Capacitive swipe gesture based smartphone user authentication and identification - Rilvan, Mohamed Azard; Chao, Jedrik; Hossain, Md Shafaeat (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020)
Weaknesses in smartphone security pose a severe privacy threat to users. Currently, smartphones are secured through methods such as passwords, fingerprint scanners, and facial recognition cameras. To explore new methods and strengthen smartphone security, we developed a capacitive swipe based user authentication and identification technique. Swipe is a gesture that a user performs throughout the usage of a smartphone. Our methodology focuses on using the capacitive touchscreen to capture the user's swipe. While the user swipes, a series of capacitive frames are captured for each swipe. We developed an algorithm to process this series of capacitive frames pertaining to the swipe. While different swipes may contain different numbers of capacitive frames, our algorithm normalizes the frames by constructing the same number of frames for every swipe. After applying the algorithm, we transform the normalized frames into gray scale images. We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to these images to extract principal components, which are then used as features to authenticate/identify the user. We tested random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms as classifiers. For authentication, the performance of SVM (tested with left swipes) was more promising than RF, yielding a maximum accuracy of 79.88% with an FAR and FRR of 15.84% and 50%, respectively. SVM (tested with right swipes) produced our maximum identification accuracy at 57.81% along with an FAR and FRR of 0.60% and 42.18%, respectively. © 2020 IEEE.
Keywords: Authentication; Decision trees; Face recognition; Facial recognition; Fingerprint scanners; Identification accuracy; Identification techniques; Mobile security; Principal Components; Privacy by design; Smartphone securities; Smartphone security; Smartphones; Support vector machine algorithm; Support vector machines; User authentication; authentication; capacitive swipe; capacitive touchscreen; dept.csc; identification

Do monetary incentives undermine performance on intrinsically enjoyable tasks? A field test - Esteves-Sorenson, Constança; Broce, Robert (The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2022)
Economists have long been intrigued by an influential literature in psychology positing that monetary pay lowers performance on enjoyable tasks by crowding out agents’ intrinsic interest in them. But typical experiments in this literature do not report a full set of performance metrics, which might reveal conflicting evidence on crowding out. Further, they may suffer from confounds. To evaluate these issues, we review over 100 prior tests and run a field experiment building on the canonical two-session test for crowding out wherein agents receive pay for an interesting activity in session 1 that is withdrawn unexpectedly in session 2. We test whether pay harms performance using a comprehensive set of performance measures, and if so, whether unmet pay expectations might also contribute to this decline. Our results on output, productivity and quits are most consistent with a standard economics model than with a crowding-out one. Additional, though more speculative, evidence suggests that unmet pay expectations may harm output quality. © 2020 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Keywords: dept.swk; peer-reviewed

Re/Un/Discover: An embodied heuristic for uncertainties in social work practice - Keenan, Elizabeth King (Australian Social Work, 2021)
Social workers have always worked with and within uncertainties in practice, but the COVID-19 pandemic is amplifying the frequency and degree of uncertainty across ecological levels. Social workers need enhanced capacity to work with these uncertainties and the impact on individual and collective wellbeing. The RE/UN/DIScover heuristic guides social workers’ responses to the wide range of practice uncertainties experienced in the moment and over time. Drawing on understandings of embodied wellbeing from interpersonal neurobiology and the power relations manifest in intersectional positionality, RE/UN/DIScover offers embodied, iterative practices to access the wealth of capabilities within self and others. IMPLICATIONS Disruptions and uncertainties connected with pandemics, economic recessions, continued systemic injustices and other human-made problems can challenge social workers and impact the wellbeing of individuals and communities. Heuristics are guides that sort, order, and inform decisions and actions. The RE/UN/DIScover heuristic uses knowledge about embodied wellbeing and various forms of power to guide social workers. RE/UN/DIScover offers social workers practices to use with uncertainties both in the moment and over time. © 2020 Australian Association of Social Workers.
Keywords: dept.swk; peer-reviewed

A novel meta-heuristic search algorithm for solving optimization problems: capuchin search algorithm - Braik, Malik; Sheta, Alaa; Heba, Al-Hiary (Neural Computing & Applications, 2021)
Meta-heuristic search algorithms were successfully used to solve a variety of problems in engineering, science, business, and finance. Meta-heuristic algorithms share common features since they are population-based approaches that use a set of tuning parameters to evolve new solutions based on the natural behavior of creatures. In this paper, we present a novel nature-inspired search optimization algorithm called the capuchin search algorithm (CapSA) for solving constrained and global optimization problems. The key inspiration of CapSA is the dynamic behavior of capuchin monkeys.The basic optimization characteristics of this new algorithm are designed by modeling the social actions of capuchins during wandering and foraging over trees and riverbanks in forests while searching for food sources. Some of the common behaviors of capuchins during foraging that are implemented in this algorithm are leaping, swinging, and climbing. Jumping is an effective mechanism used by capuchins to jump from tree to tree. The other foraging mechanisms exercised by capuchins, known as swinging and climbing, allow the capuchins to move small distances over trees, tree branches, and the extremities of the tree branches. These locomotion mechanisms eventually lead to feasible solutions of global optimization problems. The proposed algorithm is benchmarked on 23 well-known benchmark functions, as well as solving several challenging and computationally costly engineering problems. A broad comparative study is conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of CapSA over several prominent meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of optimization precision and statistical test analysis. Overall results show that CapSA renders more precise solutions with a high convergence rate compared to competitive meta-heuristic methods. © 2020, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
Keywords: Biomimetics; Constrained optimization; Cost engineering; Effective mechanisms; Engineering problems; Forestry; Global optimization; Global optimization problems; Heuristic algorithms; Heuristic methods; Learning algorithms; Locomotion mechanism; Meta heuristic algorithm; Meta-heuristic methods; Meta-heuristic search algorithms; Optimization problems; dept.csc; peer-reviewed

A fig deal: A global look at fig mosaic disease and its putative associates. - Preising, Stephanie; Borges, Darlan; de Queiroz Ambrósio, Márcia Michelle; da Silva, Washington L. (Plant disease, 2021)
Keywords: Badnavirus; Connecticut; Ficus; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; dept.bio; peer-reviewed; phylogeny; plant disease

COVID-19: effectiveness of socioeconomic factors in containing the spread and mortality - Ang, Joshua Ping; Dong, Fang; Patalinghug, Jason (International Review of Applied Economics, 2021)
This paper presents a study on 80 countries that evaluates the socioeconomic factors in containing the spread and mortality of COVID-19. Our results show that the long-term social factors such as lower personal freedom, better education in science, and past coronavirus outbreak experience are more effective than the economic factors such as higher healthcare-associated factors per 1000 population and larger GDP. However, using GDP per capita as the instrumental variable, we also find that the richer countries with a high degree of personal freedom have a higher number of infection or death cases per million population because they would be less likely to adhere to and implement the policy of the movement restrictions to restrict their access to goods and services. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Gross Domestic Product; dept.eco; disease control; disease spread; epidemic; global perspective; mortality; pandemic; peer-reviewed; regression analysis; socioeconomic conditions

Effectiveness of symmetric rejection for a secure and user convenient multistage biometric system - Hossain, Md. S.; Balagani, Kiran S.; Phoha, Vir V. (Pattern Analysis and Applications, 2021)
A multistage biometric verification system uses multiple biometrics and/or multiple biometric verifiers to generate a verification decision. The core of a multistage biometric verification system is reject option which allows a stage not to give a genuine/impostor decision when it is not confident enough. This paper studies the effectiveness of symmetric rejection for multistage biometric verification systems. The symmetric rejection method determines the reject region by symmetrically rejecting equal proportion of genuine and impostor scores. The applicability of a multistage biometric verification system depends on how secure and user convenient it is, which is measured by the performance–cost trade-off. This paper analyzes the performance–cost trade-off of symmetric rejection method by conducting extensive experiments. Experiments are performed on two biometric databases: (1) publicly available NIST database and (2) a keystroke database. In addition, the symmetric rejection method is empirically compared with two existing rejection methods: (1) sequential probability ratio test-based method, which uses score-fusion and (2) Marcialis et al.’s method, which does not use score fusion. Results demonstrate strong effect of symmetric rejection method on creating a secure and user convenient multistage biometric verification system.
Keywords: dept.csc; peer-reviewed

Motivating students with learning disabilities to read - Wei, Yan; Spear-Swerling, Louise; Mercurio, Mia (Intervention in School and Clinic, 2021)
Students may lack the motivation to read for many reasons, including inadequate access to interesting texts, limited encouragement to read for pleasure from adults, instructional practices that do not foster engagement in learning, or a history of reading failure. This article focuses on students with reading disabilities who may have a long-standing dislike of reading born of repeated negative experiences with learning to read. Motivating these students to read for pleasure may seem like an unattainable goal. However, past difficulties in reading do not necessarily mean that children will dislike reading forever. In conjunction with appropriate academic interventions, student interest in reading might be improved by motivational interventions aligned with a theoretical framework discussed in this article: (a) choosing interesting texts to read, (b) stimulating knowledge-based interest, and (c) enhancing task-based interest.
Keywords: dept.sed; peer-reviewed

Derivative use, ownership structure and lending activities of US banks - Abugri, Benjamin A; Osah, Theophilus Teye (Journal of Economics and Finance, 2021)
Following the 2007–2008 financial crisis, there is widespread interest in understanding how derivative use drives bank lending behavior. Our paper examines the impact of bank ownership structure on the relationship between derivative use and lending activities of U.S. banks. We find that lending recovered faster in larger banks than smaller banks post-crisis and in line with Diamond’s (Diamond DW 1984 Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring. Rev Econ Stud 51:393–414) systemic risk reduction theory, derivative use is positively associated with lending growth. Ownership is significant in explaining the magnitude of the relationship even after controlling for alternative specifications of the derivative use variable. In both normal and crisis periods, the speed of adjustment of lending to derivatives use by stock banks lags that of mutual banks. We suggest that speculative trading in derivatives substitutes for lending growth to a larger extent for stock banks compared to mutual banks. These findings may have important implications for investors and bank regulators. © 2020, Academy of Economics and Finance.
Keywords: dept.eco; dept.fin; peer-reviewed

Identifying bound stellar companions to kepler exoplanet host stars using speckle imaging - Colton, Nicole M.; Horch, Elliott P; Everett, Mark E; Howell, Steve B; Davidson, James W., Jr.; Baptista, Brian J.; Casetti-Dinescu, Dana I (Astronomical Journal, 2021)
The Kepler mission and subsequent ground-based follow-up observations have revealed a number of exoplanet host stars with nearby stellar companions. This study presents speckle observations of 57 Kepler objects of interest (KOIs) that are also double stars, each observed over a 3-8 yr period, which has allowed us to track their relative motions with high precision. Measuring the position angle and separation of the companion with respect to the primary can help determine if the pair exhibits common proper motion, indicating it is likely to be a bound binary system. We report on the motions of 34 KOIs that have close stellar companions, three of which are triple stars, for a total of 37 companions studied. Eighteen of the 34 systems are confirmed exoplanet hosts, including one triple star, while four other systems have been subsequently judged to be false positives and twelve are yet to be confirmed as planet hosts. We find that 21 are most likely to be common proper motion pairs, 4 are line-of-sight companions, and 12 are of an uncertain disposition at present. The fraction of the confirmed exoplanet host systems that are common proper motion pairs is approximately 86% in this sample. In this subsample, the planets are exclusively found with periods of less than 110 days, so that in all cases the stellar companion is found at a much larger separation from the planet host star than the planet itself. A preliminary period-radius relation for the confirmed planets in our sample suggests no obvious differences at this stage with the full sample of known exoplanets. © 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.phy; peer-reviewed

Consumer responses toward symmetric versus asymmetric facial expression emojis - Hewage, G.S. Urumutta; Liu, Yue; Wang, Ze; Mao, Huifang (Marketing Letters, 2021)
Facial expression emojis are commonly used in digital communications and marketing campaigns. However, it is less known how the design of emojis may affect consumer responses. To address this gap, this research examines the impact of emojis’ facial asymmetry levels on consumer judgments. Findings across four studies demonstrate that compared with their symmetric counterparts, asymmetric facial expression emojis are more likely to receive favorable consumer evaluations. This effect is driven by perceptions of human expression resemblance and emotional expression strength and tends to be more prominent among consumers with a higher level of emotional sensitivity. Moreover, marketing messages including an asymmetric (vs. a symmetric) emoji are more likely to generate positive consumer responses.
Keywords: dept.mkt; peer-reviewed

HAT-P-68b: A transiting hot jupiter around a K5 dwarf star - Lindor, Bethlee M.; Hartman, Joel D.; Bakos, Gáspár Á.; Bhatti, Waqas; Csubry, Zoltan; Penev, Kaloyan; Bieryla, Allyson; Lathman, David W; Torres, Guillermo; Buchhave, Lars A; de Val-Borro, Miguel; Howard, Andrew W; et al. (Astronomical Journal, 2021)
We report the discovery by the ground-based Hungarian-made Automated Telescope Network (HATNet) survey of the transiting exoplanet HAT-P-68b, which has a mass of 0.724 ± 0.043 MJ, and radius of 1.072 ± 0.012 RJ. The planet is in a circular P = 2.2984 day orbit around a moderately bright V = 13.937 ± 0.030 magnitude K-dwarf star of mass ${0.673}_{-0.014}^{+0.020}$ M⊙, and radius 0.6726 ± 0.0069 R⊙. The planetary nature of this system is confirmed through follow-up transit photometry obtained with the Fred L. Whipple Observatory (FLWO) 1.2 m telescope, high-precision radial velocities measured using Keck I/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), FLWO 1.5 m/Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph (TRES), and Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) 1.9 m/Sophie, and high-spatial-resolution speckle imaging from WIYN 3.5 m/DSSI. HAT-P-68 is at an ecliptic latitude of +3° and outside the field of view of both the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite primary mission and the K2 mission. The large transit depth of 0.036 mag (r band) makes HAT-P-68b a promising target for atmospheric characterization via transmission spectroscopy.
Keywords: dept.phy; peer-reviewed

Short selling prior to going concern disclosures - Huang, Jian; Wang, Lei; Yu, Han; Zhang, Zhen (Accounting and Business Research, 2020)
We provide insights into how the market processes going concern audit opinions based on the trading of some well-documented sophisticated investors–short sellers. We find that abnormal short selling increases significantly upon impending going concern disclosures. While prior literature attributed much of short selling around some corporate events to private information, we find evidence that pre-going-concern announcement short selling reflects both privately informed trading and processing of public information by short sellers. Further, a negative relation between pre-announcement short selling and post-announcement short-term stock returns exists for stocks with less short sale constraints. We also find moderate evidence associating short selling with subsequent bankruptcy to some extent. Overall, these results suggest that short sellers front run going concern announcements based on private information and fundamentals, although trading constraints prevent them fully impounding the severity of negative information in the short run, providing a partial explanation for the long-run price drift post-going concern. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Keywords: dept.fin; peer-reviewed

The problem of evil in the Neo-Confucian context: Wang Yangming’s view on evil - Yang, Xiaomei (Asian Philosophy, 2020)
Wang Yangming believes that human nature is entirely good. A question naturally arises: where is evil from? It has been argued that Wang’s idealism gives rise to the problem of evil. I first argue that the difficulty for Wang to have a coherent account of evil can be removed when his idealism is understood in a narrow sense. Second, I offer an account of Wang’s view on evil in three steps. First, I argue that evil comes from the interaction between humans and the external world according to Wang. Second, I show that given Wang’s account of human nature with three aspects, there is no contradiction between Wang’s claim that human nature is the same in everyone and Wang’s claim about differences in our natural endowment which affect our moral practice. Third, I argue that Wang’s doctrine of non-distinction of good and evil in the original substance of human nature is uniquely Confucian. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Keywords: Human nature; dept.phi; idealism; origin of evil; peer-reviewed; physical nature

N400 amplitude, latency, and variability reflect temporal integration of beat gesture and pitch accent during language processing. - Morett, Laura M; Landi, Nicole; Irwin, Julia; McPartland, James C (Brain Research, 2020)
This study examines how across-trial (average) and trial-by-trial (variability in) amplitude and latency of the N400 event-related potential (ERP) reflect temporal integration of pitch accent and beat gesture. Thirty native English speakers viewed videos of a talker producing sentences with beat gesture co-occurring with a pitch accented focus word (synchronous), beat gesture co-occurring with the onset of a subsequent non-focused word (asynchronous), or the absence of beat gesture (no beat). Across trials, increased amplitude and earlier latency were observed when beat gesture was temporally asynchronous with pitch accenting than when it was temporally synchronous with pitch accenting or absent. Moreover, temporal asynchrony of beat gesture relative to pitch accent increased trial-by-trial variability of N400 amplitude and latency and influenced the relationship between across-trial and trial-by-trial N400 latency. These results indicate that across-trial and trial-by-trial amplitude and latency of the N400 ERP reflect temporal integration of beat gesture and pitch accent during language comprehension, supporting extension of the integrated systems hypothesis of gesture-speech processing and neural noise theories to focus processing in typical adult populations. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Beat gesture; Brain; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Evoked response variability; Female; Humans; Language; Male; N400; Pitch Perception; Pitch accent; Speech; Speech Perception; Temporal integration; Young Adult; adolescent; adult; article; brain; comprehension; controlled study; dept.psy; electroencephalography; event related potential; evoked response; female; gesture; human; human experiment; language; language processing; male; noise; peer-reviewed; physiology; pitch; pitch perception; speech; speech perception; videorecording; young adult

Nurses and Patients' Perspectives on Spiritual Health Assessment - Green, Cheryl (Journal of Religion & Health, 2020)
Nurses conduct physical and psychosocial assessments during admissions to healthcare facilities. Patients rely upon nurses to provide support and education during their journey, from periods of health decline to states of optimal wellness. Therefore, nurses are an ideal population to assess spiritual health. The value and necessity of spiritual assessment were explored on an inpatient unit providing medical and palliative care to patients. Two spiritual assessment tools, comprised each of five items, were evaluated by nursing staff and patients. Spiritual Assessment Tool 1 used language that was unaffiliated with religion, nor a belief in God, and Spiritual Assessment Tool 2 used language affiliated with faith and belief in God. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Keywords: Attitude of Health Personnel; Humans; Nursing Staff; Palliative Care; Patients; Religion; Spirituality; adult; article; dept.nur; health personnel attitude; hospital patient; human; language; nursing staff; palliative therapy; patient; peer-reviewed; religion

No more nursing homes? Changes in consumer preferences for long-term care facilities following COVID-19 - Schultz, Amber F; Yu, Jia (British Journal of Healthcare Management, 2020)
Since the first COVID-19 case was discovered in December 2019, over 12.1 million cases have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories. In the USA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed almost 3.05 million COVID-19 cases, with more than 132 000 deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a particularly dramatic impact on the elderly and those with chronic underlying medical disorders. Before the second outbreak in July, long-term care facilities were the most severely affected in terms of case numbers, especially nursing homes. This article provides information and insight into the potential changes in consumer preferences toward long-term care facility selection and the possible structural change of the long-term care industry in three aspects; structure, conduct and performance. © 2020 MA Healthcare Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Covid-19; Home care service; Long-term care facility; Nursing home; dept.eco; peer-reviewed

The Association Between Endotracheal Tube Size and Aspiration (During Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing) in Acute Respiratory Failure Survivors - Krisciunas, Gintas P.; Langmore, Susan E.; Gomez-Taborda, Stephanie; Fink, Daniel; Levitt, Joseph E.; McKeehan, Jeffrey; McNally, Edel; Scheel, Rebecca; Rubio, Alix C.; Siner, Jonathan M.; Vojnik, Rosemary; Warner, Heather; et al. (Critical Care Medicine, 2020)
Objectives: To determine whether a modifiable risk factor, endotracheal tube size, is associated with the diagnosis of postextubation aspiration in survivors of acute respiratory failure. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: ICUs at four academic tertiary care medical centers. Patients: Two hundred ten patients who were at least 18 years old, admitted to an ICU, and mechanically ventilated with an endotracheal tube for longer than 48 hours were enrolled. Interventions: Within 72 hours of extubation, all patients received a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing examination that entailed administration of ice, thin liquid, thick liquid, puree, and cracker boluses. Patient demographics, treatment variables, and hospital outcomes were abstracted from the patient's medical records. Endotracheal tube size was independently selected by the patient's treating physicians. Measurements and Main Results: For each flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing examination, laryngeal pathology was evaluated, and for each bolus, a Penetration Aspiration Scale score was assigned. Aspiration (Penetration Aspiration Scale score ≥ 6) was further categorized into nonsilent aspiration (Penetration Aspiration Scale score = 6 or 7) and silent aspiration (Penetration Aspiration Scale score = 8). One third of patients (n = 68) aspirated (Penetration Aspiration Scale score ≥ 6) on at least one bolus, 13.6% (n = 29) exhibited silent aspiration, and 23.8% (n = 50) exhibited nonsilent aspiration. In a multivariable analysis, endotracheal tube size (≤ 7.5 vs ≥ 8.0) was significantly associated with patients exhibiting any aspiration (Penetration Aspiration Scale score ≥ 6) (p = 0.016; odds ratio = 2.17; 95% CI 1.14-4.13) and with risk of developing laryngeal granulation tissue (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Larger endotracheal tube size was associated with increased risk of aspiration and laryngeal granulation tissue. Using smaller endotracheal tubes may reduce the risk of postextubation aspiration. © 2020 International Anesthesia Research Society.
Keywords: Adult; Aged; Airway extubation; Deglutition; Deglutition disorders; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Intratracheal intubation; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Aspiration; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory aspiration; Respiratory distress syndrome; Risk Factors; Survivors; acid aspiration; adverse event; aged; artificial ventilation; clinical trial; dept.cmd; devices; endotracheal intubation; female; human; intensive care unit; male; middle aged; multicenter study; peer-reviewed; physiology; procedures; prospective study; respiratory failure; risk factor; survivor; swallowing

Development of an Accurate Bedside Swallowing Evaluation Decision Tree Algorithm for Detecting Aspiration in Acute Respiratory Failure Survivors - Moss, Marc; White, S. David; Warner, Heather; Dvorkin, Daniel; Fink, Daniel; Gomez-Taborda, Stephanie; Higgins, Carrie; Krisciunas, Gintas P.; Levitt, Joseph E.; McKeehan, Jeffrey; McNally, Edel; Rubio, Alix; et al. (Chest, 2020)
Background: The bedside swallowing evaluation (BSE) is an assessment of swallowing function and airway safety during swallowing. After extubation, the BSE often is used to identify the risk of aspiration in acute respiratory failure (ARF) survivors. Research Question: We conducted a multicenter prospective study of ARF survivors to determine the accuracy of the BSE and to develop a decision tree algorithm to identify aspiration risk. Study Design and Methods: Patients extubated after ≥ 48 hours of mechanical ventilation were eligible. Study procedures included the BSE followed by a gold standard evaluation, the flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Results: Overall, 213 patients were included in the final analysis. Median time from extubation to BSE was 25 hours (interquartile range, 21-45 hours). The FEES was completed 1 hour after the BSE (interquartile range, 0.5-2 hours). A total of 33% (70/213; 95% CI, 26.6%-39.2%) of patients aspirated on at least one FEES bolus consistency test. Thin liquids were the most commonly aspirated consistency: 27% (54/197; 95% CI, 21%-34%). The BSE detected any aspiration with an accuracy of 52% (95% CI, 45%-58%), a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI, 74%-92%), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 81% (95% CI, 72%-91%). Using recursive partitioning analyses, a five-variable BSE-based decision tree algorithm was developed that improved the detection of aspiration with an accuracy of 81% (95% CI, 75%-87%), sensitivity of 95% (95% CI, 90%-98%), and NPV of 97% (95% CI, 95%-99%). Interpretation: The BSE demonstrates variable accuracy to identify patients at high risk for aspiration. Our decision tree algorithm may enhance the BSE and may be used to identify patients at high risk for aspiration, yet requires further validation. Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02363686; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov; © 2020 American College of Chest Physicians
Keywords: Airway Extubation; Algorithms; Article; Decision Trees; Deglutition; Female; Humans; Male; Point-of-Care Testing; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Aspiration; Respiratory Insufficiency; Risk Assessment; Survivors; Symptom Assessment; United States; acid aspiration; acute respiratory failure; adult; adverse event; aged; algorithm; artificial ventilation; aspiration; bedside swallowing evaluation; clinical trial; controlled study; decision tree; dept.cmd; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; digestive system examination; dysphagia; epidemiology; extubation; female; flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; gastrointestinal endoscopy; high risk patient; human; intubation; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; oxygen; oxygen therapy; pathophysiology; peer-reviewed; point of care testing; predictive value; priority journal; procedures; prospective study; pulmonary aspiration; reproducibility; respiratory failure; risk assessment; sensitivity and specificity; speech language pathologist; survivor; swallowing; symptom assessment

“Dad, wash your hands”: Gender, care work, and attitudes toward risk during the COVID-19 pandemic - Umamaheswar, Janani; Tan, Catherine (Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 2020)
Recent analyses of responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have posited that men’s dismissive attitudes toward the risks of the virus reflect their attempts to conform to masculine norms that valorize bravery and strength. In this article, the authors develop an alternative account of the gender differences in attitudes toward COVID-19. Drawing on three waves of in-depth interviews with college students and members of their households (n = 45) over a period of 16 weeks (for a total of 120 interviews), the authors find that men and women in comparable circumstances perceive similar risks of COVID-19, but they diverge in their attitudes toward, and responses to, these risks. Connecting scholarship on gender and care work with research on risk, the authors argue that gender differences in attitudes toward risk are influenced by the unique and strenuous care work responsibilities generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which are borne primarily by women—and from which men are exempt. © The Author(s) 2020.
Keywords: COVID-19; care work; dept.soc; gender; pandemic; peer-reviewed; risk perception

Redemptive children and historical memory: Luis mateo díez’s la gloria de los niños (2007) - Weng, Miaowei (Bulletin of Spanish Studies, 2020)
This article explores contemporary Spanish writer Luis Mateo Díez’s 2007 novel, La gloria de los niños, focusing on the construction of a redemptive child who mends the broken world and keeps alive historical memory. The author looks beyond one single nation state in his reconstruction of children and childhood under the Franco regime. Hidden behind his approach to the reconstruction of the ‘glorious children’ under Franco emerges, on the one hand, his dissolution of any authoritative version of Franco-era children and, on the other, his broader vision and desire to examine Spain and Spanish historical memory in a global context. © 2020 Bulletin of Spanish Studies.
Keywords: Childhood under Franco; Historical Memory; La gloria de los niños; Ladri di biciclette (1948); Luis Mateo Díez; Post Civil War period; Redemptive Child; Vittorio de Sica; Walter Benjamin; dept.wll; peer-reviewed

