Anthology: Celebrating Nutmeg Authors, 2020, 2020)
Connecticut Literary Anthology features thirty-six Connecticut poets and prose writers from across the Nutmeg State. The 2020 Anthology is published by the Central Connecticut State University English Department. The writers in the inaugural anthology share themes amplified by current events, but not the context. Stories of family, economic in- equality, sexual violence, social justice, culture wars, lost love, aging, and gender—they’re all in here. And mangoes. Everyone loves mangoes. Featured writers: Janet L. Bannister, Charles V. Belson, Susan Cinoman, Ginny Lowe Connors, Jason Courtmanche, Catherine DeNunzio, Joanie DiMartino, Catherine DeNunzio, Meghan Evans, Maura Faulise, Kathryn Fitzpatrick, Beth Gibbs, Cecilia Gigliotti, Nichole Gleisner, Sitara Gnanaguru, Emi Gonzalez, José B. González, Benjamin S. Grossberg, Avery Jenkins, B. Fulton Jennes, Sarah Darer Littman, Kiran Masroor, Melissa McEwen, Claudia McGhee, Nancy McMillan, Jean P. Moore, Steven Ostrowski, Makenzie Ozycz, Aimee Pozorski, Kara Molway Russell, Vivian Shipley, Amy Sisson, Katherine A. Szpekman, Wendy Terry, Mika Taylor, Marina Tinone, Jason Wilkins. Praise for Anthology: "It feels like we have become unglued from one another since March of 2020; masked strangers passing each other in anonymity. But this anthology glues us back together and helps us find ways to heal and talk with one another. Important stories are told, and we should heed them." —Lisa Comstock, Director for Connecticut Center for the Book
Keywords: dept.eng

A metacognitive approach to business communication case studies - Mceachern, Robert W (Business Communication Quarterly, 1999)
Keywords: dept.eng

Meeting minutes as symbolic action - Mceachern, Robert W (Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 1998)
Postmodern assumptions employed by some organizational theorists recognize that “administrators' greater power lies not in their ability to control resources but in their ability to manipulate symbols-the ceremonies, rituals, images, and language of the organization” (Graham and David 9). Thus, even a genre that is often considered neutral and objective, such as meeting minutes, can become a tool Of managerial control. This article presents data from an ethnographic case study that describes how an administrator in a theater organization manipulated language by using the minutes from a board of directors meeting to influence board members to vote to disband the organization.
Keywords: dept.eng

A medieval scientific encyclopedia "renewed by goodly printing"; Wynkyn de Worde's English De proprietatibus rerum. - Holbrook, Sue Ellen (Early Science and Medicine, 1998)
Wynkyn de Worde published c. 1495 the first printed edition of John Trevisa's English translation of an influential work of science composed by Bartholomew the Englishman in Latin in the thirteenth century, De Proprietatibus Rerum (DPR). The design of de Worde's book, the use of Latin in the rubrics, and the visual vocabulary of the illustrations bring readers of English into the circle of learning. First, the plan of organization of Bartholomew's encyclopedic work is analyzed and both that structure and the expository style of the work are related to memorial reading and use as a textbook. Next, the widespread use of DPR in Latin and vernacular languages is reviewed, the suggestion that certain of its books seem to have been used more than others is made, and the reliance of English readers, such as Roger Thorney, who commissoned de Worde's edition, on de Worde for learned books printed in their provincial tongue is pointed out. Finally, through comparison with certain manuscript and other printed editions, the methods de Worde used to make the book readable are explained, the layout is shown to support the idea of system, and the function of the pictures as visual texts carrying scientific ideas is demonstrated. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 1998.
Keywords: Encyclopedias; Great Britain; History, 15th Century; History, Medieval; Printing; Science; Translations; United Kingdom; article; book; dept.eng; history; printing; publication; science

Women's work: The feminizing of composition - Holbrook, Sue Ellen (Rhetoric Review, 1991)
Keywords: dept.eng

The advantages of inclusion for students with learning-disabilities - Brucker, PO (Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1994)
Keywords: dept.edl

A dynamical systems perspective on mediating violence in schools: emergent roles of child and youth care workers - Vanderven, Karen; Torre, Carlos Antonio (Child Care Quarterly, 1999)
In recent years, violence has been a major concern for human service professionals and increasingly, to child and youth care workers particularly as they have served in schools where major violent events have occurred. Most often violence prevention and intervention efforts ignore the systemic aspects of violence and are too narrowly focused. This article proposes that a consideration of violence in schools be based on dynamical systems theory. This theory offers rich possibilities for generating a useful model for mediating school violence and for suggesting ways in which child and youth care workers can use their competencies to address the multiple factors related to school violence. The article includes an overview to the concepts of dynamical systems theory, offers the dynamical systems model for mediating school violence and presents implications for the roles and functions of child and youth workers particularly in the emerging area of school based child and youth care work. © 1999 Human Sciences Press, Inc.
Keywords: dept.edu

