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By 1965, Taiwan has changed from a labor surplus economy into a labor shortage economy. This article examines how rising demand for labor due lo rapid economic growth in Taiwan has been met since 1965. This article attempts to answer 1) Where did the labor supply come from? 2) Has all of the potential labor supply been tapped and exhausted? 3) Is it possible for labor shortage and unutilized labor reserve to occur simultaneously? The authors hope that this study will lead to a better understanding of the limitation of the free market mechanism and help identify the proper public policies to enhance labor utilization.

After surveying the evolution of the major methodologies in inflation hedging, this study presents a unique methodology that uses principal component factor analysis to separate the effects of variability in the real rate of return from the nominal rate of return. This approach allows the effects of both anticipated and unanticipated inflation on rates of return to be estimated more precisely. This study finds that art objects perform well in terms of average real rates of return and that the market, though not perfect, integrates anticipated inflation into the rates of return. However, unanticipated inflation is very often negatively related to the rates of return. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

This paper discusses a regulatory technique that consists of the use of a controlled chain reaction to influence social and economic processes. It claims that this method was employed by Hungarian control agencies to further centralize the farm sector in the 1970s. Section I of the paper presents three versions of this technique. Section II shows how the institutional structure of Hungarian agriculture made the application of this technique possible. (JEL P21).

This paper examines whether a more restrictive zoning ordinance actually reduces construction of new housing. This may seem at first to be a trivial issue, since why else would a zoning board make the ordinance more restrictive. However, it is possible for landowners to circumvent the zoning law. For example, they can subdivide their land before the zoning change occurs. In addition, they can bargain with the local zoning officials and offer side payments, also known as exactions, for the right to develop their land. This paper examines a famous case of agricultural downzoning in McHenry County, Illinois. It finds that although the number of building permits issued did not fall immediately, in the long run the number of permits issued by the county was significantly reduced. This suggests that developers were able to anticipate the zoning change and subdivide their land before it occurred. (C) 1997 Academic Press.

There have been several studies that have investigated the effect of zoning on housing prices. One hypothesis is that the restrictiveness of zoning laws will vary with the monopoly power of a town. The degree of monopoly power varies with the number of towns in the urban area. Urban areas with few zoning jurisdictions are likely to have higher housing prices than more fragmented urban areas. Previous research on this topic has shown mixed results. The results in this article suggest that towns with more monopoly power do tend to have significantly higher housing prices than more fragmented urban areas.

Application of forward coastal sediment transport models in situations involving large temporal and spatial scales or topographically complex environments can be highly problematic since the distribution of hydrodynamic parameters is rarely adequately known. Where rocky topography is present, flow patterns may be altered and sediments trapped by topographic barriers. A frequently employed approach to these problems is the application of the statistical technique known as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. One limitation of EOF analysis of grain size and mineralogical data is that EOF is a purely geometric technique which does not allow incorporation of a priori knowledge we may have regarding the physical environment. In fact, there is no guarantee that a meaningful physical interpretation of the results of an EOF analysis actually exists. This is not true of geophysical inverse theory, which is capable of incorporating diverse forms of information and is not limited to purely geometric manipulations of data. We have formulated an inverse theoretical approach to study sediment transport which we call STI, short for source-transport inversion. STI relaxes the nonphysical assumption of orthogonal endmembers and can handle many forms of a priori information. STI has been developed initially in the context of modeling the sediment supply and dispersal system of Monterey Bay, California. Using the geographical distribution of heavy mineralogy data, significant sources are identified and sediments traced from those sources along transport pathways. Model results are encouraging both in terms of goodness of fit between model and data and in terms of the agreement of model results with the sediment sourcing and dispersal patterns inferred in previous studies. Model results indicate that beach sediments are primarily derived from the open coast north of the bay, that a littoral cell boundary exists in the center of the bay at Moss Landing, and that beach deposits produced by paleolittoral drift during a sea level low stand lie along the 100-m isobath. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.

Despite reports that substance abuse among young Americans is on the decline, the problem among young male African Americans continues to be of major concern. School-based prevention strategies offer promising alternatives for reducing the risk factors for substance abuse among this group. The most successful of these programs appear to be those that include the entire school ecology as part of the prevention strategy and focus on the unique psychosocial development needs of these youth. in this article we discuss the prevalence of substance abuse among male African American youth, examine school correlates and risk factors, and review school-based prevention strategies that have shown varying degrees of effectiveness in addressing the substance abuse problems, directly through changing values, attitudes, and behaviors, and indirectly by reducing risk factors and strengthening protective mechanisms.