Looking back and moving forward: SOPHE's 70 years of contributions to health education. - Alber, Julia M.; Allegrante, John P.; Auld, M. Elaine; Breny, Jean M. (Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 2020)
Founded in 1950, the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) provides leadership to the health education profession and promotes the health of all people through six strategic commitments: developing and promoting standards for professional preparation and credentialing of community and school health educators; stimulating research on the theory, practice, and teaching of health education; supporting elimination of health disparities and the achievement of health equity; providing continuing education of the health education workforce; advocating for policy and legislation affecting public health and health promotion; and supporting a network of local chapters. This article describes how SOPHE has pursued these strategic commitments during the past 70 years and discusses challenges that will influence the future of SOPHE and the contours of the research and practice agendas of the field going forward. © 2020 Society for Public Health Education.
Keywords: Education, Public Health Professional; Health Education; Health Educators; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; SOPHE; accreditation; achievement; article; credentialing; dept.pch; education; health disparity; health education; health educator; health equity; health promotion; history; human; human experiment; law; leadership; medical education; occupation; peer-reviewed; public health; school health service; teaching; theory-practice relationship; workforce

Tensions and connections between social work and anti-capitalist disability activism: disability rights, disability justice, and implications for practice - Eiler, Elijah C.; D'Angelo, Karen (Journal of Community Practice, 2020)
Social work’s relationship to disability activism under capitalism is an underexplored area of the profession’s literature. This paper aims to help address this gap by providing a conceptual discussion of the tensions within disability activism, within social work, and between the two. Lenin’s analysis of the state is used to integrate opposing ideologies. We begin by providing a historical overview of the disability rights and disability justice movements along with recommendations for an integrated approach. We then connect ideological trends within social work to these models. We end with implications for social work practice with disabled people and suggested research. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: Lenin; Radical social work; anarchism; dept.swk; disability justice; disability rights; mutual aid; peer-reviewed

Who are My Family Members? A Solution Based on Image Processing and Machine Learning - Kiley, Matthew R.; Hossain, Md Shafaeat (International Journal of Image and Graphics, 2020)
Image creation and retention are growing at an exponential rate. Individuals produce more images today than ever in history and often these images contain family. In this paper, we develop a framework to detect or identify family in a face image dataset. The ability to identify family in a dataset of images could have a critical impact on finding lost and vulnerable children, identifying terror suspects, social media interactions, and other practical applications. We evaluated our framework by performing experiments on two facial image datasets, the Y-Face and KinFaceW, comprising 37 and 920 images, respectively. We tested two feature extraction techniques, namely PCA and HOG, and three machine learning algorithms, namely K-Means, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and K nearest neighbors. We achieved promising results with a maximum detection rate of 94.59% using K-Means, 89.18% with agglomerative clustering, and 77.42% using K-nearest neighbors. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company.
Keywords: Agglomerative clustering; Agglomerative hierarchical clustering; Exponential rates; Facial images; Family detection; Feature extraction techniques; Hierarchical clustering; Image creation; K -means; K-means clustering; K-nearest neighbors; Learning algorithms; Machine learning; Maximum detection rates; Motion compensation; Nearest neighbor search; agglomerative hierarchical clustering; dept.csc; face image clustering; family identification; peer-reviewed

The print exposure of teacher candidates in relation to their achievement and self-ratings of early reading experiences - Spear-Swerling, Louise; Wei, Yan; Dostal, Hannah; Hernandez, Brittney (Reading and Writing, 2020)
This study examined the print exposure of teacher candidates (N = 195) in relation to their GPAs, achievement in reading and writing on the SAT, and their self-ratings of their own early (K to Grade 5) reading experiences. Participants came from undergraduate and Masters programs in varied certification areas and from two different universities. Print exposure measures included author recognition tests for both fiction and nonfiction; a questionnaire about participants’ current voluntary reading habits for books, magazines, newspapers, and digital print media; and favorite authors/books questions. Exploratory factor analysis suggested four factors underlying the different print exposure measures: (1) fiction book reading volume; (2) current magazine and newspaper reading; (3) nonfiction book reading volume and (4) current book reading habits for enjoyment. Only fiction and nonfiction book reading volume related positively to participants’ achievement, in writing as well as reading, and to their early reading experience ratings. A subgroup of participants who had taken a specific reading methods course involving structured language content, and who had positive early reading experience self-ratings, had higher performance in the course than did participants with mixed or negative self-ratings, although the two groups did not differ in overall GPA. Findings support the view that different measures of print exposure tap somewhat different aspects of print exposure, with differing relationships to varied indicators of achievement. Results also support concerns about the reading volume and print exposure of some teacher candidates. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
Keywords: Print exposure; Reading; Reading habits; Teacher candidates; Teacher preparation; Writing; dept.sed; peer-reviewed

Transdisciplinary Approach Practicum for Speech-Language Pathology and Special Education Graduate Students - Weiss, Deborah; Cook, Barbara; Eren, Ruth (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2020)
Speech-language pathology and special education graduate student teams participated in an intensive summer practicum for social communication skills with children with autism spectrum disorders, utilizing a transdisciplinary approach that aligned to the frameworks utilized for implementation science. Questionnaires measuring transdisciplinary approach knowledge and comfort level were administered pre/post-practicum. Results of the questionnaires, written daily team reflections, course evaluations, and a focus group interview indicated an increase in all measures, including an increased knowledge of TA, increased understanding and comfort level with the other discipline, and a higher level of confidence and openness in working collaboratively utilizing a transdisciplinary approach. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Keywords: Academic Performance; Article; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autism spectrum disorder; Child; Collaborative teaming; Communication; Education, Special; Female; Humans; Implementation science; Interdisciplinary Research; Interprofessional collaboration; Male; Special education; Speech-Language Pathology; Speech-language pathology; Students, Health Occupations; Surveys and Questionnaires; Transdisciplinary; academic achievement; autism; child; comfort; communication skill; course evaluation; dept.cmd; dept.sed; education; female; graduate student; health student; human; implementation science; interdisciplinary education; interdisciplinary research; interpersonal communication; interview; knowledge; male; peer-reviewed; pretest posttest design; priority journal; procedures; professional development; psychology; quantitative analysis; questionnaire; social competence; special education; speech disorder; teacher; training

Glioma tumors classified using visible resonance raman spectroscopy and machine learning - Wu, Binlin; Zhou, Yan; Zhang, Liang; Zhang, Shengjia; Yu, Xinguang; Wang, Eric; Zhu, Ke; Liu, Cheng-hui; Alfano, Robert R. (The Optical Society, 2020)
Machine learning algorithms were used to classify and analyze spectral data collected by visible resonance Raman spectroscopy to distinguish normal human brain tissue and glioma tumor tissues at different grades and show promising results. © OSA 2020 © 2020 The Author(s)
Keywords: dept.phy; ⛔ No DOI found

Measurement of away-side broadening with self-subtraction of flow in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV - STAR Collaboration (Chinese Physics C, 2020)
High transverse momentum ( ) particle production is suppressed owing to the parton (jet) energy loss in the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Redistribution of energy at low-to-modest has been difficult to measure, owing to large anisotropic backgrounds. We report a data-driven method for background evaluation and subtraction, exploiting the away-side pseudorapidity gaps, to measure the jetlike correlation shape in Au+Au collisions at GeV in the STAR experiment. The correlation shapes, for trigger particles and various associated particle ranges within , are consistent with Gaussians, and their widths increase with centrality. The results indicate jet broadening in the medium created in central heavy-ion collisions.
Keywords: dept.phy; di-hadron correlations; heavy-ion; jet; peer-reviewed

The russian holy synod and the greeks: Reconsidering greek-russian relations in the early modern period (16th–18th centuries) - Chrissidis, Nikolaos A. (Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 2020)
The article first surveys Greek interpretations of the creation of the Russian Holy Synod by Peter the Great. It provides a critical assessment of the historiographical paradigm offered by N.F. Kapterev for the analysis of Greek-Russian relations in the early modern period. Finally, it proposes that scholars should focus on a Greek history of Greek-Russian relations as a complement and possibly corrective to the Kapterev paradigm. © verlag ferdinand schöningh, 2020.
Keywords: Aleksander stourdza; Greek-russian relations; Konstantin oinonomos; Nikolai kapterev; Peter the great; Russian holy synod; dept.his; peer-reviewed

Measurement of the central exclusive production of charged particle pairs in proton-proton collisions at √s = 200 GeV with the STAR detector at RHIC - STAR Collaboration (Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020)
We report on the measurement of the Central Exclusive Production of charged particle pairs h+h− (h = π, K, p) with the STAR detector at RHIC in proton-proton collisions at s$$ \sqrt{s} $$= 200 GeV. The charged particle pairs produced in the reaction pp → p′ + h+h− + p′ are reconstructed from the tracks in the central detector and identified using the specific energy loss and the time of flight method, while the forward-scattered protons are measured in the Roman Pot system. Exclusivity of the event is guaranteed by requiring the transverse momentum balance of all four final-state particles. Differential cross sections are measured as functions of observables related to the central hadronic final state and to the forward-scattered protons. They are measured in a fiducial region corresponding to the acceptance of the STAR detector and determined by the central particles’ transverse momenta and pseudorapidities as well as by the forward-scattered protons’ momenta. This fiducial region roughly corresponds to the square of the four-momentum transfers at the proton vertices in the range 0.04 GeV2 < −t1, −t2 < 0.2 GeV2, invariant masses of the charged particle pairs up to a few GeV and pseudorapidities of the centrally-produced hadrons in the range |η| < 0.7. The measured cross sections are compared to phenomenological predictions based on the Double Pomeron Exchange (DPE) model. Structures observed in the mass spectra of π+π− and K+K− pairs are consistent with the DPE model, while angular distributions of pions suggest a dominant spin-0 contribution to π+π− production. For π+π− production, the fiducial cross section is extrapolated to the Lorentz-invariant region, which allows decomposition of the invariant mass spectrum into continuum and resonant contributions. The extrapolated cross section is well described by the continuum production and at least three resonances, the f0(980), f2(1270) and f0(1500), with a possible small contribution from the f0(1370). Fits to the extrapolated differential cross section as a function of t1 and t2 enable extraction of the exponential slope parameters in several bins of the invariant mass of π+π− pairs. These parameters are sensitive to the size of the interaction region.
Keywords: Diffraction; Forward physics; Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments); dept.phy; peer-reviewed

Measurement of D0 -meson + hadron two-dimensional angular correlations in Au+ Au collisions at sNN =200 GeV - STAR Collaboration (Physical Review C, 2020)
Open heavy-flavor hadrons provide unique probes of the medium produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Due to their increased mass relative to light-flavor hadrons, long lifetime, and early production in hard-scattering interactions, they provide access to the full evolution of the partonic medium formed in heavy-ion collisions. This paper reports two-dimensional (2D) angular correlations between neutral D mesons and unidentified charged particles produced in minimum-bias Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200GeV. D0 and ¯¯¯D0 mesons are reconstructed via their weak decay to K∓π± using the Heavy Flavor Tracker in the Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC experiment. Correlations on relative pseudorapidity and azimuth (Δη,Δϕ) are presented for peripheral, midcentral, and central collisions with D0 transverse momentum from 2–10GeV/c. Attention is focused on the 2D peaked correlation structure near the triggered D0 meson, the near-side (NS) peak, which serves as a proxy for a charm-quark-containing jet. The correlated NS yield of charged particles per D0 meson and the 2D widths of the NS peak increase significantly from peripheral to central collisions. These results are compared with similar correlations using unidentified charged particles, consisting primarily of light-flavor hadrons, at similar trigger particle momenta. Similar per-trigger yields and widths of the NS correlation peak are observed. The present results provide additional evidence that D0 mesons undergo significant interactions with the medium formed in heavy-ion collision and show, for the first time, significant centrality evolution of the NS 2D peak in the correlations of particles associated with a heavy-flavor hadron produced in these collisions.
Keywords: dept.phy; peer-reviewed

The impact of faith-based narratives on climate change adaptation in narikoso, fiji - Bertana, Amanda (Anthropological Forum, 2020)
Most research on climate change in South Pacific island communities has privileged people’s observations of physical environmental change with less attention paid to how people interpret the causes of these changes. Increasingly, more studies are focusing on how communities are receiving messages about environmental degradation, and from whom they are receiving them. This case study draws upon ethnographic research conducted in November 2015 in Narikoso on Ono Island in Fiji’s Kadavu Group. This village was in the process of relocating inland as a response to shoreline erosion and severe coastal flooding. By employing data drawn from interviews with government actors, religious leaders, and residents of Narikoso village along with fieldnotes from participant observation, this paper examines how village residents interpreted coastal flooding and shoreline erosion according to the biblical story of Noah’s Ark alongside a secular narrative of climate change. I conclude by showing the unique challenges these worldviews had on the community’s decision to relocate. © 2020 The University of Western Australia.
Keywords: Fiji; Relocation; climate change adaptation; dept.soc; peer-reviewed; religion; sea level rise

Body mass affects short‐term heterothermy in Neotropical bats - Czenze, Zenon J.; Dunbar, Miranda B. (Biotropica, 2020)
Recent work in Australia and Africa has shown that heterothermy is widespread among phylogenetically diverse tropical and subtropical mammalian taxa. However, data on the use of heterothermy by Neotropical mammals are relatively scant, and those studies that exist focus on insect-eating bats. We investigated the capacity of fruit-eating Neotropical bats to use heterothermy when exposed to acute cold temperatures, and compared this to previous data focused on insect-eating bats sampled from the same region and time of year. We measured rectal temperatures prior to acute cold exposure (1 hr at an air temperature of 6, 7, or 10°C), and again after exposure. Our data show considerable variation in the thermoregulatory patterns of Neotropical bats, and generally, our results show that smaller bats cool quicker and to a greater extent than larger bats. Our results highlight the importance of energy conservation even in environments in which resources are relatively abundant. © 2020 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation
Keywords: Africa; Australia; Chiroptera; Hexapoda; Mammalia; Neotropical Region; bat; body mass; dept.bio; diet; heterothermy; insect; neotropics; peer-reviewed; temperature effect; thermoregulation

Hybrid neural network models for forecasting ozone and particulate matter concentrations in the Republic of China - Braik, Malik; Sheta, Alaa; Al-Hiary, Heba (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2020)
Ozone is a toxic gas with massive distinct chemical components from oxygen. Breathing ozone in the air can cause severe effects on human health, especially people who have asthma. It can cause long-lasting damage to the lungs and heart attacks and might lead to death. Forecasting the ozone concentration levels and related pollutant attribute is critical for developing sophisticated environment safety policies. In this paper, we present three artificial neural network (ANN) models to forecast the daily ozone (O3), coarse particulate matter (PM10), and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in a highly polluted city in the Republic of China. The proposed models are (1) recurrent multilayer perceptron (RMLP), (2) recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN), and (3) hybridization of RFNN and grey wolf optimizer (GWO), which are referred to as RMLP-ANN, RFNN, and RFNN-GWO models, respectively. The performance of the proposed models is compared with other conventional models previously reported in the literature. The comparative results showed that the proposed models presented outstanding performance. The RFNN-GWO model revealed superior results in the modeling of O3, PM10, and PM2.5 compared with the RMLP-ANN and RFNN models. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
Keywords: China; Forecasting; Grey wolf optimizer; Neural network; Recurrent fuzzy neural networks; Recurrent multilayer perceptron; artificial neural network; cause of death; concentration (composition); dept.csc; ozone; particulate matter; peer-reviewed; urban pollution

The effect of political risk on shareholder value and the mitigating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) - Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn; Jiraporn, Pornsit; Sarajoti, Pattarake; Singh, Manohar (Managerial Finance, 2020)
Purpose: The study investigates the effect of political risk on shareholder value, using an event study and a novel measure of firm-level political risk recently developed by Hassan et al. (2017). In addition, the authors explore how corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences the effect of political risk on shareholder wealth. Design/methodology/approach: The authors exploit the guilty plea of Jack Abramoff, a well-known lobbyist, on January 3, 2006, as an exogenous shock that made lobbying less effective and less useful in the future, depriving firms of an important tool to reduce political exposure. Findings: The results show that the market reactions are significantly more negative for firms with more political exposure. Additional analysis corroborates the results, including propensity score matching, instrumental-variable analysis and Oster's (2019) method for testing coefficient stability. Finally, the authors note that the adverse effect of political risk on shareholder value is substantially mitigated for firms with strong social responsibility, consistent with the risk mitigation hypothesis. Originality/value: This study is the first to explore the effect of political risk on shareholder value using a novel measure. Furthermore, it is also the first to show that CSR alleviates the cost of political risk to shareholders. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.
Keywords: CSR; Corporate social responsibility; Event study; Firm risk; G34; M14; Political risk; Shareholder wealth; dept.fin; dept.grad; peer-reviewed

Becoming allies accomplices: Problematizing the intersection of reflection and action through pre-service teachers’ autoethnographies as praxis - Sinclair, Meredith N; Powell, Jessica S (International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 2020)
This paper explores the phenomenon of pre-service teachers becoming accomplices for racial justice. Using hermeneutic phenomenology, we examine the experiences of three white, female pre-service teachers navigating this terrain. A framework we are naming autoethnography as praxis emerged from this inquiry. Our research interrogates the notion of white allies and the intersection of critical dialogue and action in pre-service teacher education. Building off of perspectives in critical race and critical whiteness studies, this work is grounded in the reality of the material permanence of white supremacy that white teachers must acknowledge and develop tools to dismantle. Autoethnography as praxis moves students from simply analyzing and reporting their experiences (including their emerging understanding of white privilege) through autoethnography to examining how their experiences have shaped and will continue to shape their identities and practices as teachers. By reframing autoethnography as a dialogue between researcher and her texts, we hope to push beyond reflection to action. By engaging participants in reflection on their actions, autoethnography as praxis also addresses the flaw of white teachers acting as benevolent allies who set their own agenda and position people of color as “needing their assistance.” © 2020, University of North Carolina at Greensboro. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Anti-racist pedagogy; Praxis; Social justice; Teacher education; Whiteness; dept.cur; dept.eng; peer-reviewed; ⛔ No DOI found

First measurement of λc baryon production in au+au collisions at sNN=200 GeV - STAR Collaboration (Physical Review Letters, 2020)
We report on the first measurement of the charmed baryon Λ±c production at midrapidity (|y|<1) in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV collected by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The Λc/D0 [denoting (Λ+c+Λ−c)/(D0+¯D0)] yield ratio is measured to be 1.08±0.16 (stat)±0.26 (sys) in the 0%–20% most central Au+Au collisions for the transverse momentum (pT) range 3<pT<6 GeV/c. This is significantly larger than the pythia model calculations for p+p collisions. The measured Λc/D0 ratio, as a function of pT and collision centrality, is comparable to the baryon-to-meson ratios for light and strange hadrons in Au+Au collisions. Model calculations including coalescence hadronization for charmed baryon and meson formation reproduce the features of our measured Λc/D0 ratio.
Keywords: Au+Au collisions; Bosons; Colliding beam accelerators; Germanium compounds; Gold compounds; Hadronization; Hadrons; Heavy ions; Mid-rapidity; Model calculations; Particle detectors; Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider; STAR experiment; Transverse momenta; Yield ratios; dept.phy; peer-reviewed

Functional morphology of the taste buds of Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris - Barboza, Meghan L. B.; Larkin, Iskande L.V. (Marine Mammal Science, 2020)
The Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, is a fully aquatic, threatened marine mammal for which increased understanding of their physiology, reproduction, and nutrition supports management decisions. Manatees may use taste to distinguish saltwater gradients, toxin detection, food assessment, and social interactions. This study sought to locate and characterize manatee taste buds comparing location, structure, number, and size to other species. Entire heads from manatees (6 males, 4 females) of various ages were obtained. The muzzle, tissue surrounding the nares, oral cavity, and epiglottis were examined grossly for pits and papillae. Tissues were examined using light and transmission electron microscopy. Within the predominant taste bud location, the tongue root, taste bud number was estimated using samples from four animals. The average number of taste buds within the tongue root was 11,534 (range 2,711–23,237) with sparse taste buds located on the soft palate and epiglottis. The location along the lateral surface of the tongue root and bordered by grooves, through which tastants could be easily transported, has functional significance. Large numbers of taste buds within the tongue root suggest that taste is an important component of manatee sensory systems and behavioral research would clarify this. © 2020 Society for Marine Mammalogy
Keywords: Animalia; Florida [United States]; Mammalia; Trichechidae; Trichechus manatus; Trichechus manatus latirostris; chemoreception; dept.bio; detection method; functional morphology; histology; manatee; marine mammal; peer-reviewed; sensory system; taste; taste bud; tongue

Naloxone perspectives from people who use opioids: Findings from an ethnographic study in three states. - Boeri, Miriam W.; Lamonica, Aukje K. (Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2020)
BACKGROUND: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can reverse an opioid overdose. Increased opioid-related mortality rates led to greater distribution of naloxone without a prescription and administration of naloxone by laypersons. This study fills a gap in knowledge of naloxone experiences among active users of opioids living in suburban communities. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to provide nurse practitioners with an in-depth understanding of current naloxone use practices among people who experience overdose events. The specific aims are to compare access to naloxone in diverse suburban towns, to examine administration differences across settings, and to understand perspectives on naloxone experiences from people who are actively using opioids. METHODOLOGICAL ORIENTATION: The data for this analysis were drawn from an ethnographic study in the suburban towns around Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; and New Haven, Connecticut. Short surveys and in-depth interviews were collected. Inductive methods were used to compare data across settings. SAMPLE: The sample of 106 included 48% female, 62% White, 24% African American/Black, 13% more than one race, and 21% Hispanic/Latinx. The mean age was 41.35 years. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between study settings in access to naloxone, administration frequency, and delivery systems were found. Findings suggest more education and training is needed in overdose prevention and harm reduction intervention. Studies on delivery systems need to address the increase in fentanyl-related overdoses. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nurse practitioners can help to target distribution of naloxone in local communities, facilitate collaboration with harm reduction services, and provide evidence-based education and training to laypersons. Copyright © 2020 American Association of Nurse Practitioners.
Keywords: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Overdose; Female; Harm Reduction; Humans; Male; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; adult; dept.pch; drug overdose; female; harm reduction; human; male; naloxone; narcotic analgesic agent; narcotic antagonist; peer-reviewed

Editorial for special collection: Current issues and practices in school nursing - Resha, Cheryl (SAGE Open Nursing, 2020)
Keywords: dept.nur; peer-reviewed

Enough Is Enough: Confronting Workplace Bullying and Incivility - Green, Cheryl Ann (Nursing Education Research Conference 2020, 2020)
Keywords: dept.nur; ⛔ No DOI found

Non-motor symptoms and striatal dopamine transporter binding in early Parkinson's disease - Liu, Rui; Umbach, David M.; Troster, Alexander; Huang, Xuemei; Chen, Honglei (Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 2020)
Background: Non-motor symptoms (NMS) are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but their relationships to nigrostriatal degeneration remain largely unexplored. Methods: We evaluated 18 NMS scores covering 5 major domains in relation to concurrent and future dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging in 344 PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression and Markers Initiative (PPMI). We standardized NMS assessments into z-scores for side-by-side comparisons. Patients underwent sequential DaTSCAN imaging at enrollment and at months 12, 24, and 48. Specific binding ratios (SBR) were calculated using the occipital lobe reference region. We evaluated the association of striatal DAT binding at the four time points with each baseline NMS using mixed-effects regression models. Results: Multiple baseline NMS were significantly associated with DAT binding at baseline and at follow-up scans. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) symptoms showed the strongest association – mean striatal SBR declined with increasing RBD symptom z-score (average of time-point-specific slopes per unit change in z-score: βAVG = −0.083, SE = 0.017; p < 0.0001). In addition, striatal DAT binding was linearly associated with increasing baseline z-scores: positively for the memory (βAVG=0.055, SE = 0.022; p = 0.01) and visuospatial (βAVG=0.044, SE = 0.020; p = 0.03) cognitive domains, and negatively for total anxiety (βAVG= −0.059, SE = 0.018; p = 0.001). Striatal DAT binding showed curvilinear associations with odor identification, verbal discrimination recognition, and autonomic dysfunction z-scores (p = 0.001, p = 0.0009, and p = 0.0002, respectively). Other NMS were not associated with DAT binding. Conclusions: Multiple NMS, RBD symptoms in particular, are associated with nigrostriatal dopaminergic changes in early PD. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Keywords: Aged; Anxiety; Article; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Cognitive Dysfunction; Depression; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopamine transporter binding; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Neostriatum; Non-motor symptoms; Olfaction Disorders; Parkinson Disease; Parkinson disease; Parkinson's disease; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Substantia Nigra; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; adult; aged; anxiety; autonomic dysfunction; autonomic neuropathy; clinical assessment; clinical evaluation; clinical feature; clinical trial; cognitive defect; cohort analysis; complication; controlled study; depression; dept.pch; depth perception; diagnostic imaging; disease association; dopamine transporter; evidence based practice; female; follow up; human; impulse control disorder; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; metabolism; middle aged; motor performance; multicenter study; neostriatum; neuroimaging; occipital lobe; parasomnia; pathophysiology; peer-reviewed; priority journal; protein binding; scoring system; single photon emission computed tomography; smelling disorder; striate cortex; substantia nigra; verbal memory

Analyzing the sentiment correlation between regular tweets and retweets - Chen, Jundong; Hossain, Shafaeat; Zhang, Huan (Social Network Analysis and Mining, 2020)
Retweeting is an important way of information propagation on Twitter. In this paper, we investigate the sentiment correlation between regular tweets and retweets. We anticipate our investigation sheds a light on how the sentiment of regular tweets impacts the retweets of different sentiments. We propose a method for measuring the sentiment of tweets. We categorize the Twitter users into different groups by different norms, which are the follower count, the betweenness connectivity, a combination of follower count and betweenness centrality,and the amount of tweets. Then, we calculate the sentiment correlation for different groups to examine the influential factors for retweeting a message with a certain sentiment.We find that the users with higher betweenness centrality and higher tweets amount tend to exhibit a higher sentiment correlation. The users with medium-level followers_count show the highest sentiment correlation compared to the low-level and high-level followers_count. After combining the two factors of followers_count and betweenness centrality, we discover that specifically at low-level betweenness centrality the users with medium-level followers_count have the highest sentiment correlation. Our last observation is that the difference for correlation coefficients exists between different types of users. Our study on the sentiment correlation provides instructional information for modeling information propagation in human society. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.
Keywords: Betweenness; Betweenness centrality; Correlation coefficient; Human society; Influential factors; Information dissemination; Information propagation; Instructional information; Learning systems; Machine learning; Model informations; Sentiment analysis; Social network; Social networking (online); Twitter classification; dept.csc; peer-reviewed