Ritualizing sacredness in math: profaneness in language arts and social studies. - Ensign, Jacque (The Urban Review, 1997)
This paper examines the effect of ritual in different elementary subjects. Lessons in math, language arts, and social studies were observed in public, private, and home school first and fifth grades. In observing these classes, this researcher noted that in all contexts, math lessons were taught very differently from social studies and language arts, confirming earlier work by Stodalsky. The rituals in how concepts were taught, and in how students and teachers related to each other, were very different in math lessons from in the other two subjects. In language arts and social studies lessons, students and teachers routinely shared personal out-of-school experiences, whereas they rarely did so in math lessons. Drawing on Bernstein's description of the sacredness of subjects and linking it to theories in economic anthropology, the author attempts to explain the isolation of school math and to question the level of intimacy and community in current math classes. © 1997 Human Sciences Press, Inc.
Keywords: dept.edu

Reading and spelling difficulties in high school students: Causes and consequences - Shankweiler, Donald; Lundquist, Eric; Dreyer, Lois G; Dickinson, Cheryl C (Reading and Writing, 1996)
Basic skills in reading and spelling and supporting metalinguistic abilities were assessed in ninth and tenth grade students in two school settings. Students attending a private high school for the learning disabled comprised one group and the other comprised low to middle range students from a public high school. Both the LD students and the regular high school students displayed deficiencies in spelling and in decoding, a factor in reading difficulty that is commonly supposed to dwindle in importance after the elementary school years. Treating the overlapping groups as a single sample, multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the contribution of nonword decoding skill and phonological and morphological awareness to spelling ability. The analysis revealed that decoding was the major component, predicting about half of the variance in spelling. The effect of phonological awareness was largely hidden by its high correlation with decoding, but was a significant predictor of spelling in its own right. Morphological awareness predicted spelling skill when the words to be spelled were morphologically complex. An additional study showed that differences in decoding and spelling ability were associated with differences in comprehension after controlling for reading experience and vocabulary. Even among experienced readers individual differences in comprehension of text reflect efficiency of phonological processing at the word level.
Keywords: Decoding; High school poor readers; Metalinguistic abilities; Spelling; dept.edu

Learning to teach, teaching to learn: the center for constructivist teaching-teacher preparation project. - Fosnot, Catherine Twomey (Teaching Education, 1993)
Keywords: dept.edu

The development of an understanding of balance and the effect of training via stop-action video☆ - Fosnot, Catherine Twomey; Forman, George E; Edwards, Carolyn P; Goldhaber, Jeanne (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 1988)
Children's rule-governed, scientific reasoning in relation to the physical principles involved in balance has been studied by many, for example, Inhelder and Piaget (1958), Karmiloff-Smith and Inhelder (1974), as well as Siegler (1978). Although Siegler criticized the Genevan research on both methodological and conceptual grounds, his work can be criticized for being narrow in scope thus making his data a result of his task and design, rather than a true representation of the rules children employ naturally as they develop an understanding of balance. The work described herein is an attempt to integrate the methodologies of the Piagetian School and Siegler by making use of current video technology to naturalistically assess children's rule-governed behaviors but to also empirically validate them. The first part of this study (N=128, ages 4-9 years) used video to microanalytically assess the strategies children used as they attempted to balance a set of symmetrical, asymmetrical, and weighted blocks on a fulcrum. After validating on ordinal progression of strategies, the study used stop-action video feedback, in a predict-consequence paradigm, to focus reflection on (a) the action of the block, (b) the placement of the block, and (c) the episode in general. A two-way interaction between entering level and type of video feedback was significant. The results are interpreted in terms of Piaget's theory of equilibration suggesting that reflection and cognitive conflict can improve understanding if the child assimilates the feedback to the confirmation or refutation of an initial assimilatory scheme regarding balance. © 1988.
Keywords: dept.edu

Media and technology in education: A constructivist view - Fosnot, Catherine Twomey (Educational Technology Research and Development, 1984)
This paper is a version of the seventh ECTJ/ERIC-IR Young Scholar Paper, an annual award initiated to stimulate writing by young professionals in the field of instructional technology. Preparation of the paper was supported by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources at Syracuse, NY. - Ed. © 1984 Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
Keywords: dept.edu

