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This paper analyzes the concept of think tanks and concludes that think tanks have three basic characteristics. Firstly, they are based on academic research, relatively independent operation, and aim to serve scientific decision-making. Taking Ivy League think tanks as an example, this paper provides a preliminary discussion of ways for think tanks to maintain the scientific nature of their research, maintain the independence of their operations, and disseminate research results to enhance their influence. It covers institutional mission, research team construction, institutional governance, fundraising, achievements and activities, and alumni networks. This paper proposes a framework of university think tank generation paths associated with the essential characteristics of think tanks. The paper points out that, as a research consulting organization grown out of universities, university think tanks must maintain the scientific nature and independence of research while providing support and services for decision-making. Only in this way can they truly serve scientific and democratic decision-making, gain the trust of the public and have a real lasting influence.

Several proposals for moral enhancement would use AI to augment (auxiliary enhancement) or even supplant (exhaustive enhancement) human moral reasoning or judgment. Exhaustive enhancement proposals conceive AI as some self-contained oracle whose superiority to our own moral abilities is manifest in its ability to reliably deliver the ‘right’ answers to all our moral problems. We think this is a mistaken way to frame the project, as it presumes that we already know many things that we are still in the process of working out, and reflecting on this fact reveals challenges even for auxiliary proposals that eschew the oracular approach. We argue there is nonetheless a substantial role that ‘AI mentors’ could play in our moral education and training. Expanding on the idea of an AI Socratic Interlocutor, we propose a modular system of multiple AI interlocutors with their own distinct points of view reflecting their training in a diversity of concrete wisdom traditions. This approach minimizes any risk of moral disengagement, while the existence of multiple modules from a diversity of traditions ensures pluralism is preserved. We conclude with reflections on how all this relates to the broader notion of moral transcendence implicated in the project of AI moral enhancement, contending it is precisely the whole concrete socio-technical system of moral engagement that we need to model if we are to pursue moral enhancement.

Subcellular localization of messenger RNA (mRNAs) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression, cell migration as well as in cellular adaptation. Experiment techniques for pinpointing the subcellular localization of mRNAs are laborious, time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, in silico approaches for this purpose are attaining great attention in the RNA community.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis is widely believed to be associated with the production and deposition of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) which are composed of a highly-phosphorylated form of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Based on the above hypothesis, there are currently no sufficiently effective technologies and drugs for early detection and treatment of AD. Even the most promising new drug Lecanemab that is based on an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody therapy, has only partially slowed down the cognitive performance of patients with mild impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease. The main symptoms of AD brain tissue lesions in patients are the deposition of β-amyloid peptide and the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which aggregates the microtubule structure of neurons. Therefore, Aβ deposition and hyperphosphorylation of Tau are important pathological biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the main targets of research for AD prevention, detection and pharmaceuticals are still Aβ and Tau protein. The aim of this study was to detect the changes of Aβ and Tau proteins in the mouse brain tissue with AD and control samples using Visible Resonance Raman (VRR) spectroscopic technology. An attempt was made to develop criteria for the detection of early AD lesions by optical spectroscopy technology. The VRR spectra of AD, the control mouse brain tissues, and Aβ and Tau proteins were recorded and analyzed. The AD and the control mouse brain tissue samples were selected from the thalamus, frontal lobe cortex and hippocampus brain areas. VRR technology with high spatial resolution and the resonance-enhanced features of certain protein molecules is first used in this study to detect and characterize the changes of Aβ and Tau proteins in AD mouse brain model. The optical spectroscopy biomarkers of AD and Control brain tissue were identified in fingerprint and the high-wavenumber regions. The Raman spectra of the secondary structure of protein in amide (I-II-III-B-A) are detected and analyzed. The results indicate that the intensity of Amide I decreased at the 1666 cm^-1 corresponding to the β-sheet structure, and the intensity of the amide III bands (1220- 1320 cm^-1) increased in all AD brain tissues. It was also observed that the Raman peaks of 1448 and 980 cm^-1 related to the abundance of proline, serine, and threonine at tau phosphorylation sites were significantly enhanced in the frontal lobe cortex and hippocampus of AD brain tissues. The intensity ratio biomarker of high phosphorylation in the high wavenumber range from 2898 to 2932 cm-1 increased in all AD brain tissues. Changes of protein secondary conformation and abnormally phosphorylated tau or tauopathies were observed. In summary, VRR is a sensitive tool for characterizing protein structural changes and monitoring the tau phosphorylation. It may potentially be used for early detection of AD.

Native fluorescence spectra of retinoic acid (RA)-treated and untreated human breast cancer cells were measured using selective wavelengths of 300 nm and 340 nm for excitation. The spectral data of the two types of cells were analyzed using machine learning algorithms for linear unmixing and classification which yielded high accuracy. The results show that the concentrations of the native fluorophores such as tryptophan, NADH and flavins in the human malignant breast cells change when they are treated with RA. The study shows the dual-wavelength fluorescence spectroscopy aided by machine learning has potential clinical applications in drug development and chemotherapeutic studies.