Promoting healthy ageing through light volleyball intervention in Hong Kong: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial - Leung, Ka Man; Chung, Pak-Kwong; Chan, Aileen W. K.; Ransdell, Lynda; Siu, Parco Ming Fai; Sun, Ping; Yang, Jinjin; Chen, Tie Cheng (Bmc Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2020)
Background: Our pilot study has demonstrated improvements in health outcomes through participation in a new sport, light volleyball (LVB), among older adults. In response to the promising results of the LVB pilot study and the priority of allocating resources to the prevention of age-related fitness degradation by the Hong Kong (HKG) government, the present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a LVB intervention on physical and psychological health attributes among older adults at a larger scale in HKG. Methods/design: This study will apply both quantitative and qualitative methods with a large sample (approximately 315 participants). We will adopt a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to further evaluate the effectiveness of a LVB intervention on health outcomes against a comparison group, Tai Chi (TC), and a control group (C). Older adults will be eligible to join the intervention if they are (a) aged 65 years and above; (b) living in the community independently; (c) absent of diagnosed cognitive impairment; (d) not regular participants in a structured PA program for two years preceding the study; and (e) able to achieve a passing score on the Timed-up-and-go test (TUG) and Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT). About 315 participants will be randomly assigned into 3 groups in 1:1:1 ratio. LVB group participants will receive 16-week LVB program; TC group will utilize a simplified 24-form Yang Style TC, and C group participants will be instructed to maintain their normal daily activity and join regular non-exercise social gatherings. Measurements will be collected before and after the intervention, and 6 months and 12 months after completion of the intervention. Discussion: This intervention, if effective, will enhance older adult's physical and psychological health, and provide the data and evidence to support policymaking in relation to future PA promotion for older adults. Trial registration number: ChiCTR1900026657. © 2020 The Author(s).
Keywords: Adapted sport; Age-related fitness degradation; Ageing; Article; Hong Kong; Physical activity; Tai Chi; aged; clinical effectiveness; clinical trial protocol; cognitive defect; controlled study; dept.hms; healthy aging; human; major clinical study; mental health; mental test; peer-reviewed; physical activity; qualitative research; quantitative study; randomized controlled trial; timed up and go test; volleyball

Continuing the Journey Toward Health Equity: Becoming Antiracist in Health Promotion Research and Practice. - Breny, Jean (Health Education and Behavior, 2020)
Health education and promotion researchers and practitioners are committed to eliminating health disparities, and the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) has continuously supported this effort through its journals, professional development, annual conferences, and advocacy. The COVID-19 pandemic elucidated inequities directly caused by racism and other social determinants of health. In order to achieve health equity, we need to become antiracist in our research, practice, and advocacy work by standing united against racist policies and practices. I invite us all to heed the call to action on these five points: place racism on the agenda, practice cultural humility, claim your privilege and eliminate microaggressions, utilize strategies that promote inclusion and equity, and embrace your inner leader and activist. Just as SOPHE as an organization pivoted its annual conference from on ground to virtual in March 2020, so can we be innovative and brave as professionals to face the hard work and dedication needed to become antiracist., (C)2020Sage Publications
Keywords: Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus infection; Health Equity; Health Promotion; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Racism; Social Determinants of Health; antiracism; article; dept.pch; ethnology; health education; health equity; health promotion; human; human experiment; leadership; organization and management; pandemic; peer-reviewed; public health; racism; social determinants of health; virus pneumonia

Abnormalities of Aspiration and Swallowing Function in Survivors of Acute Respiratory Failure - Langmore, Susan E.; Krisciunas, Gintas P.; Warner, Heather; White, S. David; Dvorkin, Daniel; Fink, Daniel; McNally, Edel; Scheel, Rebecca; Higgins, Carrie; Levitt, Joseph E.; McKeehan, Jeffrey; Deane, Sandra; et al. (Dysphagia, 2020)
The mechanisms responsible for aspiration are relatively unknown in patients recovering from acute respiratory failure (ARF) who required mechanical ventilation. Though many conditions may contribute to swallowing dysfunction, alterations in laryngeal structure and swallowing function likely play a role in the development of aspiration. At four university-based tertiary medical centers, we conducted a prospective cohort study of ARF patients who required intensive care and mechanical ventilation for at least 48 h. Within 72 h after extubation, a Fiberoptic Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) examination was performed. Univariate and multivariable analyses examined the relationship between laryngeal structure and swallowing function abnormalities. Aspiration was the primary outcome, defined as a Penetration- Aspiration Scale (PAS) score of 6 or greater. Two other salient signs of dysphagia—spillage and residue—were secondary outcomes. A total of 213 patients were included in the final analysis. Aspiration was detected in 70 patients (33%) on at least one bolus. The most commonly aspirated consistency was thin liquids (27%). In univariate analyses, several abnormalities in laryngeal anatomy and structural movement were significantly associated with aspiration, spillage, and residue. In a multivariable analysis, the only variables that remained significant with aspiration were pharyngeal weakness (Odds ratio = 2.57, 95%CI = 1.16–5.84, p = 0.019) and upper airway edema (Odds ratio = 3.24, 95%CI = 1.44–7.66, p = 0.004). These results demonstrated that dysphagia in ARF survivors is multifactorial and characterized by both anatomic and physiologic abnormalities. These findings may have important implications for the development of novel interventions to treat dysphagia in ARF survivors. Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02363686, Aspiration in Acute Respiratory FailureSurvivors. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Keywords: Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Humans; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Aspiration; Respiratory Insufficiency; Survivors; acid aspiration; dept.cmd; dysphagia; human; peer-reviewed; prospective study; respiratory failure; survivor; swallowing

Machine Learning Models Reveal the Importance of Clinical Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease - Refaee, Mahmoud Ahmed; Ali, Amal Awadalla Mohamed; Elfadl, Asma Hamid; Abujazar, Maha F. A.; Islam, Mohammad Tariqul; Kawsar, Ferdaus Ahmed; Househ, Mowafa; Shah, Zubair; Alam, Tanvir (Importance of Health Informatics in Public Health During a Pandemic, 2020)
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes complications with thinking capability, memory and behavior. AD is a major public health problem among the elderly in developed and developing countries. With the growth of AD around the world, there is a need to further expand our understanding of the roles different clinical measurements can have in the diagnosis of AD. In this work, we propose a machine learning-based technique to distinguish control subjects with no cognitive impairments, AD subjects, and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), often seen as precursors of AD. We utilized several machine learning (ML) techniques and found that Gradient Boosting Decision Trees achieved the highest performance above 84% classification accuracy. Also, we determined the importance of the features (clinical biomarkers) contributing to the proposed multi-class classification system. Further investigation on the biomarkers will pave the way to introduce better treatment plan for AD patients. © 2020 The authors and IOS Press.
Keywords: ADNI; Adaptive boosting; Alzheimer Disease; Alzheimer disease; Alzheimer's Disease; Alzheimer's disease; Biomarkers; Brain; Classification accuracy; Clinical biomarkers; Clinical measurements; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cognitive impairment; Decision trees; Dementia; Developing countries; Diagnosis; Humans; Machine Learning; Machine learning; Machine learning models; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Medical informatics; Mild Cognitive Impairment; Mild cognitive impairments (MCI); Multi-class classification; Neurodegenerative diseases; Patient treatment; Public health; biological marker; brain; cognitive defect; dept.csc; human; machine learning; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

Differences in health behaviors related to overweight/obesity by race/ethnicity in a diverse urban commuter college - Rupp, Kristie; Schnoll, Roseanne; Zigmont, Victoria A. (Journal of American College Health, 2020)
Objective: To examine health behaviors associated with overweight/obesity by race/ethnicity at a diverse urban college. Participants: 270 undergraduates (77.0% female; 26.7% non-Hispanic white) and median body mass index (BMI) of 23.1 kg/m2. Methods: A questionnaire about health-related behaviors as part of the “Get Fruved” project was used to measure health behaviors (sugar sweetened beverage (SSB), fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, stress, and sleep) by race/ethnicity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted odds of engaging in positive health-related behaviors. Results: Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic students were 64% and 59% less likely to consume lower amounts of SSB. Hispanic students were 83% and 81% less likely to meet vegetable and fruit recommendations. Non-Hispanic black and other (including biracial) had reduced odds of meeting vegetable recommendations (AOR = 0.18 and 0.28). Conclusions: Disparities in SSB, fruit, and vegetable consumption represent potential intervention targets to improve health behaviors among racial/ethnic minorities. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: College; dept.hms; dept.pch; health behavior; peer-reviewed; race/ethnicity

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting, and Craving. - Stults-Kolehmainen, Matthew A; Blacutt, Miguel; Bartholomew, John B; Gilson, Todd A; Ash, Garrett I; McKee, Paul C; Sinha, Rajita (Frontiers in psychology, 2020)
To better explain daily fluctuations in physical activity and sedentary behavior, investigations of motivation are turning from social cognitive frameworks to those centered on affect, emotion and automaticity, such as the Affect and Health Behavior Framework (AHBF), Integrated Framework and Affective-Reflective Theory (ART). This shift has necessitated: (a) re-examination of older theories and their constructs, such as drives, needs and tensions and (b) an inspection of competing theories from other fields that also attempt to explain dynamic changes in health behaviors. The Dynamical Model of Desire, Elaborated Intrusion Theory and others commonly share with AHBF the idea that human behavior is driven strongly by desires and/or the similar concepts of wants, urges, and cravings. These affectively-charged motivation states (ACMS) change quickly and may better explain physical activity behavior from one moment to the next. Desires for movement predominantly derive from negative but also positive reinforcement. Data from clinical populations with movement dysfunction or psychiatric disorders provides further evidence of these drivers of movement. Those with Restless Legs Syndrome, akathisia, tic disorders and exercise dependence all report strong urges to move and relief when it is accomplished. Motor control research has identified centers of the brain responsible for wants and urges for muscular movement. Models elaborated herein differentiate between wants, desires, urges and cravings. The WANT model (Wants and Aversions for Neuromuscular Tasks) conceptualizes desires for movement and rest as varying by magnitude, approach or avoidance-orientation (wants versus aversions) and as occupying independent dimensions instead of opposite ends of the same axis. For instance, one hypothetically might be in a state of both high desire for movement and rest simultaneously. Variations in motivation states to move and rest may also be associated with various stress states, like freezing or fight and flight. The first validated instrument to measure feelings of desire/want for movement and rest, the CRAVE Scale (Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) is already shedding light on the nature of these states. With these advances in theory, conceptual modeling and instrumentation, future investigations may explore the effects of desires and urges for movement and sedentary behavior in earnest. Copyright © 2020 Stults-Kolehmainen, Blacutt, Bartholomew, Gilson, Ash, McKee and Sinha.
Keywords: conceptual analysis; dept.psy; desire; exercise; motivation; motivation states; peer-reviewed; physical activity; sedentary activity; urge for movement

“I’m a bit of a waster”: Identifying the enablers of, and barriers to, sustainable food waste practices - Wakefield, Alysia; Axon, Stephen (Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020)
Food waste has become an area of increasing concern in recent years, since unsustainable food waste practices have been associated with a range of adverse environmental, economic and societal impacts. Food waste is a multi-sectoral issue and must be addressed as such, by ensuring policymakers, practitioners, and consumers are equipped with the relevant knowledge and understanding of the importance of sustainable food waste practices. By exploring current attitudes and understanding of this topic amongst consumers, a lack of education about the importance of this issue has been identified as a barrier to carrying out sustainable practices at the household level, along with excess packaging, cultural norms of overconsumption and inappropriate social marketing. In contrast, a number of enablers, including social pressures, access to appropriate facilities and encouragement from media advertisements appear to have been highly influential in infringing on the consciousness of consumers. Investigating these enablers and barriers has allowed a number of potential interventions to be identified, with the intention of addressing this issue using a multifaceted approach and encouraging society to carry out sustainable food waste practices in the future. © 2020
Keywords: Contrast media; Cultural norms; Economic and social effects; Food waste; Food waste management; Household level; Marketing; Multi-faceted approach; Policy makers; Social marketings; Social pressures; Societal impacts; Sustainable consumption; Sustainable development; Sustainable lifestyles; Sustainable practices; dept.egm; peer-reviewed

Computational study in a PUI using XSEDE resources and ECSS support - Wang, Emily Z; Wang, Yigui (Association for Computing Machinery, 2020)
In the past 5 years, we have been using XSEDE resources and ECSS support to conduct research at Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU), a primary undergraduate institution (PUI). First, the regioselectivity was successfully investigated in the synthesis of 5-FU derivatives with phase transition method and silver salt method; then the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) principle and the Marcus theory were unified in the study of ambident reactivity; at last our research was expanded from reactions of molecules to reactions on the solid surface. We would like to share our results and emphasize the importance of XSEDE resources and ECSS support for the research in PUIs. © 2020 ACM.
Keywords: Computation theory; Computational research; Computational studies; ECSS; Marcus theory; Regioselectivity; Silver halides; Silver salts; Solid surface; Surface reactions; Synthesis (chemical); Undergraduate institutions; XSEDE; dept.che; primary undergraduate institution (PUI)

Mary Johnson of Wethersfield, Connecticut, hanged for witchcraft, 1648 (poem) - Shipley, Vivian (Connecticut Literary Anthology: Celebrating Nutmeg Authors, 2020, 2020)
Connecticut Literary Anthology features thirty-six Connecticut poets and prose writers from across the Nutmeg State. The 2020 Anthology is published by the Central Connecticut State University English Department. The writers in the inaugural anthology share themes amplified by current events, but not the context. Stories of family, economic in- equality, sexual violence, social justice, culture wars, lost love, aging, and gender—they’re all in here. And mangoes. Everyone loves mangoes. Featured writers: Janet L. Bannister, Charles V. Belson, Susan Cinoman, Ginny Lowe Connors, Jason Courtmanche, Catherine DeNunzio, Joanie DiMartino, Catherine DeNunzio, Meghan Evans, Maura Faulise, Kathryn Fitzpatrick, Beth Gibbs, Cecilia Gigliotti, Nichole Gleisner, Sitara Gnanaguru, Emi Gonzalez, José B. González, Benjamin S. Grossberg, Avery Jenkins, B. Fulton Jennes, Sarah Darer Littman, Kiran Masroor, Melissa McEwen, Claudia McGhee, Nancy McMillan, Jean P. Moore, Steven Ostrowski, Makenzie Ozycz, Aimee Pozorski, Kara Molway Russell, Vivian Shipley, Amy Sisson, Katherine A. Szpekman, Wendy Terry, Mika Taylor, Marina Tinone, Jason Wilkins. Praise for Anthology: "It feels like we have become unglued from one another since March of 2020; masked strangers passing each other in anonymity. But this anthology glues us back together and helps us find ways to heal and talk with one another. Important stories are told, and we should heed them." —Lisa Comstock, Director for Connecticut Center for the Book
Keywords: dept.eng

Collecting Citations from Text - Hedreen, Rebecca (2020)
Basic steps and scripts used for translating text citations to bibtex files suitable for loading into citation management software or citation analysis scripts. 3 publically available...
Keywords: dept.lib

Maps for Jackie - Labbe, Jason (BlazeVOX Books, 2020)
"Poetry's natural habitat is one of detail, radiant or tarnished, an intimate geography that draws us close to where presence is an act of perception: world into word. In Maps for Jackie, Jason Labbe navigates a terrain of singular encounters and incidents, tactile, luminous and animated by the sensuous abrasions and comforts of the heartmind as they touch down on his, and our, present: white leaf is like a moth / wing I'd fix to her shoulder.--Ann Lauterbach"--The back cover
Keywords: 21st century; American poetry; dept.eng; faculty_collection

Reducing sedentary behavior versus increasing moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity in older adults: a 12-week randomized, clinical trial - Gibbs, Bethany Barone; Brach, Jennifer S.; Byard, Tom; Creasy, Seth; Davis, Kelliann K.; McCoy, Stephanie; Peluso, Anna; Rogers, Renee J.; Rupp, Kristie; Jakicic, John M. (Journal of Aging and Health, 2016)
Objective: To compare the effects of behavioral interventions targeting decreased sedentary behavior versus increased moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical ac...
Keywords: dept.hms

Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2019 - Tokovinin, Andrei; Mason, Brian D.; Mendez, Rene A.; Costa, Edgardo; Horch, Elliott P. (The Astronomical Journal, 2020)
The results of speckle-interferometric observations at the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope in 2019 are given, totaling 2555 measurements of 1972 resolved pairs with separations from 15 mas (median 0.″21) and magnitude difference up to 6 mag, and non-resolutions of 684 targets. We resolved for the first time 90 new pairs or subsystems in known binaries. This work continues our long-term speckle program. Its main goal is to monitor orbital motion of close binaries, including members of high-order hierarchies and Hipparcos pairs in the solar neighborhood. We give a list of 127 orbits computed using our latest measurements. Their quality varies from excellent (25 orbits of grades 1 and 2) to provisional (47 orbits of grades 4 and 5). © 2020 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Keywords: 1081; 154; 1777; Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics; Binary stars; Multiple stars; Visual binary stars; dept.phy; peer-reviewed

Observations of binary stars with the differential speckle survey instrument. IX. Observations of known and suspected binaries, and a partial survey of be stars - Horch, Elliott P.; van Belle, Gerard T.; Davidson, James W., Jr.; Willmarth, Daryl; Fekel, Francis C.; Muterspaugh, Matthew; Casetti-Dinescu, Dana I.; Hahne, Frederick W.; Granucci, Nicole M.; Clark, Catherine; Winters, Jennifer G.; Rupert, Justin D.; et al. (The Astronomical Journal, 2020)
We report 370 measures of 170 components of binary and multiple-star systems, obtained from speckle imaging observations made with the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument at Lowell Observatory's Discovery Channel Telescope in 2015 through 2017. Of the systems studied, 147 are binary stars, 10 are seen as triple systems, and 1 quadruple system is measured. Seventy-six high-quality nondetections and 15 newly resolved components are presented in our observations. The uncertainty in relative astrometry appears to be similar to our previous work at Lowell, namely, linear measurement uncertainties of approximately 2 mas, and the relative photometry appears to be uncertain at the 0.1-0.15 mag level. Using these measures and those in the literature, we calculate six new visual orbits, including one for the Be star 66 Oph and two combined spectroscopic-visual orbits. The latter two orbits, which are for HD 22451 (YSC 127) and HD 185501 (YSC 135), yield individual masses of the components at the level of 2% or better, and independent distance measures that in one case agrees with the value found in the Gaia DR2 and in the other disagrees at the 2σ level. We find that HD 22451 consists of an F6V+F7V pair with orbital period of 2401.1 ± 3.2 days and masses of 1.342 ± 0.029 and 1.236 ± 0.026M⊙. For HD 185501, both stars are G5 dwarfs that orbit one another with a period of 433.94 ± 0.15 days, and the masses are 0.898 ± 0.012 and 0.876 ± 0.012M⊙ . We discuss the details of both the new discoveries and the orbit objects. © 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..
Keywords: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics; dept.phy; peer-reviewed

A hot terrestrial planet orbiting the bright M dwarf L 168-9 unveiled by TESS - Astudillo-Defru, N.; Cloutier, R.; Wang, S. X.; Teske, J.; Brahm, R.; Hellier, C.; Ricker, G.; Vand erspek, R.; Latham, D.; Seager, S.; Winn, J. N.; Jenkins, J. M.; et al. (Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2020)
We report the detection of a transiting super-Earth-sized planet (R = 1.39 ± 0.09 R⊕ ) in a 1.4-day orbit around L 168-9 (TOI-134), a bright M1V dwarf (V = 11, K = 7.1) located at 25.15 ± 0.02 pc. The host star was observed in the first sector of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. For confirmation and planet mass measurement purposes, this was followed up with ground-based photometry, seeing-limited and high-resolution imaging, and precise radial velocity (PRV) observations using the HARPS and Magellan/PFS spectrographs. By combining the TESS data and PRV observations, we find the mass of L 168-9 b to be 4.60 ± 0.56 M⊕ and thus the bulk density to be 1.74-0.33+0.44 times higher than that of the Earth. The orbital eccentricity is smaller than 0.21 (95% confidence). This planet is a level one candidate for the TESS mission's scientific objective of measuring the masses of 50 small planets, and it is one of the most observationally accessible terrestrial planets for future atmospheric characterization. © ESO 2020.
Keywords: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics; Atmospheric characterization; Earth (planet); High-resolution imaging; Mass measurements; Orbital eccentricity; Orbits; Planetary systems; Planets; Radial velocity; Scientific objectives; Seeing limited; Stars: individual: L 168-9; Stars: late-type; Techniques: photometric; Techniques: radial velocities; Terrestrial planets; dept.phy; peer-reviewed; planetary systems; stars: individual: L 168-9; stars: late-type; techniques: photometric; techniques: radial velocities

The venomous course of southwestern opium: Qing prohibition in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in the early nineteenth century - Bello, David (The Journal of Asian Studies, 2003)
Keywords: dept.his

Concept mapping as a tool to engage a community in health disparity identification. - Risisky, Debra; Hogan, Vijaya K; Kane, Mary; Burt, Beneta; Dove, Cassandra; Payton, Marinelle (Ethnicity & disease, 2008)
Objectives: To engage a community to critically examine local health disparities. Design: Concept mapping is a tool used to rapidly assess the variations in thinking of large stakeholder groups' about a particular topic. Setting: Jackson, Mississippi. Participants: Community members. Methods: Dialog groups and community meetings were held, and participants were asked to respond to the statement, "A specific thing that causes African Americans to get sicker and die sooner is⋯" Aggregate responses were rated for importance and feasibility and then sorted into related groups. Aggregate sorts and ratings were then processed by using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: There were 132 (unduplicated) reported contributors to health disparities. These responses fell into eight general clusters: economic issues, government, contextual factors, cultural factors, HIV, stress, environment, and motivation. Factors respondents felt were the most important contributors to disparities (economic factors, contextual factors, stress) did not correlate with those that they thought were most likely to be changed in society (contextual factors, government, motivation). Conclusions: Concept mapping provided a mechanism for rapidly documenting community thinking about health disparities. This mechanism stimulated community dialog and was used as a first step toward the long-term goal of creating equal community, academic, and medical partnerships for addressing disparities. The concept mapping process stimulated critical thinking about contributors to health inequities and uncovered contextual factors previously unknown to researchers and public health planners. The process allowed for active engagement and exchange of knowledge between the community and researchers and allowed a mechanism for identifying and rectifying disconnects in knowledge within and between stakeholder groups.
Keywords: *Community Participation; *Concept Formation; *Health Status Disparities; Adult; African American; African Americans; Aged; Community dialog; Concept Formation; Concept mapping; Consumer Participation; Female; Health Status Disparities; Health disparities; Humans; Jackson; Male; Middle Aged; Mississippi; United States; adult; aged; article; cluster analysis; concept formation; concept mapping; consumer; critical thinking; cultural factor; dept.pch; economics; feasibility study; female; goal attainment; government; health care planning; health status; human; male; medical research; middle aged; motivation; professional practice; public health; scale up; stress; ⛔ No DOI found

The evolving door: providing technology access for post-secondary students in a constantly changing technology-based culture - Hecht, Janice; Zamfir, Bogdan (Springer Verlag, 2002)
The Center for Adaptive Technology at Southern Connecticut State University was established in 1988 to provide access to computers for students with disabilities. The challenge of keeping current with both standard and adaptive technology has caused our service to evolve from a focused, centralized model to an integrated model providing technology access to students regardless of their location on campus. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.
Keywords: Adaptive technology; Artificial intelligence; Centralized models; Computer science; Computers; Integrated modeling; Students; Technology-based; dept.wll

Fifty Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners.: Adrienne L. Herrell - Reynolds, Kate Mastruserio (TESOL Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: dept.wll

Teachers’ literacy-related knowledge and self-perceptions in relation to preparation and experience - Spear-Swerling, Louise; Brucker, Pamela Owen; Alfano, Michael P (Annals of Dyslexia, 2005)
After rating their own literacy-related knowledge in three areas (knowledge about reading/reading development, phonemic awareness/phonics, and morpheme awareness/structural analysis), graduate teacher-education students completed five tasks intended to measure their actual disciplinary knowledge in these areas. Teachers with high levels of prior background (i.e., course preparation and experience) rated themselves as significantly more knowledgeable than did low-background teachers in all areas; high-background participants also significantly outperformed low-background participants on all tasks. However, even high-background teachers scored well below ceiling on the tasks. Regression analyses indicated that teachers' self-perceptions and knowledge were positively influenced by both level of preparation and teaching experience, although the influences on teachers' knowledge differed by task. Teachers had some accurate perceptions of their own knowledge, especially in the area of phonics. Results suggest that differentiating levels of preparation may be useful in studying teacher knowledge, and also support the notion of a substantial gap between research on reading and teacher preparation in reading.
Keywords: *Faculty; *Phonetics; *Professional Competence; *Reading; *Self Concept; Adult; Certification; Child; Credentialing; Education, Graduate; Education, Special; Educational Measurement; Faculty; Female; Humans; Literacy; Male; Phonetics; Professional Competence; Professional development; Reading; Self Concept; Semantics; Teacher education; Teacher knowledge; Teacher perceptions; Teacher preparation; United States; Vocabulary; academic achievement; accreditation; adult; article; certification; child; dept.sed; education; female; human; linguistics; male; phonetics; professional competence; reading; self concept; semantics; university

Fourth graders' performance on a state-mandated assessment involving two different measures of reading comprehension - Spear-Swerling, Louise (Reading Psychology, 2004)
This study examined fourth graders' performance on two reading comprehension measures, involving a question-answering format and a cloze format, which were part of a state-mandated assessment. Word-level reading skills and oral language comprehension were important to success on both formats, but word accuracy had a stronger relationship to the cloze than to the question-answering measure. Language comprehension related strongly to both formats. The cognitive profiles associated with poor reading comprehension varied, but most often involved a specific difficulty in accuracy of pseudoword decoding. The results suggest that test format should be considered in interpreting reading comprehension performance and underscore the need to assess specific component abilities in reading.
Keywords: dept.sed