Combining ranked mean value forecasts - Mostaghimi, Mehdi (European Journal of Operational Research, 1996)
A methodology is developed for combining mean value forecasts using not only all the important statistics related to the past performance and the dependence of the individual forecasts, but also a rank ordering of the individual forecasts representing the belief of a decision maker about the future performance of the forecasts. The maximum likelihood combination of the forecasts turns out to be a weighted linear combination of the individual forecasts, where the weights are a function of the rank order of the forecasts, correlation coefficients between the forecasts, and relative entropy information measures between the individual forecasts and the actual values. These weights are assessed once in the most general case and once in a special case where the forecasts are normally distributed. The sensitivity of the weights is also investigated. A sample application of this method for predicting U.S. hog prices is also presented.
Keywords: Combining forecasts; Combining ranked forecasts; Costs; Decision making; Estimation; Forecasting; Industrial applications; Marketing; Mathematical models; Maximum likelihood estimation; Maximum principle; Operations research; Performance; Rank ordering; Relative entropy; Statistical methods; dept.eco

Probability forecast of downturn in U.S. economy using classical statistical decision theory - Mostaghimi, Mehdi; Rezayat, Fahimeh (Empirical Economics, 1996)
This paper presents a methodology for producing a probability forecast of a turning point in U.S. economy using Composite Leading Indicators. This methodology is based on classical statistical decision theory and uses information-theoretic measurement to produce a probability. The methodology is flexible using as many historical data points as desired. This methodology is applied to producing probability forecasts of a downturn in U.S. economy in the 1970-1990 period. Four probability forecasts are produced using different amounts of information. The performance of these forecasts is evaluated using the actual downturn points and the scores measuring accuracy, calibration, and resolution. An indirect comparison of these forecasts with Diebold and Rudebusch's sequential probability recursion is also presented. It is shown that the performances of our best two models are statistically different from the performance of the three-consecutive-month decline model and are the same as the one for the best probit model. The probit model, however, is more conservative in its predictions than our two models.
Keywords: Business Cycle; Composite Leading Indicators; Information Theory; Likelihood Ratio; Probability Forecast Evaluation; Probability Forecast of a Turning Point; USA; composite leading indicator; dept.eco; economic performance; methodological evaluation; probability forecast

The use of least median of squares in the estimation of land value equations - Thorson, James A (Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 1994)
Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is relatively sensitive to the presence of outliers in a data set. In this paper, a robust estimation method, least median of squares (LMS) is used to identify outliers in land value data. Once the outliers are identified, are the land value equations re-estimated. The results show that a few observations can have a significant effect on the estimated coefficients. Finally, the observations which were identified as outliers were examined in more detail. One cause of outliers is an omitted variable. In this case, a large fraction of the outliers were found to be observations with high development potential.
Keywords: dept.eco; least median of squares; outliers

Zoning policy changes and the urban fringe land market - Thorson, James A (Real Estate Economics, 1994)
This paper examines the effect of a zoning change on the land market in McHenry County, Illinois. One question addressed is whether zoning `'follows the market.” It is found that, for agricultural land, zoning does tend to follow the market. In addition, the effect of land prices on land use is examined. The results here, however, are mixed. In the initial years after the zoning change, a high relative price of residential land increases the probability that a parcel will be zoned residential. However, several years later, a high relative price of residential land decreases the probability that a parcel is zoned residential. This result suggests that it may take some time for a zoning change to have a significant impact on the local land market.
Keywords: dept.eco

Obstacles to trade liberalization and economic cooperation among west African states - Gebremariam, Yilma (Journal of International Development, 1993)
Does the formation of a customs union reduce and eventually eliminate tariffs among member countries to provide mechanisms or regional institutions for social, economic and political development? The literature examined suggests that, although many problems of trade liberalization continue to occur, greater benefits could be obtained by reducing tariffs on a non‐discriminatory basis, or by removing protection from domestic enterprises altogether, and by importing domestic requirements of the products of displaced industries from outside at world market prices. The literature also provides a valid case for protecting certain activities in ECOWAS — particularly trade and industrial enterprises — either for the purpose of increasing income or the rate of economic growth, or in order to achieve certain non‐economic objectives. The implications of economic integration in these terms can best be examined within a broader theoretical framework of developmental theory of trade liberalization. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Keywords: Africa, (West); ECOWAS; customs union; dept.eco; developing country; economic cooperation; free trade area; international trade; regional cooperation; tariff reduction; trade liberalisation

Labor shortage and unutilized labor reserve in Taiwan - Hsu, Dave Y C; Hwang, Jen Te (Journal of Contemporary Asia, 1992)
By 1965, Taiwan has changed from a labor surplus economy into a labor shortage economy. This article examines how rising demand for labor due lo rapid economic growth in Taiwan has been met since 1965. This article attempts to answer 1) Where did the labor supply come from? 2) Has all of the potential labor supply been tapped and exhausted? 3) Is it possible for labor shortage and unutilized labor reserve to occur simultaneously? The authors hope that this study will lead to a better understanding of the limitation of the free market mechanism and help identify the proper public policies to enhance labor utilization.
Keywords: dept.eco