There is still a lack of reliable intraoperative tools for glioma diagnosis and to guide the maximal safe resection of glioma. We report continuing work on the optical biopsy method to detect glioma grades and assess glioma boundaries intraoperatively using the VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer, which is based on the visible resonance Raman spectroscopy (VRR) technique. A total of 2220 VRR spectra were collected during surgeries from 63 unprocessed fresh glioma tissues using the VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer. After the VRR spectral analysis, we found differences in the native molecules in the fingerprint region and in the high-wavenumber region, and differences between normal (control) and different grades of glioma tissues. A principal component analysis–support vector machine (PCA-SVM) machine learning method was used to distinguish glioma tissues from normal tissues and different glioma grades. The accuracy in identifying glioma from normal tissue was over 80%, compared with the gold standard of histopathology reports of glioma. The VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer may be a new label-free, real-time optical molecular pathology tool aiding in the intraoperative detection of glioma and identification of tumor boundaries, thus helping to guide maximal safe glioma removal and adjacent healthy tissue preservation.

We report a measurement of cumulants and correlation functions of event-by-event proton multiplicity distributions from fixed-target Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 3 GeV measured by the STAR experiment. Protons are identified within the rapidity (y) and transverse momentum (pT) region −0.9<y<0 and 0.4<pT<2.0 GeV/c in the center-of-mass frame. A systematic analysis of the proton cumulants and correlation functions up to sixth order as well as the corresponding ratios as a function of the collision centrality, pT, and y are presented. The effect of pileup and initial volume fluctuations on these observables and the respective corrections are discussed in detail. The results are compared to calculations from the hadronic transport UrQMD model as well as a hydrodynamic model. In the most central 5% collisions, the value of proton cumulant ratio C4/C2 is negative, drastically different from the values observed in Au+Au collisions at higher energies. Compared to model calculations including lattice QCD, a hadronic transport model, and a hydrodynamic model, the strong suppression in the ratio of C4/C2 at 3 GeV Au+Au collisions indicates an energy regime dominated by hadronic interactions.

Capstone Handbook has been produced as a practical guide for students in the final year of their MSW program. It is intentionally designed to provide brief overviews of the lock-step approach to completing a capstone or thesis project and includes activities to help partialize the steps that will culminate in the completion of the capstone. It contains 30 chapters spanning two semesters with each chapter providing chapter objectives, an introduction, chapter content, a summary of the chapter, end of chapter exercises, references and ancillary material. An overview of all key concepts required in a typical capstone provides students with a practical resource to guide them through the process of creating capstone proposals and final products. Lastly, the eBook’s intent is to afford students with some structure for getting starting by providing a number of templates.

Libraries are adapting to the changing times by providing mobile services. One hundred fifty-one libraries were chosen based on circulation, with at least one library or library system from each state, to explore the diverse services provided to mobile users across the United States. According to the data, mobile apps, mobile reference services, mobile library catalogs, and mobile printing are among public libraries’ most-frequently offered services, as determined by mobile visits, content analysis, and librarian survey responses. Every library examined had at least one mobile website, mobile catalog, mobile app, or webpage adapted for a mobile device. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, services such as mobile renewal, subscriber database access, mobile reservations, and the ability to interact with a librarian were expanded to allow better communication with customers—all from the comfort and safety of their own homes. Libraries are continually looking for innovative methods to assist their mobile customers as the world changes.

Diabetes distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) is the most prevalent form of neuropathy in industrialized countries, substantially increasing risk for morbidity and pre-mature mortality. DSPN may manifest with small-fiber disease, large-fiber disease, or a combination of both. This review summarizes: (1) DSPN subtypes (small- and large-fiber disease) with attention to clinical signs and patient symptoms; and (2) technological diagnosis and screening for large- and small-fiber disease with inclusion of a comprehensive literature review of published studies from 2015-present (N = 66). Review findings, informed by the most up-to-date research, advance critical understanding of DSPN large- and small-fiber screening technologies, including those designed for point-of-care use in primary care and endocrinology practices.

Background:Moral distress has detrimental effects on nurses which impacts the entire healthcare cycle. Described as a crescendo effect, resolved situations of moral distress leave residue on the nurse with three potential outcomes: moral numbing, conscious objection to the situation, and burnout.Objective:This metaethnography strives to achieve a fuller understanding of moral distress by interpreting the body of qualitative work of moral distress in emergency and critical care nurses.Method:This study used the Noblit and Hare?s approach of interpretative synthesis. Ten studies met the criteria and were used in this synthesis.Ethical considerations:Ethical issues were minimal since no human subjects were involved. Ethical requirements were respected in all study phases.Results:The synthesis of qualitative research on moral distress resulted in one central theme, ?the battle within,? and five subthemes.Conclusions:The unique nature of this nursing specialty resulted in a lasting inner conflict for nurses that is consistent with the previously described crescendo effect. The effects are complex and long lasting and may potentially affect the nurses? future patient care.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide conceptual clarification of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in nurses. Background As an empathetic helping profession, nurses are at increased risk for STS. Interchangeable usage of related terms among multidisciplinary literature has resulted in lack of conceptual clarity resulting in conflation of terms. Conceptual clarity is necessary for a foundation for further research on treatment. Methods Rodgers' evolutionary model of concept analysis. Results Nurses are predisposed to STS due to exposure, empathy, bonding, and personal factors. Essential attributes were found to be posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms, biological symptoms, social symptoms, and psychological symptoms. Resultant consequences included an altered worldview, interpersonal difficulties, and decreased occupational commitment. Conclusion This concept analysis, the first focusing on STS, provides conceptual clarity and a concept map of STS within the nursing population.

本书将儿童,童年回忆和西班牙内战联系在一起,提出了"佛朗哥儿童"这个新概念.在童年研究和历史回忆研究的二元框架下,作者分析了"佛朗哥儿童"在西班牙20世纪后半叶至今的代表性文学影视作品,以此揭示出儿童在西班牙政治中的重要性,并呈现了西班牙近几十年来的历史和文化走向