Preparing novice teachers to develop basic reading and spelling skills in children. - Spear-Swerling, Louise; Brucker, Pamela Owen (Annals of Dyslexia, 2004)
This study examined the word-structure knowledge of novice teachers and the progress of children tutored by a subgroup of the teachers. Teachers' word-structure knowledge was assessed using three tasks: graphophonemic segmentation, classification of pseudowords by syllable type, and classification of real words as phonetically regular or irregular. Tutored children were assessed on several measures of basic reading and spelling skills. Novice teachers who received word-structure instruction outperformed a comparison group of teachers in word-structure knowledge at post-test. Tutored children improved significantly from pre-test to post-test on all assessments. Teachers' post-test knowledge on the graphophonemic segmentation and irregular words tasks correlated significantly with tutored children's progress in decoding phonetically regular words; error analyses indicated links between teachers' patterns of word-structure knowledge and children's patterns of decoding progress. The study suggests that word-structure knowledge is important to effective teaching of word decoding and underscores the need to include this information in teacher preparation.
Keywords: *Dyslexia/th [Therapy]; *Education/td [Trends]; *Reading; Adult; Articulation Disorders; Articulation Disorders/rh [Rehabilitation]; Child; Dyslexia; Education; Faculty; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Reading; adult; article; attitude to health; child; dept.sed; dyslexia; education; evaluation; female; human; male; reading; speech disorder; university

Teachers’ acquisition of knowledge about English word structure - Spear-Swerling, Louise; Brucker, Pamela Owen (Annals of Dyslexia, 2003)
Previous research suggests that teachers' knowledge about English word structure (e.g., the phonological structure of words and common orthographic patterns in English) may be limited, although this knowledge is important for effective teaching of word decoding. This study examined teacher education students' knowledge about word structure, and improvements in their knowledge as a result of instruction, using three tasks: graphophonemic segmentation, classification of pseudowords by syllable type, and classification of real words as phonetically regular or irregular. Participants came from a special education certification program and included both preservice and inservice teachers. Results indicated that prior preparation to teach reading influenced participants' initial performance on two of the three word-structure tasks (all but graphophonemic segmentation); however, prior experience in teaching reading did not influence word-structure knowledge. A subset of participants who received specific instruction about word structure improved their knowledge relative to a comparison group of teacher education students who did not receive word-structure instruction. Prior preparation did not influence participants' responsiveness to instruction. Conclusions support the viewpoint that teacher education must include information about English word structure for educators who will teach reading and suggest that sufficiently intensive instruction may be important in developing word-structure knowledge.
Keywords: dept.sed

Stylistic sabotage and Thorstein Veblen's scientific irony - Cassano, G. (Journal of Economic Issues, 2005)
Keywords: dept.soc

A case for developing the emotional capacities of social workers: A commentary on “Promoting self-awareness: Infant observation training as a model” - Bliss, S (Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2005)
Keywords: dept.swk; ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Micro ruptures and repairs in the beginning phase of cross-cultural psychotherapy - Keenan, Elizabeth; Tsang, A.; Bogo, Marion; George, Usha (Clinical Social Work Journal, 2005)
The article discusses misunderstandings and misattunements that occur in the beginning phase of cross-cultural psychotherapy. Sources of micro ruptures are outlined, including client maladaptive patterns, therapist misunderstandings, cross-cultural misunderstandings due to cultural variations, and asymmetrical power relations involving the impact of prior experiences or current therapy practices. Multiple clinical vignettes illustrate the rupture/repair process, drawing on Safran and Muran's (2000) list of direct and indirect techniques., (C)2005 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keywords: Beginning phase of psychotherapy; Cross-cultural psychotherapy; Rupture and repair; Therapeutic relationship; beginning phase of psychotherapy; cross-cultural psychotherapy; dept.swk; rupture and repair; therapeutic relationship

From sociocultural categories to socially located relations: Using critical theory in social work practice - Keenan, EK (Families in Society-the Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 2004)
This article applies concepts from critical social theories to shift the profession's discourse from the center-margin relations of generalist-multicultural practice to a model of socially located cross-cultural client-worker relationships. Critical theories examine patterns and meanings enacted within and between people in specific social locations at specific points in history that express particular relations of culture, power, and identity. This framework can help social workers listen, explore, conceptualize, and intervene in a more complex and effective manner. The article summarizes key themes in critical theories, redefines how social workers can use knowledge for practice, and concludes with discussion of a case illustration.
Keywords: dept.swk

Cacophony, polyphony or fugue: Exploring sociocultural concepts with social work students - Keenan, Elizabeth King; Miehls, Dennis; Moffatt, Kenneth; Orwat, John; White, Joyce (Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2004)
This paper documents some dialogue among the authors that emerged as each taught Master of Social Work students a course in sociocultural concepts. The instructors taught this required course from a common syllabus and the discussion reflects the authors' experiences in the delivery of the course material. At the time these dialogues took place, the instructors had recently changed the course format. Rather than teaching sociocultural concepts in isolation (eg. a class on sexism, a class on ageism, etc.), the instructors crafted the course content around central themes. Postmodern theories underscore much of the course content, and are synthesized both in this course and across the curriculum with feminist, psychodynamic, and cross-cultural practice theories. The paper begins by summarizing key post-modern theories that frame the course. Then, the authors respond to formulated questions that address multiple forms of identity development, ambiguity, and competing student ideologies that are manifest in classroom dynamics. Finally, the authors discuss their respective pedagogical and theoretical views and discuss their classroom experiences.
Keywords: dept.swk

Working models: A tool for synthesizing psychology, culture, and power in everyday experiences and internal representations - Keenan, Elizabeth King (Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2003)
As social beings, we experience ourselves through interactions with others in daily routines that participate in the cultural practices and power relations of broader social structures. Social workers, and social scientists in general, however, have had difficulty conceptualizing and synthesizing this way of being in the world. This paper attempts to respond to that gap by discussing how clinical social workers can use the concept of working models as a tool for listening and understanding in psychotherapy. Utilizing a case example, the paper will discuss three working models, the enactment of power relations, cultural practices, and psychological processes, which provide an integrative framework to inform clinical work.
Keywords: dept.swk

Distance learning in gerontological education: results and implications of a national survey - Tompkins, Catherine J.; Siegel, Elbert (Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 2001)
This article reports data collected from a national survey of the Association for Gerontology in Higher Education’s (AGHE) member institutions conducted in 1998. The purpose was to explore current usage of distance learning in gerontological education. The findings suggest that distance learning is being implemented within various programs throughout the country with many others showing an interest. The strengths and limitations of using distance learning in gerontological education are discussed. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: <getinfo@haworthpressinc.com> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com>]. © 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.swk

Practice and theoretical knowledge-based theory for clinical and policy practice - Appleby, George Alan (Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 2001)
SUMMARY: Practice with working-class gay and bisexual men draws upon an ecological framework with a strengths perspective, which emphasizes the roles of culture, values, social class, social identity development, social categorization, social comparison, oppression and power, diversity, and stigma. This practice is based upon a process of developing an assessment and selecting a range of human service interventions. Ethnographic studies were conducted throughout the United States and Canada using a broad-based sample of working-class men to enhance our understanding of their needs and effective ways of helping. © 2001, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: And intervention; Assessment; Culture; Diversity; Ecology; Individual and group identity; Oppression and power; Social class; Stigma; Strengths; Values; dept.swk

"It was just realizing... that life isn't one big horror": A qualitative study of supported socialization - Davidson, L.; Haglund, K.E.; Stayner, D.A.; Rakfeldt, J.; Chinman, M.J.; Tebes, J.K. (Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 2001)
This report describes the qualitative component of a large-scale study of supported socialization. Paralleling the recent advances made through supported housing, supported employment, and supported education, this approach seeks to increase the involvement of individuals with psychiatric disabilities in naturally occurring social and recreational activities in community settings of their choice. After a review of social relationships and psychiatric disability, we describe the Partnership Project and present findings from a series of qualitative interviews conducted with a subsample of participants. We then discuss the implications of these findings for the community integration of individuals with psychiatric disabilities.
Keywords: adult; article; clinical article; dept.swk; education; employment; female; health program; housing; human; human relation; integration; life; male; mental disease; questionnaire; recreation; socialization; support group; therapeutic community

The role of readability in today's classrooms - Gunning, TG (Topics in Language Disorders, 2003)
“The Role of Readability in Today's Classrooms” emphasizes the importance of providing students with materials on the appropriate level of challenge. Major readability formulas and leveling systems that might be used to assess the difficulty level of materials are reviewed. Because formulas are restricted to objective factors and leveling systems rely too heavily on subjective judgment, this article recommends using both objective and subjective factors when estimating readability levels. This article also recommends using readability/leveling systems as a way of noting textual difficulties that might need instructional intervention.
Keywords: Leveling; Readability; Readability formulas; Reading; Reading materials; dept.rdg

Using cognitive mapping to explore women caregivers' experiences - Valentino, Carmela Cassisi; Bulmer, Sandra Minor (American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias, 2005)
Women are often faced with the primary role of providing care for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study explored women caregiver's perceptions of caregiving through the use of Cognitive Mapping (CM), a qualitative research method. Volunteers were recruited from caregiver support groups to construct maps of their experience of "caregiving for someone with AD." Maps were analyzed for commonly identified concepts and relationships. Twelve participants identified 280 concepts, 206 of which were unduplicated. Concepts were collapsed into 17 categories; the largest concepts being "friends and family," "sad," "frustration," and "time." The maps produced by the sample in this study were unique, providing evidence that the experience of AD caregiving varies significantly among caregivers. CM appears to be effective for identifying caregiver stressors and needed support services.
Keywords: Alzheimer disease; Alzheimer's disease; Caregivers; Cognitive mapping; Experience; Women; adult; article; brain function; caregiver; cognition; cognitive mapping; concept analysis; dept.pch; experience; family; female; friend; frustration; human; human experiment; loneliness; normal human; patient care; qualitative analysis; social support; stress; time

The same but different: clinician-patient communication with gay and lesbian patients - Bonvicini, Kathleen A; Perlin, Michael J (Patient Education and Counseling, 2003)
Surveys estimate that 3-6% of the patients seen by physicians are gay or lesbian. There are unique health risks of gays and lesbians that are important to the clinician in determining an accurate diagnosis, providing patient education, and arriving at an appropriate treatment plan. One of the most significant medical risks of these populations includes avoidance of routine health care and dissatisfaction with healthcare. Many of these healthcare risks are not addressed because of lack of communication based on a number of common assumptions including the assumption that the patient is heterosexual. This article includes a summary of the medical literature through computerized searches to March 2002 in MEDLINE, PsychInfo, HEALTHSTAR, and bibliographies in articles on health care with gay and lesbian patients. The search strategy included health care of gays and lesbians and clinician-patient communication, partner and family issues. Secondly, it will examine common communication barriers and provide strategies for enhancing communication with patients in a gender-neutral, non-judgmental manner including suggestions for enlisting the inclusion of patients' families. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Clinician-patient communication; Family; Gay; Healthcare; Lesbian; MEDLINE; clinical practice; dept.pch; doctor patient relation; family; female; health care; health hazard; heterosexuality; homosexuality; human; interpersonal communication; male; patient education; patient satisfaction; priority journal; review; treatment planning

Secret pills: HIV-positive patients' experiences taking antiretroviral therapy in North Carolina - Golin, C.; Isasi, F.; Bontempi, J.B.; Eng, E. (AIDS Education and Prevention, 2002)
Understanding the barriers to antiretroviral adherence is a critical step in improving the effectiveness of HIV treatment and saving lives. We sought to assess, qualitatively, the experiences of HIV-positive persons taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) in North Carolina. Twenty-four people participated in one of six focus groups. A structured interview script included three questions (two open-ended) and eight probes. Each discussion was taped, transcribed, and content-analyzed. Three distinct themes emerged. First, many participants believed that taking ART was lifesaving but missed doses because they feared that taking them in public would reveal their HIV status. Second, as a result, participants often found it difficult to integrate their regimens into the most basic daily activities. Finally, participants stressed the importance of having open, ongoing dialogues about their treatment plans and privacy needs with a wide range of health care workers. Multidimensional, tailored interventions may help persons living with HIV overcome the stigma and other complex barriers they face in taking antiretroviral therapy.
Keywords: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Attitude to Health; Female; Focus Groups; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; North Carolina; Patient Compliance; United States; adult; antiretrovirus agent; article; attitude to health; clinical article; dept.pch; female; health care personnel; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; information processing; male; middle aged; patient compliance; patient counseling; privacy; psychological aspect; virus infection

Sexual activity, orgasm and tampon use are associated with a decreased risk for endometriosis. - Meaddough, Erika L; Olive, David L; Gallup, Peggy; Perlin, Michael; Kliman, Harvey J (Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 2002)
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine if sexual behaviors, orgasm, tampon use, and douching during menstruation modify the risk of endometriosis., METHODS: A case-control study was conducted. Subjects (n = 2,012) consisted of members of the Endometriosis Association and friends not affiliated with the organization who completed mailed surveys. Data were analyzed using chi(2), Fisher's exact test, t test, and regression analyses., RESULTS: There was no difference between study groups concerning douching practices. However, cases were less likely than controls to report sometimes or often engaging in sexual behaviors during menstruation (p = 0.002, OR = 1.5), and sexual behaviors during menstruation that included orgasm (p = 0.001, OR = 1.5). Cases were also less likely than controls to report using only tampons (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.6)., CONCLUSION: Sexual activity, orgasm, and tampon use during menstruation may confer protection against endometriosis. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
Keywords: *Endometriosis/et [Etiology]; *Menstrual Hygiene Products/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data]; *Menstruation; *Orgasm; *Sexual Behavior; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Endometriosis; Female; Humans; Irrigation; Menstrual Hygiene Products; Menstruation; Orgasm; Orgasm/ph [Physiology]; Retrospective Studies; Sexual Behavior; Tampons; Therapeutic Irrigation; adult; article; controlled study; data analysis; dept.pch; endometriosis; female; human; hygiene; major clinical study; menstruation; orgasm; priority journal; regression analysis; sexual behavior; tampon

Can health professionals learn qualitative evaluation methods on the World Wide Web? A case example - Steckler, A; Farel, A; Bontempi, JB; Umble, K; Polhamus, B; Trester, A (Health Education Research, 2001)
The Enhancing Data Utilization Skills through Information Technology (EDUSIT) project trained Maternal and Child Health professionals to collect, analyze and interpret data via a year-long web-based course. The overall goal of the project was to strengthen the technology and analytic skills of the public health workforce. This article describes and analyzes a web-based module for training public health professionals to use qualitative research and evaluation methods that was one of six offered within the EDUSIT project. The qualitative module consisted of six units: overview of qualitative methods, planning qualitative studies, conducting field observations, qualitative interviewing, analyzing qualitative data and presenting qualitative findings. Evaluation results found no statistically significant changes in specific knowledge or beliefs about qualitative methods. However, the change in participants' self-efficacy was statistically significant. Participants' self-reports also showed significant changes in perceived skill levels in `collecting qualitative data through an interview' and `analyzing and interpreting qualitative data'. Most participants rated each lesson within the qualitative methods module as valuable, and most found the teaching methods used satisfactory, emphasizing the value of both the didactic teaching and the practical exercises and team project. The most common difficulty reported was finding the time to complete the module requirements while also working full-time. Implications of these findings for web-based teaching of public health professionals are discussed.
Keywords: Adult; Competency-Based Education; Data Collection; Education, Distance; Education, Graduate; Educational Measurement; Evaluation Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Internet; Job Satisfaction; Middle Aged; Self Efficacy; Southeastern United States; Teaching; adult; article; data analysis; dept.pch; education; health care personnel; human; human experiment; information processing; priority journal; public health; scoring system; self report; statistical analysis; teaching

Occupational segregation on the playing field: The case of major league baseball - Sack, AL; Singh, P; Thiel, R (Journal of Sport Management, 2005)
Occupational segregation by race and gender, though less common now than in the past, continues to be the norm rather than the exception in the sport industry. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, occupational segregation on the baseball playing field, often referred to as stacking, was discussed in light of human capital and social closure theories. Second, an attempt was made to replicate and extend a multivariate analysis of stacking by Margolis and Piliavin (1999) that challenges the dominant social science paradigm for explaining stacking. The present study uses more recent data than the Margolis and Piliavin study, as well as multinomial logistic regression analysis. The results reveal that stacking persists in Major League Baseball. They also reveal that the effect of race/ethnicity on assignments to playing positions is reduced when one controls for skills and physical characteristics such as speed and power hitting. The implications of this finding for sport management are examined.
Keywords: dept.psc

The predictive validity of the Five-Factor Model of personality with preschool age children: A nine year follow-up study☆ - Abe, Jo Ann A (Journal of Research in Personality, 2005)
This study examined whether maternal ratings of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) obtained when children were 3.5 years would show theoretically coherent patterns of relations with a variety of behavioral referents in the laboratory at 5 years as well as with maternal and self-ratings of psychological functioning in adolescence. As expected, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were associated with measures of self-regulation at both ages as well as with an internal locus of control, but only Conscientiousness was associated with high academic performance. By contrast, Neuroticism was associated with measures of anxiety and Extraversion was associated with difficulty inhibiting behaviors at both ages. Openness to Experience was associated with sophisticated play behavior at 5 years and self-confidence in adolescence. Overall, this study yielded strong support for the predictive validity of the FFM with preschool age children and provided further evidence that there are striking continuities in personality from early childhood to adolescence. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.psy; peer-reviewed

Use of visual information in speech perception: evidence for a visual rate effect both with and without a McGurk effect. - Brancazio, Lawrence; Miller, Joanne L (Perception & psychophysics, 2005)
The McGurk effect, where an incongruent visual syllable influences identification of an auditory syllable, does not always occur, suggesting that perceivers sometimes fail to use relevant visual phonetic information. We tested whether another visual phonetic effect, which involves the influence of visual speaking rate on perceived voicing (Green & Miller, 1985), would occur in instances when the McGurk effect does not. In Experiment 1, we established this visual rate effect using auditory and visual stimuli matching in place of articulation, finding a shift in the voicing boundary along an auditory voice-onset-time continuum with fast versus slow visual speech tokens. In Experiment 2, we used auditory and visual stimuli differing in place of articulation and found a shift in the voicing boundary due to visual rate when the McGurk effect occurred and, more critically, when it did not. The latter finding indicates that phonetically relevant visual information is used in speech perception even when the McGurk effect does not occur, suggesting that the incidence of the McGurk effect underestimates the extent of audio-visual integration.
Keywords: *Speech Perception; *Visual Perception; Adolescent; Adult; Auditory Perception; Cues; Humans; Middle Aged; dept.psy

Effects of reinforcer probability, delay, and response requirements on the choices of rats and pigeons: Possible species differences - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2005)
In Experiment 1 with rats, a left lever press led to a 5-s delay and then a possible reinforcer. A right lever press led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over trials to estimate an indifference point, or a delay at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Indifference points increased as the probability of reinforcement for the left lever decreased. In some conditions with a 20% chance of food, a light above the left lever was lit during the 5-s delay on all trials, but in other conditions, the light was only lit on those trials that ended with food. Unlike previous results with pigeons, the presence or absence of the delay light on no-food trials had no effect on the rats' indifference points. In other conditions, the rats showed less preference for the 20% alternative when the time between trials was longer. In Experiment 2 with rats, fixed-interval schedules were used instead of simple delays, and the presence or absence of the fixed-interval requirement on no-food trials had no effect on the indifference points. In Experiment 3 with rats and Experiment 4 with pigeons, the animals chose between a fixed-ratio 8 schedule that led to food on 33% of the trials and an adjusting-ratio schedule with food on 100% of the trials. Surprisingly, the rats showed less preference for the 33% alternative in conditions in which the ratio requirement was omitted on no-food trials. For the pigeons, the presence or absence of the ratio requirement on no-food trials had little effect. The results suggest that there may be differences between rats and pigeons in how they respond in choice situations involving delayed and probabilistic reinforcers.
Keywords: *Behavior, Animal/ph [Physiology]; *Choice Behavior; *Reaction Time; *Reinforcement, Psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Delay; Fixed interval; Fixed ratio; Key peck; Lever press; Male; Pigeons; Probability; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Reinforcement (Psychology); Species Specificity; Sprague Dawley rat; animal; animal behavior; decision making; dept.psy; male; peer-reviewed; physiology; pigeons and doves; probability; rat; reaction time; reinforcement; review; species difference

Exploring a concurrent-chains paradox: decreasing preference as an initial link is shortened. - Mazur, James E (Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes, 2005)
Experiments with pigeons and rats on concurrent-chains schedules examined a paradoxical effect reported by R. A. Preston and E. Fantino (1991). One schedule in the concurrent chain had a variable-interval (VI) 60-s initial link, and its terminal link was a 10-s delay to food. The other schedule had an initial link that ranged from VI 60 s to VI 2 s, and its terminal link was a 20-s delay to food. The paradoxical effect--a decrease in preference for the 20-s delay as its initial link was shortened--was found in some conditions but not in others. An analysis of response-reinforcer delays suggested that the paradoxical effect occurred in conditions in which responding on the short VI schedule almost always led to the 20-s delay, eliminating the possibility of switching to the alternative with the shorter delay. Copyright 2005 APA.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior; *Motivation; *Reinforcement Schedule; Animals; Association Learning; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Columba; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Models, Psychological; Motivation; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Reinforcement Schedule; animal; article; color vision; decision making; dept.psy; discrimination learning; learning; motivation; pigeons and doves; psychological model; psychomotor performance; reaction time; reinforcement

From Freud to Erikson to Marcia: Concept maps in personality psychology courses - Anthis, K (Teaching of Psychology, 2005)
This study examined concept maps produced by personality psychology students as a function of different types of concept map instruction. The results indicated the number of quantitative items in the students' concept maps significantly increased from the pretest to the posttest, as would be expected over the course of an academic semester. More importantly, the type of instructions the students received at the pretest played a significant role in the number of cross links depicted in the maps at the posttest. I discuss the results in term of the utility of instruction type when using concept maps in social science courses.
Keywords: dept.psy; ⛔ No DOI found

Heuristics and general principles of learning. - Mazur, James E (Behavioural Processes, 2005)
This research on decision-making heuristics is similar to research on animal learning in at least two ways. First, optimality modeling has not proven to be very useful for either research area. Second, both of these research areas seek to find general principles (or heuristics) that are applicable to different species in different settings. However, the basic principles of classical and operant conditioning seem to be more uniform across species and situations, whereas decision-making heuristics can vary for different species and different situations, even for tasks with very similar characteristics.
Keywords: *Algorithms; *Decision Making; *Learning; *Models, Psychological; Animalia; Animals; Decision-making; Heuristics; Humans; Optimality modeling; behavioral research; conditioned reflex; conference paper; decision making; dept.psy; heuristics; human; instrumental conditioning; learning; mental task; nonhuman

Varying initial-link and terminal-link durations in concurrent-chains schedules: a comparison of three models. - Mazur, James E (Behavioural Processes, 2004)
In Experiment 1, pigeons responded on concurrent-chains schedules with equal variable-interval schedules as initial links and fixed delays to food as terminal links. One terminal-link delay was always three times as long as the other. As terminal-link delays increased, response percentages on the key with the shorter terminal link increased according to a curvilinear function. This result supported the predictions of the hyperbolic value-added model and the contextual-choice theory but not delay-reduction theory. In Experiment 2, the terminal links were always delays of 2 s and 12 s, followed by food, and the durations of the initial links varied across conditions. As initial-link durations increased, pigeons' response percentages on the key with the shorter terminal link decreased, but toward an asymptote greater than 50%, indicating a continued preference for the shorter terminal link with very long initial links. This result was more consistent with the predictions of the hyperbolic-value added model than with those of the contextual-choice model or of delay-reduction theory. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: *Behavior, Animal; *Reinforcement, Psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columba; Columbidae; Concurrent-chains schedule; Initial links; Key peck; Pigeons; Reinforcement (Psychology); Terminal links; Time Factors; animal experiment; behavioral response; bird; conference paper; controlled study; decision making; dept.psy; experiment; food; intermethod comparison; model; modeling; nonhuman; pigeon; prediction; reinforcement; response time; temporal analysis; theory

Self-esteem, perception of relationships, and emotional distress: A cross-cultural study - Abe, Jo Ann A (Personal Relationships, 2004)
This study examined the relative importance of self-esteem, family cohesion, and support from friends in predicting depressed mood and anxiety in Japanese and American college students. Contrary to expectations, self-esteem was the strongest predictor of emotional distress in both groups of students. Nevertheless, consistent with predictions derived from Markus and Kitayama's theory of self-construals, family cohesion accounted for a significantly larger percentage of the variance in predicting emotional distress in Japan than in the United States. In both countries, the relations between support from friends and the measures of emotional distress were entirely mediated by self-esteem. However, among Japanese students, family cohesion accounted for additional significant variance in predicting the measures of emotional distress, even after controlling for self-esteem.
Keywords: dept.psy

Lexical influences in audiovisual speech perception - Brancazio, Lawrence (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2004)
Phoneme identification with audiovisually discrepant stimuli is influenced by information in the visual signal (the McGurk effect). Additionally, lexical status affects identification of auditorily presented phonemes. The present study tested for lexical influences on the McGurk effect. Participants identified phonemes in audiovisually discrepant stimuli in which lexical status of the auditory component and of a visually influenced percept was independently varied. Visually influenced (McGurk) responses were more frequent when they formed a word and when the auditory signal was a nonword (Experiment 1). Lexical effects were larger for slow than for fast responses (Experiment 2), as with auditory speech, and were replicated with stimuli matched on physical properties (Experiment 3). These results are consistent with models in which lexical processing of speech is modality independent.
Keywords: *Lipreading; *Speech Perception; *Visual Perception; *Vocabulary; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Lipreading; Male; Phonetics; Reaction Time; Speech Perception; Visual Perception; Vocabulary; adolescent; adult; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dept.psy; female; human; linguistics; lip reading; male; phonetics; randomized controlled trial; reaction time; speech perception; vision