Rates of return on art objects, the fisher hypothesis, and inflationary expectations - Matsumoto, Keishiro; Andoh, Samuel K; Hoban, James P (The Financial Review, 1994)
After surveying the evolution of the major methodologies in inflation hedging, this study presents a unique methodology that uses principal component factor analysis to separate the effects of variability in the real rate of return from the nominal rate of return. This approach allows the effects of both anticipated and unanticipated inflation on rates of return to be estimated more precisely. This study finds that art objects perform well in terms of average real rates of return and that the market, though not perfect, integrates anticipated inflation into the rates of return. However, unanticipated inflation is very often negatively related to the rates of return. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Keywords: dept.eco; dept.fin

Controlled chain reaction as a regulatory technique - Bodo, Peter (International Advances in Economic Research, 1996)
This paper discusses a regulatory technique that consists of the use of a controlled chain reaction to influence social and economic processes. It claims that this method was employed by Hungarian control agencies to further centralize the farm sector in the 1970s. Section I of the paper presents three versions of this technique. Section II shows how the institutional structure of Hungarian agriculture made the application of this technique possible. (JEL P21).
Keywords: dept.eco; dept.fin

The effect of zoning on housing construction - Thorson, James A (Journal of Housing Economics, 1997)
This paper examines whether a more restrictive zoning ordinance actually reduces construction of new housing. This may seem at first to be a trivial issue, since why else would a zoning board make the ordinance more restrictive. However, it is possible for landowners to circumvent the zoning law. For example, they can subdivide their land before the zoning change occurs. In addition, they can bargain with the local zoning officials and offer side payments, also known as exactions, for the right to develop their land. This paper examines a famous case of agricultural downzoning in McHenry County, Illinois. It finds that although the number of building permits issued did not fall immediately, in the long run the number of permits issued by the county was significantly reduced. This suggests that developers were able to anticipate the zoning change and subdivide their land before it occurred. (C) 1997 Academic Press.
Keywords: dept.eco; dept.fin

An examination of the monopoly zoning hypothesis - Thorson, J.A. (Land Economics, 1996)
There have been several studies that have investigated the effect of zoning on housing prices. One hypothesis is that the restrictiveness of zoning laws will vary with the monopoly power of a town. The degree of monopoly power varies with the number of towns in the urban area. Urban areas with few zoning jurisdictions are likely to have higher housing prices than more fragmented urban areas. Previous research on this topic has shown mixed results. The results in this article suggest that towns with more monopoly power do tend to have significantly higher housing prices than more fragmented urban areas.
Keywords: dept.eco; dept.fin

Source‐transport inversion: An application of geophysical inverse theory to sediment transport in Monterey Bay, California - Tait, James F.; Revenaugh, Justin (Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998)
Application of forward coastal sediment transport models in situations involving large temporal and spatial scales or topographically complex environments can be highly problematic since the distribution of hydrodynamic parameters is rarely adequately known. Where rocky topography is present, flow patterns may be altered and sediments trapped by topographic barriers. A frequently employed approach to these problems is the application of the statistical technique known as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. One limitation of EOF analysis of grain size and mineralogical data is that EOF is a purely geometric technique which does not allow incorporation of a priori knowledge we may have regarding the physical environment. In fact, there is no guarantee that a meaningful physical interpretation of the results of an EOF analysis actually exists. This is not true of geophysical inverse theory, which is capable of incorporating diverse forms of information and is not limited to purely geometric manipulations of data. We have formulated an inverse theoretical approach to study sediment transport which we call STI, short for source-transport inversion. STI relaxes the nonphysical assumption of orthogonal endmembers and can handle many forms of a priori information. STI has been developed initially in the context of modeling the sediment supply and dispersal system of Monterey Bay, California. Using the geographical distribution of heavy mineralogy data, significant sources are identified and sediments traced from those sources along transport pathways. Model results are encouraging both in terms of goodness of fit between model and data and in terms of the agreement of model results with the sediment sourcing and dispersal patterns inferred in previous studies. Model results indicate that beach sediments are primarily derived from the open coast north of the bay, that a littoral cell boundary exists in the center of the bay at Moss Landing, and that beach deposits produced by paleolittoral drift during a sea level low stand lie along the 100-m isobath. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.
Keywords: Bryophyta; USA, California, Monterey Bay; bottom topography effects; dept.esc; sediment transport; shelf dynamics

Promoting holistic child development: a collaborative school health approach. - Haynes, N.M. (The Journal of school health, 1998)
Keywords: *Child Development; *Health Promotion/og [Organization & Administration]; *Holistic Health; *School Health Services/og [Organization & Administration]; Adolescent; Child; Child Development; Cooperative Behavior; Faculty; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Holistic Health; Humans; School Health Services; Social Support; United States; adolescent; child; child development; cooperation; dept.csp; health promotion; health service; human; organization and management; philosophy; review; school health service; social support; university