Traditional attentional assessment paradigms have often failed to separate factors relevant to components of attention from factors related to other cognitive-related processes or task-specific variance. This study attempted to evaluate various multidimensional assessment models of children's attentional functioning using a neuropsychological framework addressing multiple components of attention. A series of increasingly complex measurement models were proposed to explain 2nd graders' (n = 107) patterns of performance across multiple measures of hemispheric activation, verbal and nonverbal selective and sustained attention, and general ability. Evaluation of the latent structure produced by these measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a multidimensional factor structure that incorporated components of attention involving levels of processing provided a better resolution of the latent structure of the data than those based on lateralized processes or a unidimensional attentional model.

The first author directed a group-therapy program of 20 sessions for clients without speech, diagnosed with autism who communicate using facilitated communication. An average of five clients and their facilitators, the leader, and an assistant leader comprised the group. The themes that emerged and the group-development process observed paralleled regular verbal groups in many respects. The success of the project challenges accepted views of persons labeled autistic as intractably and inevitably isolated and unreachable.

Temporal analysis has been applied to a sequence of cloud top pressure (CTP) images and cloud optical thickness (TAU) images stored in the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D1 database located at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). Each pixel in the D1 data set has a resolution of 2.5 degrees or 280 kilometers. These images were collected in consecutive three-hour intervals for the entire month of April 1989. The primary objective of this project was to develop a sequence of storm tracks from the satellite images to follow the formation, progression and dissipation of storm systems over time. Composite images where created by projecting ahead in time and substituting the first available valid pixel for missing data and a variety of CTP and TAU cut-off values were used to identify regions of interest. Region correspondences were determined from one time frame to another yielding the coordinates of storm centers. These tracks were compared to storm tracks computed from sea level pressure data obtain from the National Meteorological Center (NMC) for the same time period. The location of sea level storm center provides insight as to whether storms have occurred anywhere in a region and can be helpful in determining the presence or absence of storms in a general geographic region.

The primary objective of this project is to define a methodology to depict the motion of deep convective cloud systems as observed form satellite imagery. These clouds are defined as clusters of pixels with Cloud Top Pressure (IPC) <EQ 440 millibars and Cloud Optical Thickness (TAU) >= 23 which are high in the atmosphere and sufficiently thick to produce significant rainfall. Clouds are one of the major factors in understanding the earth's climate. Evaluating cloud motion is important in understanding atmospheric dynamics and visualizations are vital because they provide a good way to observe change. IPC and TAU values have been collected for April of 1989 from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, low resolution database for the northern latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees. Each of the 240 IPC and 240 TAU images consisted of 12 rows and 144 columns with each pixel representing a 280 km square on the globe collected in three-hour intervals. Individual images were color coded according to land, sea and clouds before being put into motion. Six animations have been produced which start with the original images, progress to include daily composite images and culminate with a collage. Animations of the original images have the advantage of relatively short intervals between still frames but have many undefined pixels, which are eliminated in the composites. The results of this project can serve as an example of how to improve the visualization of time varying image sequences.

The objective of this study is to compare statistical and unsupervised neural network techniques for determination of correspondences between storm system regions extracted from sequences of satellite images. Analysis was applied to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) low resolution D1 database for selected storm systems during the period April 5 - 9, 1989. Cloud top pressure was used to delineate regions of interest and cloud optical thickness combined with spatial location was used to track regions throughout a given time sequence. The ability of the k-nearest neighbor classifier and of self-organizing maps to determine correspondences between storm regions was assessed. The two techniques generally yielded similar associations between regions of interest throughout the time sequence. Differences in final tracking results between the two techniques occurred primarily as a result of differences in the collections of points from a region in a time step t<SUB>2</SUB> that corresponded to a region in an earlier time step t<SUB>1</SUB>. The tracking results were also compared to the results obtained at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies using sea level pressure data from the National Meteorological Center (NMC). For the storm systems investigated in this study, the storm tracks exhibited the same general tracking behavior with expected variations between cloud system storm centers and low sea level pressure centers.