Shame, guilt, and personality judgment - Abe, Jo Ann A (Journal of Research in Personality, 2004)
The purpose of this study was to shed further light on the intrapersonal and interpersonal correlates of shame- and guilt-proneness by examining their relations with self- and peer-ratings of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality. Shame- and guilt-proneness were assessed using a scenario-based and a checklist measure. Consistent with findings from previous research, the self-rating data yielded support for the view that shame-proneness may be associated with more maladaptive patterns than guilt-proneness. However, peer-ratings of personality failed to corroborate these findings. Both scenario-based and checklist measures of shame-proneness were associated with a tendency to underestimate one's Agreeableness relative to peer-ratings. Several possible interpretations of these findings are discussed in light of the extant research on personality judgment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.psy; peer-reviewed

Gender and identity status differences in late adolescents’ possible selves - Anthis, Kristine; Dunkel, Curt S; Anderson, Brian (Journal of Adolescence, 2004)
The current study examined gender and identity status differences in late adolescents' possible selves. The intent of the study was to clarify conflicts between theory and research on gender differences in identity by investigating the content of participants' possible selves. Participants completed measures of identity and possible selves. The results indicated that there was a relationship between gender and the mean number of both feared and balanced interpersonally themed possible selves. The pattern of results is discussed in terms of prior findings regarding gender differences in both identity and possible selves. Suggestions for future research are also provided. (C) 2003 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: *Sex Factors; *Social Identification; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; adolescent; adult; article; child behavior; controlled study; coping behavior; dept.psy; ego identity; ethnology; fear; female; gender identity; human; male; personality; race difference; sex difference; social status

Developmental changes in facial expressions of emotions in the strange situation during the second year of life - Izard, Carroll E; Abe, Jo Ann A (Emotion, 2004)
Infants' expressions of discrete emotions were coded during the more stressful episodes (4 through 8) of the Strange Situation at 13 and 18 months. The data showed a significant decrease in full-face expressions (more complex configurations of movements) and a significant increase in component expressions (simpler and more constrained patterns of movements). The authors interpreted this trend as a developmental change toward more regulated and less intense emotions. Consistent with this view, the aggregate index of infants' full-face negative emotion expressions, interpreted as reflecting relatively unregulated intense emotions, correlated significantly with maternal ratings of difficult temperament. The authors discuss alternative interpretations of the findings in terms of changes in reactivity/arousability and the emerging capacity for self-regulation.
Keywords: Adult; Affect; Arousal; Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Infant; Social Control, Informal; Temperament; adult; anger; arousal; article; body movement; body posture; child behavior; child development; child parent relation; dept.psy; emotion; face; facial expression; happiness; human; infant; longitudinal study; mother child relation; rating scale; temperament

Therapist variables that predict symptom change in psychotherapy with chronically depressed outpatients. - Vocisano, Carina; Klein, Daniel N; Arnow, Bruce A; Rivera, Caridad; Blalock, Janice A; Rothbaum, Barbara O; Vivian, Dina; Markowitz, John C; Kocsis, James H; Manber, Rachel; Castonguay, Louis G; Rush, A John; et al. (Psychotherapy, 2004)
The present study examines the contribution of psychotherapist variables to change in depressive symptoms in a large clinical trial comparing the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, the antidepressant nefazodone, and the combination of both in the treatment of chronic depression. Greater change on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) was associated with greater emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, lower overall psychotherapy caseload, therapist psychodynamic orientation, and supervisory status. There was no relationship between HRSD change and therapist sex, age, or years of experience.
Keywords: Hamilton scale; adult; age; article; behavior therapy; clinical practice; clinical trial; cognitive therapy; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; depression; dept.psy; doctor patient relation; drug efficacy; female; gender; human; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; nefazodone; normal human; outpatient; patient care; patient guidance; physician attitude; prediction; psychodynamics; psychopharmacotherapy; psychotherapist; psychotherapy; randomized controlled trial; symptomatology; workload

Visual influences on the internal structure of phonetic categories - Brancazio, L; Miller, JL; Pare, MA (Perception & Psychophysics, 2003)
Previous work has demonstrated that the graded internal structure of phonetic categories is sensitive to a variety of contextual factors. One such factor is place of articulation: The best exemplars of voiceless stop consonants along auditory bilabial and velar voice onset time (VOT) continua occur over different ranges of VOT! (Volaitis & Miller, 1992). In the present study, we exploited the McGurk effect to examine whether-visual information for place of articulation also shifts the best-exemplar range for voiceless consonants, following Green and Kuhl's (1989) demonstration of effects of visual place of articulation on the location of voicing boundaries. In Experiment 1, we established that /p/ and /t/ have different best-exemplar ranges along auditory bilabial and alveolar VOT continua. We then found, in Experiment 2, a-similar shift in the best-exemplar range for /t/ relative to that for /p/ when there was a change in visual place of articulation, with auditory place of articulation held constant. These findings indicate-that the perceptual mechanisms that determine internal phonetic category structure-are sensitive to visual, as well as to Auditory, information.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phonetics; Random Allocation; Speech Perception; Time Factors; Visual Perception; Voice; adolescent; adult; article; dept.psy; female; human; male; middle aged; phonetics; randomization; speech perception; time; vision; voice

Effects of free-food deliveries and delays on choice under concurrent-chains schedules. - Mazur, James E (Behavioural Processes, 2003)
Pigeons responded on a concurrent-chains schedule with two equal variable-interval (VI) schedules as initial links and delays to food of 3 and 12 s as the two terminal links. In even-numbered sessions, no other reinforcement schedule was present, and all pigeons showed a strong preference for the response key that had the shorter, 3-s terminal-link delay. In odd-numbered sessions, the initial links were interrupted at random times by one of three different types of events. When the interruptions were immediate food deliveries, the response percentages increased on the key that had the 3-s delay. When the interruptions were 30-s delays followed by food, the response percentages remained approximately unchanged. When the interruptions were 30-s delays with no food, the response percentages decreased. The results were used to compare the predictions of different mathematical models of concurrent-chains performance. The results favored models that assume that preference is determined by the relative amount of advantage that is gained when a terminal link is entered. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Choice; Columba; Concurrent chains; Free food; Key peck; Pigeons; Reinforcer delay; animal behavior; animal experiment; article; controlled study; decision making; dept.psy; food; food deprivation; mathematical model; nonhuman; pigeon; prediction; preference behavior; reinforcement; stimulus response

The role of sexist discrimination in adult women's identity development - Anthis, Kristine (Sex Roles, 2002)
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between sexist discrimination and identity development in a sample of adult women. Participants completed a scale to indicate the extent to which sexist events had occurred in their lives and a measure of identity at 2 different data collection periods that spanned approximately 5 months. The results indicated that sexist events reported to occur within the last year at the first data collection period significantly predicted identity scores at the second data collection period. These findings are discussed in terms of how sexist discrimination may play a role in adult women's identity development and in terms of the additional psychometric data that supports the validity of the measure of sexist discrimination.
Keywords: dept.psy; identity; sexist discrimination; women

Winning friends and influencing peers: Strategies of peer influence in late childhood - Hawley, Patricia H; Little, Todd D; Pasupathi, Monisha (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2002)
We divided children (N = 719, grades 3-6) into five control types based on the degree to which they reported employing prosocial (indirect, cooperative) and coercive (direct, hostile) strategies of control (prosocial controllers, coercive controllers, bistrategic controllers, noncontrollers, and typicals). We tested for differences across the five types on personal characteristics, friendship motivations, wellbeing, and social integration, expecting specific patterns according to whether control is wielded, and whether coercive or prosocial behaviour (or both) is employed. Prosocial controllers revealed positive characteristics (e. g., social skills, agreeableness), intrinsic friendship motivations, and positive wellbeing. In contrast, coercive controllers revealed negative characteristics (e. g., hostility), extrinsic friendship motivations, and ill-being. Bistrategic controllers, as expected, reported the highest control, and revealed characteristics associated with both prosocial and coercive orientations. Noncontrollers, in contrast, did not report having these characteristics and felt the least effective in the peer group. Our evolutionary perspective offers unique predictions of how prosocial and coercive children are similar in terms of their instrumental goals and the consequences of using both strategies or neither.
Keywords: childhood; controlled study; cooperation; dept.psy; female; hostility; human; male; motivation; perception; personality test; persuasive communication; prediction; review; school child; social adaptation; social control; social interaction; sociology; wellbeing

Evidence against a constant-difference effect in concurrent-chains schedules - Mazur, James E (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2002)
Savastano and Fantino (1996) reported that in concurrent-chains schedules, initial-link choice proportions remained constant as terminal-link durations increased as long as the subtractive difference between the two terminal-link schedules remained constant. Two experiments with pigeons were conducted to examine this constant-difference effect. Both experiments used equal variable-interval schedules as initial links. The terminal links were fixed delays to reinforcement in Experiment 1 and variable delays to reinforcement in Experiment 2. The durations of the terminal links were varied across conditions, but the difference between pairs of terminal links was always 10 s. In both experiments, preference for the shorter terminal link became less extreme as terminal-link, durations increased, so a constant-difference effect was not found, It is argued, however, that this choice situation does not provide clear evidence for or against delay-reduction theory versus other theories of choice.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior; *Motivation; *Reinforcement Schedule; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Columbidae; Concurrent-chains schedules; Delay-reduction theory; Fixed delays; Key peck; Mental Recall; Motivation; Pigeons; Reinforcement Schedule; Variable delays; animal; appetite; article; color vision; comparative study; decision making; dept.psy; motivation; peer-reviewed; pigeons and doves; recall; reinforcement

Social dominance and prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control in preschoolers - Hawley, P.H. (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2002)
This study was designed to investigate the predictors of social dominance, the strategies children use to control resources (prosocial and coercive), and the associations between these strategies and measures of personality, social skills, and peer regard. A total of 30 preschoolers (ages 3-6) were rated by their teachers on social dominance. Based on these ratings, dominant children were paired with multiple subordinate children (i.e., block design; Kenny, 1990) and observed in a play situation designed to elicit resource control behaviour. As hypothesised, age and the surgency facet of extraversion predicted social dominance (but openness to experience did not). Furthermore, also as expected, both prosocial behaviour and coercive behaviour were related to resource control in the play situation. Last, both resource control strategies were associated with parent-rated social competence, but only coercive control was associated with positive peer regard (i.e., Likeability). Factors of personality (e.g. agreeableness, hostility) were not associated with either of the strategies. The utility of an evolutionary perspective to resource control and social competence is discussed.
Keywords: article; controlled study; dept.psy; female; group psychology; hostility; human; hypothesis; male; parent; personality; persuasive communication; play; prediction; preschool child; social adaptation; social behavior; social dominance; sociology; teacher

Concurrent-chain performance in transition: effects of terminal-link duration and individual reinforcers. - Mazur, James E (Animal learning & behavior, 2002)
Pigeons responded on concurrent-chain schedules with variable-interval initial links and equal delays as terminal links. The terminal-link delays were 1 sec in some conditions and 20 sec in other conditions. The percentages of reinforcers delivered for responses on the left key were 10%, 30%, 70%, or 90%, and this percentage was switched every five to nine sessions. The rate of change in the pigeons' response percentages after a switch was the same whether the terminal-link delays were 1 sec or 20 sec. Analysis of the effects of individual reinforcers showed that after a response on one key had been reinforced, response percentages on that key were higher for at least the next 100 responses. Small effects of individual reinforcers were evident after eight or nine additional reinforcers had been delivered. The effects of individual reinforcers were about equally large during times of transition and during periods in which overall response percentages were relatively stable.
Keywords: *Behavior, Animal; *Reinforcement, Psychology; Animalia; Animals; Columba; Columbidae; Random Allocation; Reaction Time; Reinforcement Schedule; animal experiment; article; conditioned reflex; conditioning; decision making; dept.psy; nonhuman; pigeon; reinforcement; task performance

Transitional choice behavior in concurrent-chain schedules - Mazur, James E; Blake, Nancy; Mcmanus, Courtney (Behavioural Processes, 2001)
The choice responses of four pigeons were examined in 20 periods of transition in a concurrent-chain procedure with variable-interval schedules as initial links and fixed delays to reinforcement as terminal links. In some conditions, the delays to reinforcement were different for the two terminal links, and changes in preference were recorded after the delays for the two response keys were switched. In other conditions, the reinforcer delays were equal for the two keys, but which key delivered 80% of the reinforcers was periodically switched. Choice proportions changed more quickly after a switch in reinforcement percentages chan after a switch in the delays, thereby contradicting the hypothesis that faster changes would occur when the switch in conditions was easier to discriminate. Analyses of response sequences showed that the effects: of individual reinforcers were larger and lasted longer in conditions with changing reinforcement percentages than in conditions with changing terminal-link delays. Rates of change in choice behavior do not appear to be limited by the unpredictability of variable reinforcement schedules, because the changes in behavior were slow and gradual even when there was a large and sudden change in reinforcer delays. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights: reserved.
Keywords: Columba; Concurrent-chain schedules; Transitional choice behavior; animal experiment; article; behavior; controlled study; decision making; dept.psy; instrumental conditioning; nonhuman; pigeon; reinforcement; stimulus response

Hyperbolic value addition and general models of animal choice - Mazur, James E. (Psychological Review, 2001)
Three mathematical models of choice-the contextual-choice model (R. Grace, 1994), delay-reduction theory (N. Squires & E. Fantino, 1971). and a new model called the hyperbolic value-added model-were compared in their ability to predict the results from a wide variety of experiments with animal subjects. When supplied with 2 or 3 free parameters, all 3 models made fairly accurate predictions for a large set of experiments that used concurrent-chain procedures. One advantage of the hyperbolic value-added model is that it is derived from a simpler model that makes accurate predictions for many experiments using discrete-trial adjusting-delay procedures. Some results favor the hyperbolic value-added model and delay-reduction theory over the contextual-choice model, but more data are needed from choice situations For which the models make distinctly different predictions.
Keywords: *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; *Models, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Psychological; Models, Psychological; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; Reinforcement, Psychology; animal; animal behavior; comparative study; conditioning; decision making; dept.psy; pigeons and doves; psychological model; reinforcement; review; ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Two- versus three-alternative concurrent-chain schedules: a test of three models. - Mazur, James E (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2000)
Two experiments with pigeons used concurrent-chain procedures with variable-interval schedules as initial links and different delays to food as terminal links. Two schedules were present in all sessions. but a 3rd schedule was alternately present and absent in successive sessions. When the 3rd schedule delivered food with no terminal-link delay, the presence of this schedule led to an increase in preference for the schedule with the shorter terminal link of the 2 unchanged schedules. When the terminal-link delay for the 3rd schedule was 30 s, the presence of this schedule led to a decrease in preference for the schedule with the shorter terminal link of the 2 unchanged schedules. These results are inconsistent with the predictions of R. Grace's (1994) contextual-choice model, but they are consistent with 2 other mathematical models-delay-reduction theory and the hyperbolic value-added model.
Keywords: *Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; *Conditioning, Operant; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Models, Psychological; analysis of variance; animal; article; decision making; dept.psy; instrumental conditioning; pigeons and doves; psychological model

Tradeoffs among delay, rate, and amount of reinforcement - Mazur, James E (Behavioural Processes, 2000)
In Experiment I, an adjusting-delay procedure was used to measure pigeons' choices between a single delayed reinforcer and a range of different variable-time schedules. Indifference points showed an inverse relation between rate of reinforcement and delay that was well described by a hyperbolic equation. An adjusting-amount procedure was used in Experiment 2, in which pigeons chose between an adjusting amount of food delivered after a 0.5-s delay and 3 s of food delivered after a range of different delays, and the effects of delay were similar to those found in Experiment 1. The results from both experiments indicated that, for pigeons, the strength of a reinforcer decreased rapidly with increasing delay. Estimates of a decay rate parameter in the hyperbolic equation were similar to those found in other studies with pigeons, but the rates of temporal discounting were three or four times faster than those found in studies with rats, suggesting a possible species difference. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Adjusting procedure; Amount of reinforcement; Delay; Discounting; Key peck; Pigeons; Rate of reinforcement; animal experiment; article; behavior; controlled study; dept.psy; dose time effect relation; nonhuman; pigeon; reinforcement; technique; variance

Early and chronic stress and their relation to breast cancer - Jacobs, John R; Bovasso, Gregory B (Psychological Medicine, 2000)
Background. The study examined the role of parental death and chronic depression with severe episodes in affecting risk of breast cancer. This avenue of research is in accord with oncology findings, which suggests that causative factors of breast cancer occur and develop over a period of 20 years or longer. Methods. Participants consisted of 1213 women in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area study surveyed in 1980 and followed through 1994-1995. They were assessed for depressive and anxious disorders, paternal death in childhood and relatively recent adverse life events prior to cancer hospitalization. Results. In the course of the study, 29 women were hospitalized for breast cancer and 10 died of breast cancer. The psychosocial variables that predicted increased risk of breast cancer were maternal death in childhood (OR = 2.56, P ¡ 0.001) and chronic depression with severe episodes (OR = 14.0, P ¡ 0.001). Neither relatively recent life events nor other depressive and anxiety disorders were associated with increased risk. Maternal death and chronic depression with severe episodes were reported to have occurred at least 20 years prior to breast cancer hospitalization. Conclusions. Maternal death and chronic and severe depression occurred at least 20 years prior to breast cancer hospitalization and could have been involved in the causation or facilitation of cancer development. The authors suggest that meta-analysis of other prospective studies are needed to create larger groups of individuals with these stresses to confidently establish these variables as risk factors.
Keywords: *Breast Neoplasms/et [Etiology]; *Death; *Depressive Disorder/co [Complications]; *Stress, Psychological; Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms/px [Psychology]; Death; Depressive Disorder; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Change Events; Middle Aged; Mother-Child Relations; Risk Factors; Stress, Psychological; adult; anxiety neurosis; article; breast cancer; cancer risk; depression; dept.psy; female; health survey; hospitalization; human; life event; major clinical study; medical psychology; mental stress; parental deprivation

George F. Kennan and the birth of containment - The Greek test case - Iatrides, JO (World Policy Journal, 2005)
Keywords: dept.psc

Conclusion: The Aegean — Life-line and Battle-line - Chircop, Aldo; Gerolymatos, André; Iatrides, John O. (The Aegean Sea after the Cold War: Security and Law of the Sea Issues, 2000)
From the dawn of the Bronze Age and Homer’s immortal epics to the latest confrontation in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf, the Aegean Sea has been critically important to countless armies of merchants, warriors, and crusaders. As a geographic entity, it is a narrow body of water dotted with islands, islets, and rocks. However, the Aegean is both a link and barrier between the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and the maritime causeway between the land masses of Europe, Asia, the Near East, and Africa. In effect, this maritime highway has been one of history’s more productive crucibles for human accomplishment, as well as an arena of conflict and destruction.
Keywords: Geographic Entity; Greek Settlement; Narrow Body; Productive Crucible; Turkish Strait; dept.psc

Growth of AlGaN nanowires by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition - Su, J.; Gherasimova, M.; Cui, G.; Tsukamoto, Hironori; Han, J.; Onuma, T.; Kurimoto, M.; Chichibu, Shigefusa F.; Broadbridge, Christine; He, Y.; Nurmikko, Arto V. (Applied Physics Letters, 2005)
Growth of ternary AlGaN nanowires using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is investigated. Structural, chemical, and optical characterization at nanoscopic scale is carried out by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and spatially resolved cathodoluminescence. Spontaneous formation of Al (Ga) NGaN coaxial nanowires with distinct emission at 370 nm is observed. It is identified that the interplay between surface kinetics and thermodynamics facilitates the catalytic growth of GaN core while a limited surface diffusion of Al adatoms leads to nonselective, vapor-solid growth of Al(Ga)N sheath. The observation points to a fundamental difference in nanosynthesis using near-equilibrium and nonequilibrium techniques. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: Aluminum compounds; Cathodoluminescence; Coaxial nanowires; Energy dispersive spectroscopy; Metallorganic chemical vapor deposition; Nanoscopic scale; Nanostructured materials; Optical properties; Reaction kinetics; Surface kinetics; Synthesis (chemical); Transmission electron microscopy; X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy; dept.phy

Comparison of extended x-ray absorption fine structure and Scherrer analysis of x-ray diffraction as methods for determining mean sizes of polydisperse nanoparticles - Calvin, Scott; Luo, Shuixiang; Caragianisbroadbridge, C; Mcguinness, J K; Anderson, Eric; Lehman, A; Wee, K H; Morrison, Shannon A; Kurihara, L K (Applied Physics Letters, 2005)
Curve fitting of extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and Scherrer analysis of x-ray diffraction (XRD) are compared as methods for determining the mean crystallite size in polydisperse samples of platinum nanoparticles. By applying the techniques to mixtures of pure samples, it is found that EXAFS correctly determines the relative mean sizes of these polydisperse samples, while XRD tends to be weighted more toward the largest crystallites in the sample. Results for TEM are not clear cut, due to polycrystallinity and aggregation, but are consistent with the other results. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: Curve fitting; Diffraction; EXAFS; Imaging techniques; Nanostructured materials; Platinum; Platinum nanoparticles; Polydisperse samples; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction; dept.phy

Conceptual Underpinnings of Students’ Ability to Understand Reflections from a Plane Mirror - Cummings, Karen (2004 PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH CONFERENCE, 2005)
In this paper we explore students' pre-instruction knowledge of several conceptual and procedural pieces of knowledge that we believe are prerequisite to one's ability to generate correct light ray diagrams and understand image formation by a plane mirror. The research population is an algebra-based, introductory physics class of about 50 students at a medium-sized, urban, public university. Both individual interviews and written free response questions were used to gather data. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: dept.phy

An exploration of microscopy for educational applications in the high school classroom - Fitzsimmons, Ryan; Koekkoek, Robert; Caragianis-Broadbridge, Christine; Lehman, Ann; Cummings, Karen (2005)
This project was initiated with an undergraduate student's exploration of two advanced research tools: the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM). A research project was developed to study the application of microscopy to introductory physics instruction, Nine modules covering various aspects of introductory physics were created. Module components included discussions, laboratory experiments and assessments. Four of the nine modules were implemented in various high school classes. Assessments were used to compare student learning with the modules versus standard textbook/lecture techniques, Preliminary results of this study are presented along with recently developed methods created to facilitate implementation of these modules within the high school classroom. © 2006 Materials Research Society.
Keywords: Atomic force microscopy; Education; Project management; Scanning electron microscopy; School buildings; School classroom; Student learning; dept.phy

A preliminary investigation of the efficacy of oral motor exercises for children with mild articulation disorders - Guisti Braislin, M.A.; Cascella, P.W. (International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2005)
Although oral motor therapy is sometimes used to treat articulation disorders in school-age children, several reports question its efficacy. In this case study, four first-grade students, two boys and two girls, received 15 half-hour sessions of oral motor treatment based on Easy Does it for Articulation: An Oral Motor Approach (). Pre- and post-test measures of the children's articulation indicated no real differences in speech production. These results question the efficacy of general and discrete oral motor exercises because they did not enhance the children's speech production. © 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Keywords: *Articulation Disorders/th [Therapy]; *Exercise Therapy/mt [Methods]; *Mouth; Articulation; Articulation Disorders; Articulation disorders; Child; Efficacy; Exercise Therapy; Exercise equipment; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth; Oral motor exercises; Patient monitoring; Patient rehabilitation; Speech; Speech production; Treatment Outcome; article; case report; child; consonant; dept.phy; efficacy; female; human; interrater reliability; kinesiotherapy; male; methodology; mouth; oral motor exercises; preschool child; priority journal; speech articulation; speech disorder; speech therapy; standardization; treatment indication; treatment outcome

Catalytic growth of group III-nitride nanowires and nanostructures by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition - Su, J; Cui, G; Gherasimova, M; Tsukamoto, Hironori; Han, J; Ciuparu, Dragos; Lim, Sangyun; Pfefferle, Lisa D; He, Y; Nurmikko, A V; Broadbridge, Christine; Lehman, Ann Hein (Applied Physics Letters, 2005)
We report flexible synthesis of group III-nitride nanowires and nanostructures by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) via a catalytic vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. Supersaturation and surface stoichiometry strongly influence the stability of liquid droplets and growth selectivity. To facilitate and sustain the VLS growth, indium catalyst is introduced based on thermodynamic consideration. The employment of mesoporous molecular sieves (MCM-41) helps to prevent the coalescence of catalyst droplets and to promote nucleation statistics. Both GaN and AlN nanowires have been synthesized using MOCVD. Three-dimensional AlNGaN trunk-branch nanostructures are reported to illustrate the versatility of incorporating the VLS mechanism into MOCVD process. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: Catalysis; Catalysts; Growth kinetics; Indium; Metallorganic chemical vapor deposition; Molecular sieves; Nanostructured materials; Nanowires; Nitrides; Nucleation; Scanning electron microscopy; Stoichiometry; Supersaturation; Synthesis (chemical); Thermodynamics; Transmission electron microscopy; Trimethyl-gallium (TMGa); Trimethylaluminum (TMAl); Vapor-solid-liquid (VLS) growth mechanism; dept.phy

A hybrid epitaxy method for InAs on GaP - Chen, A; Yulius, Aristo; Woodall, J M; Broadbridge, Christine (Applied Physics Letters, 2004)
The interface formation mechanism during the molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) of InAs/GaP has been studied with the aid of the In-Ga-P phase diagram. It is discovered that an initial dissolution and crystallization process similar to liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) may happen at sufficiently high temperature, resulting in a graded composition at the interface. Consequently, "parasitic LPE/MBE" is the name for this hybrid form of MBE. High-resolution TEM images confirm the existence of the interfacial layer in the sample grown at high temperature. The graded interface smears out the band offset and leads to a nonrectifying heterojunction. Low-temperature (LT) MBE growth can turn off the LPE component, enabling the growth of an abrupt interface. Based on this "LPE/MBE" model, a LT MBE technique is developed to grow an abrupt InAs/InGaP interface for heterojunction power Schottky rectifiers. The LT InAs/InGaP heterojunction demonstrates nearly ideal Schottky rectifier characteristics, while the sample grown at high temperature shows resistive ohmic characteristics. The LT InAs/InGaP Schottky diode also demonstrates good stability with respect to anneal temperature, similar to the InAs/GaP heterojunctions. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: Baliga figure of merit (BFOM); Current voltage characteristics; Liquid phase epitaxy; Metal-semiconductor (MS) diodes; Molecular beam epitaxy; Phase diagrams; Rapid thermal annealer (RTA); Rapid thermal annealing; Schottkey rectifiers; Schottky barrier diodes; Semiconducting gallium compounds; Semiconducting indium compounds; Transmission electron microscopy; dept.phy

Attitudes Toward Problem Solving as Predictors of Student Success - Cummings, Karen (2003 PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH CONFERENCE: 2003 Physics Education Conference, 2004)
Keywords: dept.phy

Vapor-liquid-solid growth of III-Nitride nanowires and heterostructures by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition - Su, J; Gherasimova, M; Cui, G; Han, J; Lim, Sangyun; Ciuparu, Dragos; Pfefferle, Lisa D; He, Y; Nurmikko, A V; Broadbridge, Christine; Lehman, Ann Hein; Onuma, T; et al. (2004)
We report flexible synthesis of III-Nitride nanowires and heterostructures by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) via a catalytic vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. Indium is used as an in-situ catalyst to facilitate and sustain the stability of liquid phase droplet for VLS growth based on thermodynamic consideration. The employment of mesoporous molecular sieves (MCM-41) helps to prevent the coalescence of catalyst droplets and to promote nucleation statistics. Cathodoluminescence (CL) of GaN nanowires shows near band-edge emission at 370nm, and strong E 2 phonon peak is observed at room temperature in Raman scattering spectra. Both binary GaN and AlN nanowires have been synthesized by MOCVD. Three-dimensional AlN/GaN trunk-branch nanostructures are reported to illustrate the versatility of incorporating the VLS mechanism into MOCVD process. © 2005 Materials Research Society.
Keywords: Catalysis; Heterojunctions; Metallorganic chemical vapor deposition; Molecular beam epitaxy; Nanoelectronics; Nanostructured materials; Nanowires; Nucleation; Optical characterization; Synthesis (chemical); Thermodynamics; Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth; dept.phy

Understanding paramagnetic spin correlations in the spin-liquid pyrochlore Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7 - Kao, Ying-Jer; Enjalran, Matthew; Maestro, Adrian Del; Molavian, Hamid R.; Gingras, Michel J. P. (Physical Review B, 2003)
Recent elastic and inelastic neutron scattering studies of the highly frustrated pyrochlore antiferromagnet Tb2Ti2O7 have shown some very intriguing features that cannot be modeled by the local 〈111〉 classical Ising model, naively expected to describe this system at low temperatures. By including single-ion excitations from the ground state doublet to higher crystal field levels, we successfully describe the elastic neutron scattering pattern and dispersion relations in Tb2Ti2O7, quantitatively consistent with experimental observations. © 2003 The American Physical Society.
Keywords: article; complex formation; correlation analysis; dept.phy; low temperature; molecular model; neutron scattering; oxygen; quantitative analysis; terbium; titanium

Thin film thickness and grain structure determination of ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 with cross-sectional atomic force microscopy - Pechkis, Daniel L.; Caragianis-Broadbridge, Christine; Lehman, Ann Hein; Klein, Kate; Han, Jin-ping; Ma, Tso-Ping (Microscopy and Microanalysis, 2002)
Keywords: dept.phy

Alloy formation in nanostructured silicon - Gao, Bo; Sinha, Saion K.; Fleming, Les; Zhou, Otto (Advanced Materials, 2001)
Keywords: dept.phy

Microstructure and physical properties of ferroelectric-gate memory capacitors with various buffer layers - Caragianis-Broadbridge, Christine; Han, J; Ma, T P; Lehman, Ann Hein; Zhu, Wenjuan; Luo, Zhijiong; Pechkis, Daniel; Laube, Bruce L (MRS Proceedings, 2001)
This paper reports the microstructure and physical properties of ferroelectric capacitors formed from SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) layers on Si with various buffer layers including jet-vapor deposited silicon nitride, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide and thermally grown silicon oxide. Results from cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) data coupled with capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) data indicate that both the microstructure and physical properties of SBT films deposited on silicon are dependent on the buffer layer material employed.
Keywords: Atomic force microscopy; Buffer layers; Capacitance; Capacitors; Electric currents; Electric potential; Energy dispersive spectroscopy; Ferroelectric devices; Ferroelectric-gate memory capacitors; Gates (transistor); Microstructure; Silica; Silicon nitride; Thin films; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction analysis; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy; dept.phy

Synthesis of silicon nano-dendrites - Sinha, Saion K; Gao, Bo; Zhou, Otto (Materials Research Society, 2001)
A new branched silicon nanostructure called Silicon Nano-Dendrite (SiND) was prepared by Laser ablation. During the Laser ablation process, the Argon flow was switched on and off very fast and simultaneously decreasing the flow rate, to create a non-steady-state flow. The resulting structure will open up new avenues in molecular electronics as the FeSi2 nano-particle at the end can be used to grow nanotube-nanowire junctions.
Keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Electron diffraction; Fullerenes; Laser ablation; Molecular electronic applications; Nanostructured materials; Semiconducting silicon; Semiconductor quantum dots; Silicon nano-dendrites; Synthesis (chemical); Transmission electron microscopy; dept.phy

Ethical challenges to citizens of ‘The automatic Age’: Norbert Wiener on the information society - Bynum, Terrell Ward (Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 2004)
This article discusses the foresight of philosopher/mathematician Norbert Wiener who, in the 1940s, founded Information Ethics as a research discipline. Wiener envisioned the coming of an “automatic age” in which information technology would have profound social and ethical impacts upon the world. He predicted, for example, machines that will learn, reason and play games; “automatic factories” that will replace assembly-line workers and middle managers with computerized devices; workers who will perform their jobs over great distances with the aid of new communication technologies; and people who will gain remarkable powers by adding computerized “prostheses” to their bodies. To analyze the ethical implications of such developments, Wiener presented some principles of justice and employed a powerful practical method of ethical analysis. © 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Keywords: Human purposes; Information ethics; Justice; dept.phi; peer-reviewed

Privacy as life, liberty, property - Volkman, Richard (Ethics and Information Technology, 2003)
The cluster of concerns usually identified as matters of privacy can be adequately accounted for by unpacking our natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Privacy as derived from fundamental natural rights to life, liberty, and property encompasses the advantages of the control and restricted access theories without their attendant difficulties., (C)2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keywords: Access control; Data privacy; Information technology; Judith Thomson; Natural rights; Privacy; Right to privacies; Right to privacy; Social sciences; Thomson; dept.phi; natural rights; privacy; right to privacy

Introduction to cyberphilosophy - Moor, James H.; Bynum, Terrell Ward (Metaphilosophy, 2002)
Keywords: dept.phi

Computer ethics: Its birth and its future - Bynum, Terrell Ward (Ethics and Information Technology, 2001)
This article discusses some "historical milestones" in computer ethics, as well as two alternative visions of the future of computer ethics. Topics include the impressive foundation for computer ethics laid down by Norbert Wiener in the 1940s and early 1950s; the pioneering efforts of Donn Parker, Joseph Weizenbaum and Walter Maner in the 1970s; Krystyna Gorniak's hypothesis that computer ethics will evolve into "global ethics"; and Deborah Johnson's speculation that computer ethics may someday "disappear"., (C)2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keywords: Applied ethics; Computer ethics; Cybernetics; Global ethics; Information ethics; Information technology; Philosophical aspects; Professional responsibilities; Professional responsibility; Social sciences; applied ethics; computer ethics; cybernetics; dept.phi; global ethics; information ethics; professional responsibility; ❓ Multiple DOI

The challenge of applying ethics. - Bynum, Terrell Ward (Science and Engineering Ethics, 2001)
Keywords: *Computers; *Ethics; Computers; Ethics; Humans; article; computer; dept.phi; ethics; human

Revolution and the library - Gorniak-Kocikowska, K (Library Trends, 2001)
The focus of this article is primarily on the impact that the computer revolution has on college/university libraries, although many of the issues discussed here are relevant to other types of libraries as well. The university library in its present form is a product of the printing press revolution. In all likelihood, the computer revolution will have an even more profound impact on the library than did the printing press revolution.
Keywords: dept.phi; ⛔ No DOI found

Family rituals that provide meaning for single-parent families: - Moriarty, Patricia Hale; Wagner, Linda D (Journal of Family Nursing, 2004)
The number of single-parent families has increased dramatically in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore the types of family rituals present in single-parent families and their meaning within the family context. Little is known about family rituals in single-parent families, and therefore grounded theory was the qualitative research method used for this study. Unstructured face-to-face interviews were used to obtain data from a theoretical sample of seven single parents. Data analysis appropriate to the grounded theory method was utilized to identify a core variable and an emerging theory. Six types of rituals: connection, spiritual, love, recreation, celebration, and evolving were found to be used by these single-parent families as a way to facilitate family cohesion and instill family values. Applicability of the findings of this study are beneficial for nurses working with clients with diverse, changing, and complex social situations such as the single-parent family. © 2004 Sage Publications.
Keywords: Family health; Qualitative research; Rituals; Single-parent family; dept.nur

Adaptive urn designs for estimating several percentiles of a dose–response curve - Mugno, Raymond; Zhus, Wei; Rosenberger, William F (Statistics in Medicine, 2004)
Dose-response experiments are crucial in biomedical studies. There are usually multiple objectives in such experiments and among the goals is the estimation of several percentiles on the dose-response curve. Here we present the first non-parametric adaptive design approach to estimate several percentiles simultaneously via generalized Pó lya urns. Theoretical properties of these designs are investigated and their performance is gaged by the locally compound optimal designs. As an example, we re-investigated a psychophysical experiment where one of the goals was to estimate the three quartiles. We show that these multiple-objective adaptive designs are more efficient than the original single-objective adaptive design targeting the median only. We also show that urn designs which target the optimal designs are slightly more efficient than those which target the desired percentiles directly. Guidelines are given as to when to use which type of design. Overall we are pleased with the efficiency results and hope compound adaptive designs proposed in this work or their variants may prove to be a viable non-parametric alternative in multiple-objective dose-response studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: *Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Adaptive design; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dose-response experiment; Generalized Pólya urn; Guidelines; Guidelines as Topic; Likelihood Functions; Monte Carlo method; Non-parametric design; Psychophysics; United States; article; biostatistics; c-optimal design; cerebrovascular accident; clinical trial; dept.mat; dose response; experimental design; human; kinesthesia; maximum likelihood method; neurologic disease; nonparametric test; process optimization; psychophysics; sensory stimulation; statistical analysis; theoretical study; validation process

A coloring algorithm for finding connected guards in art galleries - Pinciu, Val (Springer Verlag, 2003)
In this paper we consider a variation of the Art Gallery Problem. A set of points script G sign in a polygon Pn is a connected guard set for Pn provided that is a guard set and the visibility graph of the set of guards script G sign in Pn is connected. We use a coloring argument to prove that the minimum number of connected guards which are necessary to watch any polygon with n sides is ⌊(n - 2)/2⌋. This result was originally established by induction by Hernández-Peńalver [3]. From this result it easily follows that if the art gallery is orthogonal (each interior angle is 90° or 270°), then the minimum number of connected guards is n/2 - 2. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003.
Keywords: Algorithms; Art gallery; Artificial intelligence; Coloring algorithms; Computer science; Computers; Visibility graphs; dept.mat

Connected guards in orthogonal art galleries - Pinciu, Val (Springer Verlag, 2003)
In this paper we consider a variation of the Art Gallery Problem for orthogonal polygons. A set of points in a polygon Pn is a connected guard set for Pn provided that is a guard set and the visibility graph of the set of guards in Pn is connected. The polygon P n is orthogonal provided each interior angle is 90° or 270°. First we use a coloring argument to prove that the minimum number of connected guards which are necessary to watch any orthogonal polygon with n sides is n/2-2. This result was originally established by induction by Hernández-Peñalver. Then we prove a new result for art galleries with holes: we show that n/2-h connected guards are always sufficient to watch an orthogonal art gallery with n walls and h holes. This result is sharp when n = 4h + 4. We also construct galleries that require at least n/2-h-1 connected guards, for all n and h. © Springer-Verlag 2003.
Keywords: Art gallery; Art gallery problem; Geometry; New results; Visibility graphs; Watches; dept.mat

Numerical testing of the stability of viscous shock waves - Brin, Leon Q (Mathematics of Computation, 2001)
A new theoretical Evans function condition is used as the basis of a numerical test of viscous shock wave stability. Accuracy of the method is demonstrated through comparison against exact solutions, a convergence study, and evaluation of approximate error equations. Robustness is demonstrated by applying the method to waves for which no current analytic results apply (highly nonlinear waves from the cubic model and strong shocks from gas dynamics). An interesting aspect of the analysis is the need to incorporate features from the analytic Evans function theory for purposes of numerical stability. For example, we find it necessary, for numerical accuracy, to solve ODEs on the space of wedge products.
Keywords: dept.mat

Multiply guarded guards in orthogonal art galleries - Michael, T S; Pinciu, Val (Springer Verlag, 2001)
We prove a new theorem for orthogonal art galleries in which the guards must guard one another in addition to guarding the polygonal gallery. A set of points G in a polygon Pn is a k-guarded guard set for Pn provided that (i) for every point x in Pn there exists a point w in G such that x is visible from w; and (ii) every point in G is visible from at least k other points in G: The polygon Pn is orthogonal provided each interior angle is 90° or 270°. We prove that for k ≥ 1 and n ≥ 6 every orthogonal polygon with n sides has a k-guarded guard set of cardinality (Formula Presented.) this bound is best possible. This result extends our recent theorem that treats the case k = 1. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001.
Keywords: Art gallery; Cardinalities; Computation theory; Geometry; dept.mat

Marketing mix standardization: a cross cultural study of four countries - Kustin, Richard Alan (International Business Review, 2004)
The study researched the possibility of standardizing the marketing mix by investigating the cross-cultural responses from the United States, Brazil, France and India. The study tested the premise of standardization by determining if respondents perceived specific attributes of a common non-durable consumer product the same or differently. The results indicate the opportunity for dynamic marketing standardization remains limited but applicable within specific cultural country markets. Several attribute perceptions between US and foreign respondents are found to be more similar than dissimilar suggesting advantages may exist for a limited implementation of marketing mix standardization as part of a global marketing strategy. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Consumer product; Cross-culture; Globalization; Hofstede; International marketing; Marketing mix; Standardization; dept.mkt

The animal within - Prince, Melvin; Davies, Mark (Business Strategy Review, 2004)
Keywords: dept.mkt

Consumer Income and Beliefs Affecting Happiness - Prince, Mel; Manolis, Chris (Advances in Quality-of-Life Theory and Research, 2003)
Recent syntheses of empirical studies have clearly demonstrated a consistently positive relationship between income and happiness. Research is needed to reduce uncertainty and disentangle such relationships, which have been found to be quite modest, but significant in the aggregate. The present study contributes to this end, in that it investigates the moderating effect of income on the relationship between beliefs that serve as internal buffers and happiness. We go beyond simple associations of income and happiness to examine relationships between income and self-esteem and between income and optimism. Finally, causal modeling is employed to demonstrate that, under varying income levels, these beliefs affect happiness by the same process — with distinct yet predictable outcomes.
Keywords: beliefs; causal model; dept.mkt; happiness; income; money

A model of job performance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction among sales and sales support employees at a pharmaceutical company - Prince, Melvin; Engle, Robert L; Laird, Kenneth R (Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 2003)
This study investigates the influence of role conflict, role ambiguity, and role strain on job performance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction among field sales and company sales support employees in a single pharmaceutical company. Because this study is based on data from a single company, these results may not necessarily be generalized to all companies in the industry. In the present research, a path model of the process reveals important variations in response to role conflict, role ambiguity, and role strain between the two classes of employees. For both classes, the influence of decreased role ambiguity is generally positive for measured outcomes. However, reductions in role conflict, while lessening role strain, are likely to result in lower job performance for field sales employees. Decreases in role strain, while improving life satisfaction, may lead to lower job satisfaction for sales support employees. © 2003, Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Job performance; dept.mkt; job satisfaction; life satisfaction; pharmaceutical sales; role strain

Factors affecting encoding, retrieval, and alignment of sensory attributes in a Memory‐Based brand choice task - Shapiro, Stewart; Spence, Mark T. (Journal of Consumer Research, 2002)
Sensory attributes, such as sound quality ascertained by listening to a stereo, are often ambiguous and therefore difficult to encode and retrieve. Despite this, consumers often place more weight on these attributes compared to verbally described market information when making brand choice decisions. Results from two studies demonstrate that providing criteria to evaluate the sound quality of competing brands of stereos facilitates the encoding, retrieval, and alignment of the sensory attribute in a brand choice task. Study 1 shows that without criteria to evaluate sound quality during trial, memory for this attribute is poor. Further, perceptions of sound quality assimilate to conflicting market information, which adversely affects decision performance. The reverse is true when evaluative criteria and a scheme to rate the criteria are provided: memory for sound quality improves, perceptions of sound quality contrast with conflicting market information, more weight is placed on sound quality when decision making, and better choices are made. Study 2 shows that providing evaluative criteria during product trial enhances performance through improvement in the encoding process.
Keywords: dept.mkt; peer-reviewed

Moderator teams: an extension to focus group methodology - Prince, Mel; Davies, Mark (Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 2001)
Traditional focus group methodology involves an individual trained moderator who manages the whole process from writing the focus group guide that directs the topics pursued, the interaction with participants, to interpretation, reporting and client feedback. Since their training, personality and orientation can vary differentially, this may lead to moderator bias. Proposes a new method that involves a series of complementary moderators that target specific areas of the guide that allows them to specialise in their particular experiences and orientations. These moderators are used sequentially on the same groups that offer the potential to avoid many of the problems associated with single-moderator discussion groups. Moreover, the chance to moderate the moderator keeps a check on how the sessions of each focus group develops, building in feedback between moderators, and reduces the prospects of misinterpretation and side-tracking by a single moderator. © 2001, MCB UP Limited
Keywords: Equal value; Focus groups; Management; dept.mkt

Using system dynamics to illustrate deming’s system of profound knowledge - Stepanovich, Paul L (Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 2004)
This article presents a systems dynamics model to illustrate some of the aspects of Deming's System of Profound Knowledge. As a pedagogical tool, it would serve as a useful introduction for those new to Deming's ideas. It not only introduces the main parts of his system, but also highlights their interconnectedness. The model environment, an interactive management flight simulator, and the model content combine to provide several learning opportunities. The model uses the assumptions of regression to the mean, the 80:20 Rule, random walks, and learned helplessness to present a theory of how, managers learn to reduce quality in organizations. Those interested in exploring or teaching Deming's System can use the model as a launching point from which to explore the system further. Running the simulation provides an opportunity to identify and challenge assumptions, explore the harmful effects of tampering, examine the fundamental attribution error, develop control charts, and challenge the application of behaviourism in management.
Keywords: Deming; Pedagogy; Quality; System dynamics; dept.mgt

Process mapping in successful ERP implementations - Okrent, Michael D; Vokurka, Robert J (Industrial Management and Data Systems, 2004)
This paper discusses the six core business processes and supporting technology that are impacted by an enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation. It begins with a brief history of the evolution of ERP and the information systems technology that enabled its development. A discussion of project implementation team preparations is followed by a description of process mapping and its significance to the success of an ERP implementation. Highlights of “As-Is” and “To-Be” process mapping and change management conclude the paper. © 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Keywords: Business processes; Costs; Enterprise resource planning; Information analysis; Information technology; Maintenance; Optimization; Planning tools; Process analysis; Process mapping; Resource management; Strategic planning; dept.mgt

Giving back: women's entrepreneurial philanthropy - Oppedisano, Jeannette (Women in Management Review, 2004)
Traditionally, the concept of entrepreneurship included a for-profit bottom line. Recently, however, researchers have begun to explore an adaptation of this model called “social entrepreneurship”; that is, creating organizations for the greater good of a community, region, nation, or the world. These entrepreneurs use money that they made or inherited to establish organizations from a missionary and visionary posture. This is an arena where women have had significant impact, yet little has been written to celebrate their contributions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of such philanthropy, to suggest where this social ethic might have had its origins, and to provide samples of women who have been entrepreneurial in their social commitment. Suggestions for future research on women's entrepreneurial philanthropy will also be made. © 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Keywords: Entrepreneurialism; Philanthropy; Social action; United States of America; Women; dept.mgt

Leadership theory and practice: a “case” in point - Armandi, Barry; Oppedisano, Jeannette; Sherman, Herbert (Management Decision, 2003)
Leadership theory has little value if it cannot be applied to real world situations. A summary review of the literature on leadership theory is provided here first. A disguised real case concerning Ted Shade, a Vice-President at Galactic Chips, Inc. is then provided which describes a manager who is extremely task-oriented. The case analysis follows. It includes questions and answers which connect leadership theory to case specifics and requires learners to analyze the case using differing leadership models. © 2003, MCB UP Limited
Keywords: Leaders; Leadership; Management styles; Psychology; dept.mgt

Chinese students’ perceptions of women in management: will it be easier? - Frank, Ellen J (Women in Management Review, 2001)
An attitude survey was conducted with 72 management majors attending a prestigious business university in Beijing, China. The results indicate that there is still a significant “glass ceiling” effect to accepting women as they climb up the management hierarchy. The group estimated that it would take at least 32 years before equality would be reached. Women were less likely to prefer to work for a woman than for male subjects. Women were described as more incompetent, slower, weaker, more a follower-than-a-leader, more lenient, more democratic, less active, and more friendly than male managers. Women were significantly more in agreement with the idea of being both a professional and a wife. The results reflect a similar attitudinal position to US women. The conclusion is that it will not be easier for Chinese women to succeed than it is for women in theUSA. © 2001, MCB UP Limited
Keywords: Attitudes; China; Management; Managers; Perception; Women; dept.mgt

Gender distinctiveness, communicative competence, and the problem of gender judgments in computer-mediated communication - Sierpe, Eino (Computers in Human Behavior, 2005)
Despite persistent claims regarding the ability of text-based computer-mediated communication to neutralize gender identities, few researchers have worked on the problem of gender distinctiveness in textual production and interpretation, gender judgments, and more importantly, the role of gender in the process of impression formation in electronic communication. Against this background, the author addresses the theoretical aspects of gender in textual communication and places the problem of gender distinctiveness and gender judgments in CIVIC in the context of Hymes' model of communicative competence. He also isolates several variables worthy of investigation, namely, the provision of gender judgments, accuracy, and certainty. He then reconceptualizes the problem of gender distinctiveness and impression formation in CIVIC by bridging the gap between textual markedness and expectations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Communicative competence; Computer-mediated communication; Electronic communications; Formal languages; Gender judgments; Linguistics; Problem solving; Research; dept.ils; peer-reviewed

Power information user model presents worthy premise but flawed methodology (multiple letters) - Iwema, C.L.; Sathe, N.; Lee, P.; Giuse, N. (Journal of the Medical Library Association, 2005)
Keywords: Community-Institutional Relations; Health Education; Humans; Inservice Training; Models, Organizational; Research Design; Tennessee; dept.ils; health care personnel; information dissemination; letter; library; library science; medical informatics; medical information system; methodology; public health; research; ⛔ No DOI found

The present and future of China's National Science and Technology Library - A new paradigm of sci-tech information resource sharing - Meng, Liansheng; Liu, Yan Quan (New Library World, 2005)
Purpose - The purpose of this case study is to explore the construction pattern and issues involved with the development of the National Science and Technology Library (NSTL) in China. Design/methodology/approach - This study was conducted through an analytical evaluation of the historical development of scientific and technological information sharing among libraries and information centers and issues around construction of the NSTL. Findings - Since the establishment of its network service system at the end of 2000, the NSTL has made rapid progress in constructing a sci-tech information resource sharing system and offering web-based information services to the patrons of scientific and technical communities all over China. Originality/value - This paper is the first exploration that brings to the forefront the foundational background of the NSTL, the characteristics of its organizational structure, the functions of its service, and the tentative plan to increase its accessibility and usability. Symptomatic of the function of the NSTL constructing pattern will hopefully shed light not only to the reformation of the Chinese sci-tech information management system, but also to the development of scientific digital libraries in the world. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Keywords: China; Digital libraries; Document management; Information services; National libraries; Worldwide web; dept.ils

Library preservation in Russia: hope and despair on the edge of the technological revolution - Popova‐Gosart, Ulia (Library Management, 2004)
The paper discusses the state of library preservation as the main problem of library management in Russia during the times of transition to digital environments. Today, Russia's extensive library system is undergoing a paradigm change toward the implementation of information technology (IT) to develop public access to information, that is perceived to be vital for the growth of the country. The first principal projects to elevate Russia to the ranks of the technologically advanced started as recently as 1990s, and, although having had some success, the country's digital resources remain grossly inadequate to support the growing public demand for information and education. Despite its state of retardation, the problems of preserving digital sources in Russia are evident to concerned specialists in the fields of informational science and archive work. Although these and other related problems are not addressed widely enough, they have gradually surfaced as an undeniable priority for the international preservation community. There is a promise to continue the necessary training and education that will link the national Russian library system with more collaborative projects and with leading international organizations. © 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Digital storage; Libraries; Russia; dept.ils

Managing the information revolution: library management, the control of prescriptive technologies, and the future of librarianship - Sierpe, Eino (Library Management, 2004)
This article seeks to promote a critical perspective on the present conceptualization of library management and the problems posed by technology. More specifically, it addresses the challenges faced by library administrators in relation to computing technologies. Through the adoption of Ursula Franklin's view of technology as “practice”, the article contrasts the practice of holistic and prescriptive technologies in library contexts. It also addresses the transformations of librarianship and the increasing adoption of prescriptive technological models. To exemplify the ongoing destruction of traditional librarianship, the three practices that comprise the fundamentals of librarianship are analyzed, namely, cataloging, collection development, and reference work. © 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Keywords: Information management; Librarianship; Libraries; dept.ils

Best practices, standards and techniques for digitizing library materials: a snapshot of library digitization practices in the USA - Liu, Yan Quan (Online Information Review, 2004)
This study investigates current practice in digitizing library materials in the USA. Building a good digital collection has been a common task, pervasive in all types of libraries. Digitization becomes more and more crucial, affecting libraries while they work towards becoming digital. Researchers and practitioners would like to know what practices have been developed to deal with the challenges that pose the most significant problems or concerns for libraries in digitization. Through probing some widespread issues on what materials to digitize, and the associated standards and technologies in digitization in US libraries, this survey of current literature reveals a number of prominent library digitization practices, methods and challenges, and highlights the best practices, trends and interests in library digitization pertaining to both policy and technology marketplace issues.
Keywords: Analog to digital conversion; Data processing; Digital libraries; Document image processing; Electronic media; Information and Library Science; Multimedia systems; Project management; Public policy; Societies and institutions; Standards; Technical problems; United States of America; dept.ils

Is the education on digital libraries adequate - Liu, Yan Quan (New Library World, 2004)
This study investigates the state of education for digital libraries. For this study, a Web survey was conducted of syllabi of courses on the subject of digital libraries (DL). Similarities and differences on such subjects as teaching emphases, course outlines, textbooks and assignments were compared. The majority of classes now contain a “hands-on” element, a practical component of the course that requires that the students interact with digital libraries. Not all of the course contents are up-to-date in the field of library and information technology. While the quality of DL education seems to have advanced at those schools and institutions that offer classes with “hands-on” requirements, the educational approach at many of the “hands-off” universities seems somewhat technophobic and overly dependent on outdated pedagogical methods. Those students who have received practical experience with digital libraries, like those provided in the “hands-on” courses, appear to be best served for future practice in the field of librarianship. © 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Keywords: Digital libraries; Europe; Libararies; Library facilities; North America; Surveys; dept.ils

Preparation, microstructure and physical characteristics of ferroelectric pb 5 ge 3 O 11 thin films for memory application - Liu, Y. X.; Caragianis-Broadbridge, Christine; Lehman, A. H.; McGuinness, J. K.; Ma, Tso-Ping (2003)
We report sol-gel process of Pb5Ge3O11 (PGO) as well as the microstructure and physical properties of ferroelectric PGO films for memory applications. The PGO sol was prepared from lead acetate hydrate, germanium isopropoxide, and di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether. The reactions taking place during the sol-gel process were examined in detail, Diethanolamine (DEA) was added to help maintain the desired species ratio and prevent germanium oxide precipitation. The preferred orientation of the PGO thin films was well controlled by the heating and reflux procedures in the sol-gel preparation process. Additionally, to examine the impact of post-deposition processing, selected samples were oxygen annealed at temperatures ranging from 450-650°C. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), non-contact (planview) atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM). The resulting data indicate that the microstructure and physical properties of PGO films depend strongly on the precursor preparation as well as the post deposition annealing temperature.
Keywords: Atomic force microscopy; Ferroelectric materials; Glove boxes; Isopropoxide; Lead compounds; Low-power memory; MISFET devices; Microstructure; Sol-gels; Thermal effects; Thin films; X ray diffraction; dept.ils

Where does professional education on digital libraries lead our new librarians - Liu, Yan Quan (Springer Verlag, 2003)
This study investigates the state of school education for digital libraries. For this study, a web survey was conducted of syllabi of courses on the subject of digital libraries. Similarities and differences on such subjects as teaching emphases, course outlines, textbooks and assignments were compared. The majority of classes now contain a "hands-on" element, a practical component of the course that requires that the students interact with digital libraries. Those students who have received practical experience with digital libraries, like those provided in the "hands-on" courses, are best served for future practice in the field of librarianship. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003.
Keywords: Digital libraries; E-learning; Education; Practical experience; Professional education; School education; Students; Teaching; Web surveys; dept.ils

Transformations of Librarianship in Support of Learning Communities - Sierpe, E.; De la Peña McCook, K. (Reference and User Services Quarterly, 2003)
Keywords: dept.ils; ⛔ No DOI found

The use of statistics in the managerial process by public library directors in China and the USA: a cross‐country survey - Liu, Yan Quan (Library Management, 2001)
Librarians have been involved in collecting and disseminating statistics for many years. Utilising statistics to describe and assess the operation of library activities as a part of library tradition has received growing attention from researchers, policymakers, library managers, and professionals. However, few studies have investigated how statistics are used in libraries. This report compares directors’ uses of statistics provided by national agencies in the USA and China to highlight the differences and similarities between the ways in which the two groups of directors make use of statistics, and the statistical information that directors find particularly useful. The results are intended to provide library administrators with an insight of how library statistics are used in the managerial process, and may also help the national statistical providers to obtain an understanding of the characteristics and pattern of use of their products. © 2001, MCB UP Limited
Keywords: China; Libraries; Management; Public Libraries; Statistics; USA; dept.ils

The transition from paper to electronic journals: Key factors that affect scholars' acceptance of electronic journals - Kim, Hak Joon (Serials Librarian, 2001)
The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate what factors crucially affect scholar's acceptance of e-journals. Before reviewing various aspects of e-journals, it is necessary to fully understand the traditional journal system, because the developments, roles, and deficiencies of the paper journal system will illustrate some basic requirements for successful e-journals. This article also examines the developments of e-journals and presents a comprehensive examination of the economic, technological and cognitive, and sociological aspects of e-journals based upon an extensive literature review. With regard to the economic and technological and cognitive aspects, the benefits of scholarly e-journal publishing appear to be, by and large, favorable to the transition from paper to electronic journals. However, the major stumbling block is the credibility of scholarly e-journals. Whether or not scholars can obtain the same recognition or rewards through e-journal publication as they obtain through paper journal publication must be one of the key factors that affect scholar's acceptance of e-journals.
Keywords: Electronic journals; Journal functions; Journal system; Scholarly communication; Scientific reward system; dept.ils

A comparison of public library use of statistics – a cross‐country survey report - Liu, Yan Quan (New Library World, 2001)
Librarians have been involved in collecting and disseminating statistics for many years. Utilizing statistics to describe and assess the operation of library activities as a part of library tradition has received growing attention from researchers, policymakers, library managers, and professionals. However, few studies have investigated how statistics are used in libraries. This report compares directors’ uses of statistics provided by national agencies in the USA and China to highlight differences and similarities of the uses the two countries’ directors make of statistics and the statistical information that directors find particular useful. The results are intended to provide library administrators with an insight of how library statistics are used in the managerial process and may also help the national statistical providers to obtain an understanding of the characteristics and pattern of use of their products. © 2001, MCB UP Limited
Keywords: China; Librarians; Libraries; Management; Statistics; USA; dept.ils

Development of a web-based faculty publications database - Bai, S.; Kelly, P. (Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 2000)
Keywords: Connecticut; Databases, Bibliographic; Faculty, Medical; Internet; Libraries, Medical; Publications; Universities; article; data base; dept.ils; education program; information system; library; publication; research; ⛔ No DOI found

Gedachtes wohnen: Heidegger and cultural geography - Paddock, Troy (Philosophy & Geography, 2004)
Keywords: cultural geography; dept.his

The historiography of american violence - Leonard, Ira M; Leonard, Christopher C (Homicide Studies, 2003)
Historians have generally agreed that the United States has always been an extremely violent nation; however, since the 1950s they have been myopic in their treatment of violence in America and have not provided the American people with essential information about their society and culture. Those historians who focused on violence in America, until the 1990s, have focused on only one form of violence—collective social violence. Largely overlooked, and equally significant, are interpersonal violence (including criminal and domestic violence) and the effect of war. This deficiency helps explain why Americans seem genuinely at a loss to understand the nature, character, and frequency of violence in America's past and present, especially when a high-profile violent incident occurs. This article surveys the historiography of violence in America through the 1990s and examines the contributions of historians and legal scholars who have focused on interpersonal and criminal violence. © 2003, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.his; historiography; lynching; riots; vigilantism

The pennsylvania state equal rights league and the northern black struggle for legal equality, 1864-1877 - Davis, Hugh (Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 2002)
Keywords: dept.his; ⛔ No DOI found

Out of Africa - Feinberg, H.M.; Solodow, J.B. (Journal of African History, 2002)
This article traces the origins of the familiar quotation, 'there is always something new coming out of Africa'. It demonstrates that the phrase was a proverb that originated in Greece no later than the fourth century BC. It charts the transmission of the phrase from Aristotle to the twentieth century, noting that Erasmus is the most important link in the Renaissance and that he may be responsible for the current form in which the phrase is used. The article also shows that the meaning of the phrase was very different in ancient times from what it is today. Whereas 'something new' to Aristotle meant strange hybrid animals, current writers use the phrase with a sense of admiration.
Keywords: Africa; Historiography; dept.his; dept.wll; history; perception; regional geography

Managing ball retrieval in skill practice situations - Webb, Daniel; Kozub, Francis M; Yang, Jinjin (Strategies, 2003)
Keywords: dept.hms

A focus group study of DES daughters: implications for health care providers. - Duke, Suzanne S; Mcgraw, Sarah A; Avis, Nancy E; Sherman, Amanda (Psycho-oncology, 2000)
A focus group study of women exposed to diethylstiibestrol (DES) in utero (DES daughters) was conducted to gain understanding about exposure to this drug from a patient perspective. Focus group participants reported that learning about their DES exposure was devastating; they experienced strains in their family relationships, emotional shock, a feeling that their health concerns were not appreciated by others and, to some degree, a sense of social isolation. Although many were aware of the need for special gynecological exams and high-risk prenatal care, they were frustrated by what they felt was a lack of reliable and clear information about the effects of DES exposure. Most expressed questions and anxiety about their health. Many found their communication with physicians about their DES exposure unsatisfying. They felt that physicians lacked information about the long-term health effects of DES exposure and as a result did not give them accurate information. Furthermore, they felt that physicians were dismissive of their concerns and often gave what they felt to be false reassurances. Consequently, the women developed an enduring distrust of the medical profession. The results of the study suggest implications for the delivery of health care to DES daughters. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: *Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/px [Psychology]; *Carcinogens/ae [Adverse Effects]; *Diethylstilbestrol/ae [Adverse Effects]; *Focus Groups; *Genitalia, Female/de [Drug Effects]; *Nuclear Family/px [Psychology]; *Stress, Psychological/et [Etiology]; Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Carcinogens; Diethylstilbestrol; Female; Focus Groups; Genitalia, Female; Human; Humans; Life Change Events; New York; Nuclear Family; Physician-Patient Relations; Self-Help Groups; Stress, Psychological; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; adenocarcinoma; adult; anxiety; article; awareness; clinical article; clinical research; dept.hms; diethylstilbestrol; doctor patient relation; drug exposure; emotional stress; female; health care delivery; health education; health promotion; human; life event; patient counseling; patient education; patient satisfaction; physician attitude; prenatal care; risk assessment; social isolation; vagina cancer

Exposure to diethylstilbestrol: design of a multilevel community intervention - Duke, Suzanne S.; McGraw, Sarah A.; Avis, Nancy E. (Health Promotion Practice, 2000)
The planning of community health education interventions aimed at multiple levels is complex and challenging. This challenge is increased when a primary audience is difficult to reach. Individuals who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) decades ago represent a difficult-to-reach audience because they are not always aware of their exposure or the health risks of their exposure. However, DES-exposed individuals need specific screening and health care. An intervention was developed to increase awareness about DES in Nassau County, New York to address this concern. The Precede-Proceed Model was used to develop distinct intervention strategies to reach the general public, which includes individuals who may not be aware that they were exposed; those who are aware of their exposure but may not be following recommended health care practices; and community physicians. Behavioral targets, determining factors, and intervention goals were identified for each group. Specific intervention strategies were planned and implemented for each target audience. Addressing three target audiences simultaneously may produce a synergistic effect, enhancing program impact. © 2000, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: dept.hms; peer-reviewed

The Kyrgyz Republic's Liminal Media: assessing a journalistic rite of passage - Manzella, Joseph C; Yacher, Leon (Journalism Studies, 2005)
In the Western world, the Kyrgyz Republic has been depicted as a democratic success story. Indeed, unlike other Central Asia nation states, the Kyrgyz media appears on the surface relatively free. This paper examines the Kyrgyz press in the context of journalistic ideologies, and suggests that the republic's media is going through an important transitional phase, the central stage of a journalistic rite of passage. Part of that transitional process is an ongoing ideological tug-of-war that awaits resolution. It is suggested that such resolution may occur only when the press becomes economically self-sustaining. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Keywords: Journalistic Ideologies; Kyrgyz Media; Rite of Passage; dept.egm

Citrate-mediated increase in the uptake of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1-dichloroethylene residues by plants - White, Jason C; Kottler, Bennett D (Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2002)
Experiments were conducted to determine the ability of citrate to enhance the plant uptake of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1-dichloroethylene (p, p′-DDE) from soil. Plots containing three rows of clover, mustard, hairy vetch, or rye grass were constructed in soils containing p, p′-DDE. On 11 occasions, the rows of each crop received water or sodium citrate (0.005 or 0.05 M). For each crop, there were significant reductions in p, p′-DDE concentration in the soil fractions (near root and rhizosphere) closely associated with the plant versus bulk soil. The roots of each crop accumulated 2 to 5 times more of the weathered contaminant (dry wt) than present in the bulk soil. Citrate (0.05 M) increased the concentration of p, p′-DDE in the roots of clover, mustard, and hairy vetch by 39% compared with vegetation that received water. In batch desorption studies, the release of weathered p, p′-DDE was significantly greater in the presence of 0.05 M citrate than in water. Citrate increased the extracted aqueous concentrations of five metal ions (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mn) from soil by five- to 23-fold over distilled water. We hypothesize that citrate physically disrupts the soil through chelation of structural metal ions and release of bound humic material, facilitating p, p′-DDE availability and uptake by plants.
Keywords: 1,1 dichloro 2,2 bis(4 chlorophenyl)ethylene; Bioavailability; Biodegradation, Environmental; Brassica; Chelating Agents; Chelation; Citric Acid; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; Drug Interactions; Extraction; Humic Substances; Impurities; Insecticides; Ions; Metals; Organic compounds; Phytoremediation; Plants; Plants (botany); Secale cereale; Sequestration; Soil Pollutants; Soil fractions; Soil pollution; Tissue Distribution; Trifolium; Vegetation; Vicia; Vicia villosa; Water; aluminum; aqueous solution; article; bioavailability; biological uptake; bioremediation; calcium; chelation; citric acid; clover; concentration (parameters); dept.egm; desorption; iron; manganese; metal ion; nonhuman; phytoremediation; plant; plant root; potassium; priority journal; rhizosphere; rye; soil pollution; water

Influence of soil moisture on the sequestration of organic compounds in soil. - Kottler, Bennett D.; White, Jason C.; Kelsey, Jason W. (Chemosphere, 2001)
A study was conducted as a part of continuing investigation of the effect of soil moisture on the sequestration of organic compounds aged in the soil. Here, experiments focused on the effects of moisture changes within the soil before, during, and after contaminant addition. The extractability of aged (68 d) phenanthrene was greater from soil that had been subjected to wetting and drying cycles prior to solute addition as compared to soil initially maintained at constant moisture. The recovery of phenanthrene added to moist soil was increased relative to extractability from soil that was air-dried at the time of the contaminant addition. Repeated wetting and drying of soil after the addition of atrazine or phenanthrene resulted in decreased extractability of the compounds as compared to samples maintained at constant moisture. A method for rapidly sequestering contaminants is proposed and may be useful in limiting the time required for laboratory studies involving "aged" contaminants. These data build upon the findings of earlier work from our laboratory and indicate that changes in the moisture conditions of soil can affect the availability of sequestered contaminants possibly through alterations in the structure of the natural solid. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Keywords: Aging; Atrazine; Bioavailability; Biological Availability; Extraction; Organic Chemicals; Phenanthrene; Phenanthrenes; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Water; article; atrazine; bioavailability; chemical structure; dept.egm; extraction; leaching; moisture; organic compound; phenanthrene; phenanthrene derivative; soil moisture; soil pollution; solid state; wetting-drying cycle

Lessons in managed destination competitiveness: the case of Foxwoods casino resort. - d'Hauteserre, Anne-Marie (Tourism Management, 2000)
Foxwoods, which started as a Binge gaming facility, has become the largest casino in the western world. It is one of the most competitive tourist destinations in the world and can teach a few lessons about managing competitiveness. The visionary entrepreneurial activity, strategic management decisions of its owners and the Mashantucket Pequots are the reasons for its existence and its success, not some circumstantial fluke. The Pequots understood the destination's potential initial advantage. They then sought to avoid that Foxwoods casino and resort slip into McGambling or wither in the face of increasing competition for the entertainment/leisure dollar in the eastern United States by modifying its market positioning. They are now nudging it toward a broadly diversified base of entertainment. All along they empowered their employees to support their clear mission for the resort. Part of their strategy is to transform southeastern Connecticut into a synergistic tourist destination for their and the region's benefit. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Competitiveness; Connecticut; Foxwoods; Gam(bl)ing; Strategic planning; Tourist destination; United States; competitiveness; dept.egm; gambling; management practice; recreational activity; tourism economics

An American perspective on equal educational opportunities - Russo, C; Perkins, B (Perspectives in Education, 2004)
The United States Supreme Court ushered in a new era in American history on May 17, 1954 in its monumental ruling in Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas. Brown is not only the Court's most significant decision on race and equal educational opportunities, but also ranks among the most important cases it has ever decided. In Brown a unanimous Court struck down the pernicious doctrine of “separate but equal” in holding that the de jure segregation of students in public schools on the basis of race deprived minority children of equal educational opportunities in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In addition to its impact on school desegregation, Brown has been the catalyst for revolutionary change influencing just about every facet of American society. Given the breadth of changes that it spawned, this article briefly reviews the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown before turning to the two most important educational areas where it has been the key, namely special education and sexual harassment.
Keywords: dept.eng; ⛔ No DOI found

Professional sovereignty revisited: The Network Transformation of American Medicine?. - Savage, Deborah A (Journal of health politics, policy and law, 2004)
Keywords: *Hierarchy, Social; *Professional Autonomy; *Social Change/hi [History]; *Sociology, Medical/hi [History]; Education, Medical; Education, Medical/hi [History]; Health Policy; Health Policy/hi [History]; Hierarchy, Social; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; Power (Psychology); Power, Psychological; Professional Autonomy; Professional Corporations; Professional Corporations/hi [History]; Social Change; Sociology, Medical; Sociology, Medical/ec [Economics]; United States; dept.eco; health care organization; health care planning; health care system; health economics; history of medicine; hospital; medical decision making; medical education; medical practice; medical profession; medical society; medical technology; politics; review; social evolution; social interaction; social structure

Monetary policy, composite leading economic indicators and predicting the 2001 recession - Mostaghimi, M (Journal of Forecasting, 2004)
On 26 November 2001, the National Bureau of Economic Research announced that the US economy had officially entered into a recession in March 2001. This decision was a surprise and did not end all the conflicting opinions expressed by economists. This matter was finally settled in July 2002 after a revision to the 2001 real gross domestic product showed negative growth rates for its first three quarters. A series of political and economic events in the years 2000-01 have increased the amount of uncertainty in the state of the economy, which in turn has resulted in the production of less reliable economic indicators and forecasts. This paper evaluates the performance of two very reliable methodologies for predicting a downturn in the US economy using composite leading economic indicators (CLI) for the years 2000-01. It explores the impact of the monetary policy on CLI and on the overall economy and shows how the gradualness and uncertainty of this impact on the overall economy have affected the forecasts of these methodologies. It suggests that the overexposure of the CLI to the monetary policy tools and a strong, but less effective, expansionary money policy have been the major factors in deteriorating the predictions of these methodologies. To improve these forecasts, it has explored the inclusion of the CLI diffusion index as a prior in the Bayesian methodology. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Bayesian probability forecasting; Classical statistical decision theory; Composite leading indicators; Composite leading indicators (CLI); Composite leading indicators diffusion index; Diffusion index; Geochronology; Industrial economics; Information theory; Monetary policy; Predicting recessions; Probability; Public policy; Quality control; Set theory; Statistical methods; US economy; Us economy; dept.eco; dept.fin

Orange county bankruptcy: financial contagion in the municipal bond and bank equity markets - Halstead, John M; Hegde, Shantaram P; Klein, Linda S (The Financial Review, 2004)
We examine the spillover wealth effects of the Orange County, California bankruptcy announcement in December 1994 on municipal bonds, municipal bond funds, and bank stocks. This bankruptcy is prominent because of unprecedented losses and because it was caused by a highly leveraged derivatives strategy rather than a shortage of tax revenues and excess spending. We find contagion in the bond market with significantly negative abnormal returns for municipal bond funds without direct exposure to Orange County and for non-Orange County municipal bonds. In addition, our findings suggest the contagion spills over to the common stocks of investment and commercial banks that deal in or use derivatives; however, the equities of banks unexposed to derivatives are not affected. © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Keywords: Bank equity; Contagion; Derivatives; Fixed income; G2/H3/K2; Municipal financing; dept.eco; dept.fin

Currency substitution: evidence from latin america - Prock, Jerry; Soydemir, Gokce; Abugri, Benjamin A (Journal of Policy Modeling, 2003)
Currency substitution represents a shift from domestic currency to foreign currency and is often related to times of high and variable inflation. In this paper, we investigate the extent of currency substitution in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico using a vector error correction (VEC) model. We empirically test this hypothesis by introducing artificial shocks to the system of equations and find that M1 response to a one standard deviation increase in that country's interest rate is negative and significant for Argentina and Brazil but not for Mexico. An artificially introduced one standard deviation increase in nominal exchange rate results in a statistically significant increase in M1 in Argentina and Brazil but again not for Mexico. Based on the patterns of the impulse response functions (IRFs) and the magnitude of the coefficients, we conclude that currency substitution occurs to a greater extent in Argentina and Brazil than Mexico. This is reflective of the implementation of relatively more credible macroeconomic policies in Mexico after the December 1994 crisis. Thus from a policymaking perspective, it is important to consider that the greater the degree of currency substitution, the more sensitive a country's monetary aggregates are to sudden movements in exchange rates, productivity and interest rates. (C) 2003 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Currency; Latin America; Substitution; VEC; dept.eco; dept.fin

In-class simulations of the iterated prisoner's dilemma game - Bodo, Peter (Journal of Economic Education, 2002)
The author developed a simple computer program for the in-class simulation of the repeated prisoner's dilemma game with student-designed strategies. He describes the basic features of the software and presents two examples for the use of the program in teaching the problems of cooperation among profit-maximizing agents.
Keywords: Computer simulation; Experiments; Prisoner's dilemma; Repeated games; dept.eco; dept.fin

Exchange rate adjustment in partially liberalized economy - Grubacic, Sanja (Economics of Planning, 2002)
This paper develops a model of exchange rate determination in partially liberalized post-socialist economy that operates under soft budget constraints in nontradable sectors. The model captures the factors that determine the evolution of a country's external balance during the initial phase of economic liberalization. Three types of disturbances are the center of analysis: liberalization of trade and foreign exchange regime, devaluation, and price liberalization. We show that the real exchange rate appreciation may either improve or worsen the trade balance depending on the sources of this appreciation. Thus, we argue that the real exchange rate cannot reflect true country's competitiveness unless all sectors are equally exposed to hard budget constraints. The model implications are further analyzed through the empirical evidence on the relationship between the real exchange rate and trade balance in three selected East European countries.
Keywords: Europe; Exchange rate; External balance; Liberalization; Post-socialist economy; Soft budget constraint; balance of trade; competitiveness; dept.eco; dept.fin; exchange rate; external balance; liberalization; post-socialist economy; real exchange rate; soft budget constraint

Information collection strategic design in experts-assisted decision making paradigm - Mostaghimi, Mehdi (Group Decision and Negotiation, 2001)
In an experts-assisted decision making paradigm, the information collection design becomes a strategic variable under a weak assumption that the final decision is dependent on the design used to collect information as well. As a result, the same information of the experts and the decision maker about the problem can potentially produce different final decisions for different information collection designs. The implication is that a decision maker can strategically select a design which serves his/her objective. This paper uses a Bayesian estimation methodology for combining experts' information with the decision maker's prior. An information collection process is designed by setting constraints on this model. Several designs are developed here using such controlled factors as a one-stage versus a two-stage decision process, experts' rank ordering, and group versus individual lobbying/consultation. An example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the concept. It is shown that the information produced in the process of producing a decision can also give insights into the impacts of the decision maker and the experts on the decision.
Keywords: Bayesian method; Experts-assisted decision making; Information theory; Reaching a consensus; dept.eco; dept.fin; experts-assisted decision making; information theory; reaching a consensus

Occurrence and dispersal of magmas in the jurassic ferrar large igneous province, antarctica - Elliot, David H; Fleming, Thomas H (Gondwana Research, 2004)
Tholeiitic rocks of the Ferrar Large Igneous Province (FLIP) occur in a linear belt from the Theron Mountains to Horn Bluff in the Transantarctic Mountains and extend into southeastern Australasia. The FLIP was emplaced during the initial stages of Gondwana break-up from a source suggested to be in the proto-Weddell Sea region. Magma transport from its source (Weddell triple junction) was controlled by an Early Jurassic zone of extension. The FLIP comprises the Dufek intrusion, Ferrar Dolerite sills and dykes (sheet intrusions), and extrusive rocks consisting of pyroclastic strata overlain by Kirkpatrick Basalt lavas. The Dufek intrusion occurs in deformed supracrustal rocks of the foldbelt along the paleo-Pacific Gondwana margin. A few sills were emplaced in basement rocks, but the majority of the sheet intrusions occur in flat-lying Devonian to Triassic Beacon strata. Only in the central Transantarctic Mountains (CTM) and south and north Victoria Land (SVL, NVL) are extrusive rocks preserved overlying Beacon strata. The greatest cumulative thicknesses of magmatic rocks (ca. 2 km) occur in areas where lavas are preserved (CTM and SVL). Sheet intrusions have complex relationships. Dyke swarms (sensu stricto) are unknown and dykes cutting basement rocks are uncommon. Nevertheless, these dykes, including a 30-m-wide dyke in SVL, suggest that some magmas locally migrated up through basement rocks. In CTM and NVL the outcrop belt has a width of about 160 km. Sills originally extended farther toward the plate margin but have been cut out by erosion and Cenozoic faulting, most clearly in CTM; geophysical data suggest extension under the East Antarctic ice sheet for at least 100 km. Although Early Jurassic extension is documented in CTM, major rift-bounding faults have not been observed. Models for magma emplacement include transport along the axis of the Transantarctic Mountains and off-axis transport from major rift-bounding faults. Contrasts in geochemistry between lavas of NVL (MgO=6-7%) and CTM (MgO=2-4%) and the presence of massive dolerite bodies (CTM, SVL) suggest discrete episodes and locations of magma emplacement, and that there was no long range interconnection along the mountain range in supracrustal rocks.
Keywords: Antarctica; Dispersal; Dyke; Ferrar; Gondwana; Jurassic; Magma; Sill; basement rock; continental breakup; dept.esc; emplacement; fold belt; large igneous province; magma; tholeiite

Colonization of a 'Lost world': encrustation patterns in modern subtropical brachiopod assemblages - Rodland, David L; Kowalewski, Michal; Carroll, Monica; Simoes, Marcello Guimaraes (Palaios, 2004)
The encrustation of Paleozoic rhynchonelliform brachiopods has been studied for decades, but modern brachiopods have not received similar scrutiny. The discovery of abundant subtropical brachiopods from the Southeast Brazilian Bight provides an unprecedented opportunity to assess epibiont abundance, diversity, and encrustation patterns in modern brachiopod assemblages. Across the outer shelf, encrustation frequencies vary among taxa, from mean values of 0.45% for Platidia to 9.3% for Argyrotheca. Encrustation frequencies for Bouchardia increase from 1.6% on the outer shelf to 84% on the inner shelf. Larger valves are encrusted more frequently, and epibionts preferentially colonize valve interiors. Increased encrustation on the inner shelf may reflect the greater surface areg of larger hosts, longer exposure of dead shells, water-mass characteristics, sedimentation rates, productivity, or other factors that vary with depth. Inner-shelf brachiopods exhibit encrustation frequencies comparable to those reported for epifaunal bivalves. The epibiont fauna is dominated by bryozoans and serpulids, with minor roles played by spirorbids, bivalves, barnacles, foraminifera, algae, and other taxa. Epibiont abundance at each site is highly variable, but sites are similar in rank importance of epibiont taxa. A different suite of epibionts colonized Paleozoic brachiopods, but similar patterns of encrustation have been observed, including preferential settlement according to valve morphology. These results provide a baseline for evaluating the encrustation of modern bivalves and ancient brachiopods, and may elucidate the macroevolutionary history of epibionts and their relationship to their hosts. © 2004, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).
Keywords: Argyrotheca; Atlantic Ocean; Bivalvia; Bouchardia; Brachiopoda; Brazilian Shelf; Bryozoa; Foraminifera; Platidia; Thoracica; algae; brachiopod; continental shelf; dept.esc; encrustation; epibiont; species diversity

Abandoned underground storage tank location using fluxgate magnetic surveying: A case study - Van Biersel, Thomas P; Bristoll, Bill C; Taylor, Robert W; Rose, James (Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 2002)
In 1993, during the removal of a diesel and a gasoline underground storage tank at the municipal garage of the Village of Kohler, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, soil testing revealed environmental contamination at the site. A site investigation revealed the possibility of a second on-site source of petroleum contamination. Limited historical data and the present usage of structures within the suspected source area precluded the use of most invasive sampling methods and most geophysical techniques. A fluxgate magnetometer survey, followed by confirmatory excavation, was conducted at the site. The fluxgate magnetometer survey identified nine possible magnetic anomalies within the 18 × 25 m area. The subsequent excavation near the anomalies revealed the presence of five paired and two individual 2000 L underground storage tanks. The fluxgate magnetometer survey, although affected by the proximity of buildings, was able to detect the buried tanks within 3 m of the brick structures, using a 1.5 × 1.5 m sampling array.
Keywords: Contamination; Excavation; Fuel storage; Fuel tanks; Groundwater pollution; Kohler; Magnetometers; Soil testing; Underground storage tanks; United States; Wisconsin; anomaly; dept.esc; magnetic survey; petroleum; site investigation; soil pollution; storage tank; underground storage

Addressing students' social and emotional needs: the role of mental health teams in schools. - Haynes, Norris M (Journal of health & social policy, 2002)
Children in today's society face many stresses from a variety of sources that have a major impact on thier psychosocial adjustment and academic performance in school. These stressful events and thier consequences on the quality of life and academic success are particularly significant among low-income and ethnic minority students in American society. Many schools have adopted strategies to help students who are impacted by stressful life events to deal affectively with their problems in an attempt to reduce school failure and school dropout rates among these students. Most notable among these strategies are school-based mental health programs including the establishment of school-based mental health teams which seek to proactively address individual student concerns while improving the general climate of schools. The evidence seems to support the claim that these school-based services have a positive impact on students' social and emotional well-being as well as on their academic achievements. However, with more careful monitoring and much more consistent support from administrators and policy makers, these school-based approaches can more fully realize their potential to enhance the quality of life and to positively impact the future of many poor and ethnic minority students.
Keywords: *Mental Health Services/og [Organization & Administration]; *Patient Care Team; *School Health Services/og [Organization & Administration]; *Social Support; *Stress, Psychological/th [Therapy]; Adolescent; Child; Children's mental health; Female; Humans; Male; Minority mental health; School-based mental health; Social Problems; Social Work, Psychiatric; Social and emotional learning; Socialization; Student health; Teaching/mt [Methods]; United States; academic achievement; child; child care; dept.csp; emotional stability; ethnic group; health care need; human; life event; lowest income group; mental health; mental health service; policy; quality of life; review; school health service; social learning; social policy; social psychology; student; wellbeing

An approach to microCT image processing - Clark, Michael R; Daponte, John S; Sadowski, Thomas (2005)
In scientific imaging, it is crucial to obtain precise images to facilitate accurate observations for the given application. However, often times the imaging equipment used to acquire such images introduces error into the observed image. Therefore, there is a fundamental need to remove the error associated with these images in order to facilitate accurate observations. This study investigates the effectiveness of an image processing technique utilizing an iterative deconvolution algorithm to remove error from micro-CT images. This technique is applied to several sets of in-vivo micro CT scans of mice, and its effectiveness is evaluated by qualitative comparison of the resultant thresholded binary images to thresholded binary images produced by more conventional image processing techniques; namely Gaussian filtering and straight thresholding. Results for this study suggest that iterative deconvolution as a pre-processing step produces superior qualitative results as compared to the more conventional methods tested. The groundwork for future quantitative verification is motivated. ©2005 IEEE.
Keywords: Algorithms; Binary images; Biomedical engineering; Computerized tomography; Deconvolution algorithms; Errors; Image processing; Imaging systems; Iterative methods; Micro-CT image processing; Natural sciences computing; Scientific imaging; dept.csc

Visual enhancement of micro CT bone density images - Daponte, John S; Clark, Michael R; Damon, Megan; Kamins, Rebecca; Sadowski, Thomas; Tirrell, Charles (2005)
The primary goal of this research was to provide image processing support to aid in the identification of those subjects most affected by bone loss when exposed to weightlessness and provide insight into the causes for large variability. Past research has demonstrated that genetically distinct strains of mice exhibit different degrees of bone loss when subjected to simulated weightlessness. Bone loss is quantified by in vivo computed tomography (CT) imaging. The first step in evaluating bone density is to segment gray scale images into separate regions of bone and background. Two of the most common methods for implementing image segmentation are thresholding and edge detection. Thresholding is generally considered the simplest segmentation process which can be obtained by having a user visually select a threshold using a sliding scale. This is a highly subjective process with great potential for variation from one observer to another. One way to reduce inter-observer variability is to have several users independently set the threshold and average their results but this is a very time consuming process. A better approach is to apply an objective adaptive technique such as the Riddler / Calvard method. In our study we have concluded that thresholding was better than edge detection and pre-processing these images with an iterative deconvolution algorithm prior to adaptive thresholding yields superior visualization when compared with images that have not been pre-processed or images that have been pre-processed with a filter.
Keywords: Adaptive technique; Algorithms; Bone; Bone density; Bone loss; Computerized tomography; Edge detection; Gray scale images; Image analysis; Image enhancement; Image segmentation; Medical imaging; Visualization; dept.csc

On the relationship between packet size and router performance for heavy-tailed traffic - Antonios, Imad; Lipsky, Lester (2004)
The problem of characterizing the relationship between packet size and network delay has received little attention in the field. Research in that area has been limited to either simulation studies or empirical observations that are detached from analytic traffic modeling. From a queueing viewpoint, it is simple to show that these three variables are inter-related, which necessitates a more careful study. We present a traffic model of a router fed by ON/OFF-type sources with heavy-tailed burst sizes. The traffic model considered is consistent with the evidence that Web traffic is heavy-tailed. The analysis cases that are considered establish a quantitative characterization of the complex relationship among packet payload and header sizes, traffic burstiness, and router queueing delay. © 2004 IEEE.
Keywords: Automatic teller machines; Computer simulation; Local area networks; Mathematical models; Packet networks; Packet payloads; Poisson distribution; Queueing delay; Queueing networks; Queueing theory; Routers; Telecommunication traffic; Traffic models; Web traffic; World Wide Web; dept.csc

Genetic algorithm for network cost minimization using threshold based discounting - Podnar, Hrvoje; Skorinkapov, Jadranka (Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 2003)
We present a genetic algorithm for heuristically solving a cost minimization problem applied to communication networks with threshold based discounting. The network model assumes that every two nodes can communicate and offers incentives to combine flow from different sources. Namely, there is a prescribed threshold on every link, and if the total flow on a link is greater than the threshold, the cost of this flow is discounted by a factor α. A heuristic algorithm based on genetic strategy is developed and applied to a benchmark set of problems. The results are compared with former branch and bound results using the CPLEX® solver. For larger data instances we were able to obtain improved solutions using less CPU time, confirming the effectiveness of our heuristic approach. Copyright© 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Keywords: Genetic algorithm; Mixed integer programming; Network design; Threshold based discounting; dept.csc

Tracking remotely sensed cloud images in time and space - Daponte, John S; Vitale, Joseph N; Parikh, Jo Ann; Tselioudis, George (2001)
Temporal and spatial analysis was applied to a sequence of cloud top pressure (CTP) images and cloud optical thickness (TAU) images, and a storm tracking algorithm was proposed. A sequence of storm tracks from the satellite images was developed from the satellite images. Composite images were created by projecting ahead in time and substituting the first valid pixel for missing data, and a variety of CTP and TAU cut-off values were used to identify regions of interest. The region correspondences were determined from one time frame to another which yielded the storm center coordinates. The obtained tracks were compared to the storm tracks computed from sea level pressure data by matching the results first in time and then in spatial distance.
Keywords: Algorithms; Climatology; Cloud top pressures (CTP); Clouds; Correspondence problem; Data reduction; Image analysis; Mathematical models; Radar tracking; Remote sensing; Satellite images; Sea level; Storm tracks; Storms; Temporal and spatial analysis; Weather forecasting; Weather satellites; dept.csc

Comparison of a geometric-based and an evolutionary technique for tracking storm systems - Parikh, Jo Ann; DaPonte, John S.; Vitale, Joseph N.; Tselioudis, George (Applications and Science of Computational Intelligence III, 2000)
The objective of this study is to compare geometric-based and evolutionary techniques for tracking storm systems from sequences of satellite images. Analysis was applied to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project low resolution D1 database for selected storm systems during the month of September, 1988. During this time period there were two exceptionally long tracks of major hurricane systems, Hurricanes Gilbert and Helene. Cloud top pressure and cloud optical thickness were used to identify storm systems. The ability of the geometric-based and evolutionary techniques to generate tracks through storm regions was assessed. Differences in final tracking results between the two techniques resulted not only from the differences in methodology but also form differences in the type of preprocessed input used by each of the techniques. Tracking results were compared to results disseminated by the Colorado State/Tropical Prediction Center and maintained by the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. For the hurricanes investigated in this study, both techniques were able to generate tracks which followed either most or some of the portions of the hurricanes. The evolutionary algorithm was in general able to maintain good continuity along the tracks but, with no knowledge of overall region movement, was unable to discern which of two possible directions would be best to pursue in cases where there were tow or more equally close storm systems components. The geometric method was able to maintain a smooth track close to the course of the hurricane except for confusion primarily at the beginning and/or end of tracks.
Keywords: Algorithms; Computational geometry; Database systems; Evolutionary computation; Image analysis; Satellite image processing; Satellites; Storm tracking; Storms; dept.csc

Switching theory approach to alarm correlation in network management - Aboelela, E; Douligeris, Christos (IEEE, 2000)
Several working or experimental management systems use expert systems techniques for fault management purposes. Although the effort in the area is still growing, most of the expert fault management systems developed were built in an ad-hoc and unstructured basis simply transferring the knowledge of the human expert into an automated system. However, to meet future challenges, a theoretical foundation for fault management must be established aiming to bridge the gap between the working systems and research, and to provide a general structured model easily expandable to future networks. In this paper an algorithm is proposed to simplify the set of clustered alarms. This algorithm is based on the techniques widely used in the Logic Design field to simplify switching functions. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed and the results are compared to those of a traditional algorithm.
Keywords: Alarm correlations; Algorithms; Correlation theory; Expert systems; Network management; Switching theory; Telecommunication networks; dept.csc

Field-by-field evaluation of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography interpretative skills - Griffin, Michael J; Edwards, Bruce; Judd, Jon; Workman, Robert; Rafferty, T (Physiological Measurement, 2000)
A quality assurance system is essential for the credibility and structured growth of anaesthesiology-based transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) programmes. We have developed software (Q/A Kappa), involving a 400- line source code, capable of directly reporting kappa correlation coefficient values, using external reviewer interpretations as the 'gold standard', and thereby allowing systematic assessment of the validity of intraoperative echocardiographic interpretation. This paper presents assessment of the validity of 240 intraoperative anaesthesiologists' echocardiographic interpretations, and, in addition, the results of field testing of this prototypical software. Data, derived from consecutive cardiac surgery patients, consisted of standardized two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiographic, colour flow and Doppler imaging sequences. Intraoperative and off-line 'gold standard' TEE interpretations were compared for 19 fields or variables using the Q/A Kappa program. The kappa correlation coefficients were highly variable and dependent on the examination field, ranging from 0.08 for apical regional wall motion scores to 1.00 for tricuspid regurgitation grade, left atrial measurement, aortic valve anatomy and left ventricular long axis and short axis global function. The correlation coefficients were also operator dependent. These data (480 interpretations) were also manually integrated into the equation required for calculation of values of the variable kappa correlation coefficient. The relationship between Q/A Kappa-derived values and manually calculated values was highly significant (p < 0.001; r = 1.0). The implications and possible explanations of the results for particular examination fields are discussed. This study also demonstrates successful seamless functioning of this software program from data entry, segmentation into tables and valid statistical analysis. These findings suggest that it is practical to provide sophisticated continuous quality improvement TEE data on a routine basis.
Keywords: Cardiovascular surgery; Coefficient values; Correlation coefficient; Echocardiography; Field-by-field evaluation; Gold standards; Intra-operative; Intraoperative; Kappa correlation; Line sources; Quality assurance; Quality assurance systems; Quality control; Software testing; Source codes; Transesophageal echocardiographies; Transoesophageal echocardiography; article; competence; controlled study; correlation function; dept.csc; heart surgery; human; intraoperative period; major clinical study; priority journal; quality control; transesophageal echocardiography

Evidence-based practice among speech-language pathologists: attitudes, utilization, and barriers. - Zipoli, Richard P Jr; Kennedy, Marianne (American Journal of Speech-language Pathology, 2005)
A total of 240 speech-language pathologists responded to a questionnaire examining attitudes toward and use of research and evidence-based practice (EBP). Perceived barriers to EBP were also explored. Positive attitudes toward research and EBP were reported. Attitudes were predicted by exposure to research and EBP practice during graduate training and the clinical fellowship year (CFY). Clinical experience and opinions of colleagues were used to guide decision making more frequently than research studies or clinical practice guidelines. Only exposure to research and EBP during the CFY predicted use of evidence-based resources. Respondents reported a decline in exposure to research and EBP as they moved from graduate training into the CFY. A lack of time was perceived as a barrier to EBP.
Keywords: *Attitude of Health Personnel; *Data Collection/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data]; *Evidence-Based Medicine; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; *Speech-Language Pathology/st [Standards]; Clinical fellowship; Evidence-based practice; Humans; Practice issues; Research; Speech-Language Pathology/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data]; Speech-language pathology; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; dept.cmd

Educating and training caregivers of persons with aphasia - Purdy, Mary; Hindenlang, Jane (Aphasiology, 2005)
Background: Because communication deficits caused by aphasia affect both persons with aphasia and their communication partners, most speech-language pathologists are aware of the importance of client and caregiver education. To maximise the effectiveness of their communicative interactions, training should be conducted for both the aphasic clients and their caregivers. Training conducted in group environments offers peer support through shared learning experiences and joint problem solving. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the benefits of a caregiver education and training programme in improving communication between caregivers and their aphasic partners using didactic and experiential approaches in a group setting. Methods & procedures: Ten caregivers and their aphasic partners, ranging from 4 to 130 months post-stroke, participated in a 12-week group training and education programme. Information about stroke and aphasia was provided in a didactic format, and facilitative communication strategies were discussed and practised using Kolb's (1984) experiential learning cycle model. The experiential learning cycle involved drawing on concrete experiences, engaging in reflective observation and abstract conceptualisation, and practising what was learned through active experimentation. Outcomes & results: Analysis of communicative performance on transactional and interactional tasks demonstrated increased communicative success. Responses on a questionnaire indicated that participants had a better understanding of aphasia and were more confident using facilitating strategies. Conclusions: Group education and training for caregivers and their aphasic partners can be beneficial, even after the couple has been living with aphasia for a number of years. Having an opportunity to practise, observe, and reflect on their performances facilitated participants' learning, and there were observed and reported positive alterations in interactions. © 2005 Psychology Press Ltd.
Keywords: adult; aged; aphasia; article; caregiver; cerebrovascular accident; clinical article; cognition; dept.cmd; disease severity; education program; experience; female; group therapy; health education; human; information dissemination; interpersonal communication; learning; male; medical education; patient education; peer-reviewed; problem solving; questionnaire; self concept; social support; task performance

Perception and Production of Prosody by Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. - Paul, Rhea; Augustyn, Amy; Klin, Ami; Volkmar, Fred R (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2005)
Speakers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show difficulties in suprasegmental aspects of speech production, or prosody, those aspects of speech that accompany words and sentences and create what is commonly called "tone of voice." However, little is known about the perception of prosody, or about the specific aspects of prosodic production that result in the perception of "oddness." The present study examined the perception and production of a range of specific prosodic elements in an experimental protocol involving natural speech among speakers with ASD between 14 and 21 years of age, in comparison with a typical control group. Results revealed ceiling effects limiting interpretation of findings for some aspects of prosody. However, there were significant between-group differences in aspects of stress perception and production. The implications of these findings for understanding prosodic deficits is speakers with autism spectrum disorders, and for future research in this area, are discussed.
Keywords: *Autistic Disorder/co [Complications]; *Language Disorders/et [Etiology]; *Perceptual Disorders/et [Etiology]; *Phonetics; *Speech Disorders/et [Etiology]; *Speech Perception; Adolescent; Adult; Autism; Autistic Disorder; Humans; Language; Language Disorders; Language Disorders/di [Diagnosis]; Language Tests; Male; Perceptual Disorders; Perceptual Disorders/di [Diagnosis]; Phonetics; Prosody; Speech Discrimination Tests; Speech Disorders; Speech Disorders/di [Diagnosis]; Speech Perception; Speech Production Measurement; article; autism; child; clinical article; clinical protocol; controlled study; correlation analysis; dept.cmd; human; intelligence quotient; intermethod comparison; language; medical assessment; peer-reviewed; perception; priority journal; prosody; reliability; scoring system; speech; speech disorder; statistical significance; stress; task performance

Communication quality indicators: A survey of connecticut group home managers - Desimone, Evelyn A; Cascella, Paul W (Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 2005)
Thirty-one Connecticut group home managers responded to a 23-statement survey adapted from the Communications Supports Checklist for Programs Serving Individuals with Severe Disabilities (CSC; McCarthy et al., 1998, Paul H. Brookes, Baltimore, MD.). Results indicated that group home managers had very favorable opinions about the implementation of communication quality indicators in their group homes, and the degree of a resident's intellectual disability was not a factor in communication supports implementation. Three communication quality indicators were rated especially high: program philosophy, protection of communication rights, and assessment. Environmental support for communication was rated less favorably. Follow-up interviews with seven group home managers found that they especially valued direct care staff who understood a resident's idiosyncratic communication (e.g., response sensitivity). Managers also relied on team process for referral for ongoing speech-language consultation. Results from the surveys and interviews indicated that augmentative communication applications occurred less often than other quality communication indicators.
Keywords: Communication supports; Group home; Severe disabilities; dept.cmd; peer-reviewed

Gin (gaps-in-noise) test performance in subjects with confirmed central auditory nervous system involvement - Musiek, Frank E; Shinn, Jennifer B; Jirsa, Robert E; Bamiou, Doriseva; Baran, Jane A; Zaida, Elena (Ear and Hearing, 2005)
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the value of a new gap detection procedure called Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) for assessment of temporal resolution in a clinical population. DESIGN: The test consists of 0 to 3 silent intervals ranging from 2 to 20 msec embedded in 6-sec segments of white noise. The location, number, and duration of the gaps per noise segment vary throughout the test for a total of 60 gaps presented in each of four lists. The GIN procedure was administered to 50 normal-hearing listeners (group I) and 18 subjects with confirmed neurological involvement of the central auditory nervous system (group II). RESULTS: Results showed mean approximated gap detection thresholds of 4.8 msec for the left ear and 4.9 msec for the right ear for group I. In comparison, results for group II demonstrated a statistically significant increase in gap detection thresholds, with approximated thresholds of 7.8 msec and 8.5 msec being noted for the left and right ears, respectively. Significant mean differences were also observed in the overall performance scores (i.e., the identification of the presence of the gaps within the noise segments) of the two groups of subjects. Finally, psychometric functions, although similar for short and long duration gaps, were highly different for gaps in the 4- to 10-msec range for the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of psychoacoustic procedures are available to assess temporal resolution; however, the clinical use of these procedures is minimal at best. Results of the present study show that the GIN test holds promise as a clinically useful tool in the assessment of temporal resolution in the clinical arena. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aneurysm; Auditory Diseases, Central; Auditory Threshold; Case-Control Studies; Cerebrovascular Accident; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Noise; Perceptual Masking; Reaction Time; Reproducibility of Results; Stroke; adolescent; adrenoleukodystrophy; adult; article; auditory nervous system; brain artery aneurysm; clinical article; controlled study; dept.cmd; false positive result; female; gaps in noise test; hearing; hemispheric dominance; human; learning disorder; male; noise; pitch; psychometry; psychophysics; pure tone audiometry; receiver operating characteristic; stroke; temporal summation; test retest reliability; white noise

Brief Report: Relations between Prosodic Performance and Communication and Socialization Ratings in High Functioning Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. - Paul, Rhea; Shriberg, Lawrence; McSweeny, Jane; Cicchetti, Domenic; Klin, Ami; Volkmar, Fred (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2005)
Shriberg et al. [ Shriberg, L. et al. (2001). Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 44, 1097-1115] described prosody-voice features of 30 high functioning speakers with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to age-matched control speakers. The present study reports additional information on the speakers with ASD, including associations among prosody-voice variables and ratings of communication social abilities. Results suggest that the inappropriate sentential stress and hypernasality previously identified in some of these speakers is related to communication/sociability ratings. These findings and associated trends are interpreted to indicate important links between prosodic performance and social and communicative competence. They suggest the need for careful assessment of inappropriate prosody and voice features in speakers with ASD, and for effective intervention programs aimed at reducing the stigmatization of individuals with these conditions., (C) Plenum Publishing Corporation 2005. All Rights Reserved.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Asperger syndrome; Autism; Autistic Disorder; Communication; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prosody; Severity of Illness Index; Socialization; Speech; Speech Production Measurement; Voice Quality; adolescent; adult; article; autism; child; clinical article; communication; communication skill; controlled study; dept.cmd; female; hospitalization; human; human experiment; interpersonal communication; linguistics; male; middle aged; nasal speech; peer-reviewed; priority journal; prosody; social adaptation; social psychology; socialization; speech; speech analysis; speech disorder; verbal communication; voice

Discharge Practices in the University Clinical Setting - McNamara, Kevin M.; Hindenlang, Jane; Cascella, Paul W. (Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 2004)
This study investigated the degree to which clinic directors rated the influence of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) discharge criteria and organizational factors on client discharge in the university setting. Results found that university clinic directors regarded ASHA's client-centered criteria to more strongly influence client discharge practices than did organizational factors. In fact, organizational factors (e.e., fee structure, resources, scheduling, disorder characteristics) were revealed to have little to no influence on discharge practices. Results have implications for the pre-professional education of student clinicians in the university clinic and how student clinicians are oriented to discharge practices across a variety of clinical settings.
Keywords: dept.cmd

Pediatricians' opinions about otitis media and speech-language-hearing development - Sonnenschein, Esther; Cascella, Paul W (Journal of Communication Disorders, 2004)
Twenty-five pediatricians responded to a confidential survey about their opinions on the relationship between otitis media and children's speech-language-hearing status. Results found that pediatricians did not necessarily agree that otitis media has an impact on speech-language-hearing development. Pediatricians reported that an early otitis media onset (birth to age 2) affects speech-language development, but they also reported that parents and daycare environments could mitigate any otitis media effect. Pediatricians reported a possible otitis media impact on hearing status, but they did not necessarily agree that an otitis media history required referral for audiological testing. Clinical implications are discussed for collaboration among pediatricians, speech-language pathologists, and audiologists. Learning outcomes: (1) The reader will become familiar with pediatricians' opinions about the impact of otitis media on speech-language development. (2) The reader will become familiar with strategies to support interdisciplinary collaboration between pediatricians, speech-language pathologists, and audiologists. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: *Attitude to Health; *Hearing Disorders/ep [Epidemiology]; *Language Disorders/ep [Epidemiology]; *Otitis Media/ep [Epidemiology]; *Pediatrics; *Speech Disorders/ep [Epidemiology]; Child; Humans; Medical practices; Otitis media; Pediatricians; Speech-language development; dept.cmd; health survey; hearing; human; language development; medical practice; otitis media; pediatrician; questionnaire; review; speech development; thinking

Receptive communication abilities among adults with significant intellectual disability - Cascella, Paul W (Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 2004)
This study measured the receptive communication skills of 14 adults with significant intellectual disability living in community group homes in Connecticut. Group home staff members rated the 14 participants using it 14-item rating scale sensitive to the adult living situation. These individuals appeared to have relatively stronger skills for comprehension of single-step in-context directions and the ability to recognise that particular tangible objects represented certain daily routines. These individuals were relatively, weak in identifying,familiar people in photographs and common objects in magazines. Among these participants, persons with profound intellectual disability mere rated to hate lower receptive communication skills than persons with severe intellectual disability. Clinical implications are discussed for human service providers and education professionals.
Keywords: Down syndrome; adult; anxiety disorder; article; clinical article; depression; dept.cmd; developmental disorder; disability; disease severity; female; hearing loss; human; interpersonal communication; male; mental disease; psychosis; scoring system; seizure